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                                       SPECIALUdakara (Assistant Director, Sri Lanka Standards Institution)
                                       Ms Sujeewa
                                       Mr. Ganbold Altangerel (Researcher, Mongolian Agency for Standardization and Metrology)



                                   Basic Principles of
                                   Radiation Thermometry
                                   and Thermometer Calibrations
                                                               Introduction
                                                                         This paper was written to share our knowledge which we gained during the training
                                                               on strengthening of Measurement Standards Institutes of Asia Pacific Countries from 16th
                                                               January to 24th February at National Measurement Institute, Thailand.
                                                                         Temperature is the one of the most frequently measured physical quantity, second
                                                               only to time. It can be measured by contact thermometers or non contact thermometers.
                                                               Non contact measurements are taken by using radiation thermometers. This paper describes
10                                                             the brief outline of radiation thermometry and calibration of radiation thermometers.

                                                               Blackbody Radiation
                                                                         All forms of materials with temperature (T) above absolute zero emit thermal
     May-June 2012/Vol.14, No.67




                                                               radiation. An ideal blackbody will absorb all incident electromagnetic radiation at all
                                                               wavelengths and all directions. A blackbody is simply a perfectly black surface, emitting
                                                               exactly what it absorbs when it is in equilibrium with its surrounding and it is an idealized
                                                               object.
                                                                          The term emissivity is used to quantify the energy-emitting characteristics of
                                                               different objects. Emissivity of the material(є) is the relative ability of its surface to emit
                                                               energy by radiation. For a given temperature,
                                                                         Emissivity of a material(є) = Energy radiated by a particular material
                                                                                                       Energy radiated by the blackbody

                                                                         Emissivity of blackbody depends on shape, material, surface and oxidation.
                                                                         Bodies with emissivity less than 1 are called gray bodies. However, the bodies
                                                               with emissivity changes with wavelength are called non-gray bodies.
                                                                         Plank’s radiation law describes the amount of energy emitted by blackbody in
                                                               radiation of a certain wavelength.
                                                                                                                            c1
                                                                                                Lλ (T ) =
                                                                        Radiance flux      ;                       λ5 (exp(c 2 λT ) − 1)
                                                                        Where, λ – wavelength, T – absolute temperature, c1-0.595x10-8 W.m-2, c2=0.014388
                                                               m.K

                                                                        The intensity of an object's emitted infrared energy is proportional to its temperature.
                                                               This energy, measured as the target's emissivity that indicates an object's temperature. By
                                                               understanding how this radiation depends on temperature we can make accurate
                                                               measurements of temperature over a wide range.
Radiation thermometers
         Infrared radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and the range of the
spectrum is from 0.7 micron to 1000 micron. However, only the 0.7-micron to 14-micron
band is used for Infrared temperature measurement, Noncontact Infrared thermometers
can focus on nearly any portion of the 0.7-micron to 14-micron band. It consists of advanced
optic systems and detectors.

Spectral Radiation
Thermometers
         Most radiation thermometers are of the type known as spectral band thermometers.
They measure the radiance over a relatively narrow band of wavelengths somewhere within
the range 0.5 µm to 25µm. The choice of wavelength depends on the temperature range,
the environment, and the type of surface under investigation. The spectral band grouping
includes most industrial radiation thermometers and all primary and transfer standard
thermometers.




                                                                                                                              11




                                                                                                May-June 2012/Vol.14, No.67
              Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a spectral band thermometer


          In a radiation thermometer, the sensor collects the energy emitted from the object
base on its optics and location. The filter selects the range of wavelength to be measured.
Then, the detector and signal processing system measures the energy and converts into
an electrical signal.
          The factors considered for designing of radiation thermometers are temperature
range, target size, wavelength range, response time, and distance between radiation
thermometer to target .

How do you select suitable distance for non contact
temperature measurement?
          The optical resolution of a radiation thermometer is defined as the relationship
between the distance of the measuring device from the target, and the diameter of the spot
(D:S). The greater this value, the better the optical resolution of the measuring device, and
the smaller the target can be at a given distance. For accurate measurements, spot size
shall be less or equal to half of the diameter of object.
est                   Good                     Wrong

                                      Sensor




                                                        Object is bigger        Object is equal         Object is smaller
                                                         than spot size           spot size              than spot size


                                   Figure 2 : Suitable distance for accurate non contact temperature measurement
                                                                           Sensitivity of detectors
                                                                                     Infrared detectors fall into two main groups: quantum detectors and thermal
                                                                           detectors. Quantum detectors (photodiodes) interact directly with the impacting photons,
                                                                           resulting in electron pairs and therefore an electrical signal. Thermal detectors are much
                                                                           slower than quantum detectors due to the self-heating required.
                                                                                     A variety of detectors are used to maximize the sensitivity of sensors. Eg: PbS has
                                                                           the greatest sensitivity, while the thermopile has the least sensitivity.
12                                                                         Advantages of radiation thermometers
                                                                                    i)	 used for high temperature measurement for long period
                                                                                    ii) 	measurements on moving object
                                                                                    iii) 	measurements with fast respond
     May-June 2012/Vol.14, No.67




                                                                                    iv) 	avoid the disturbance and contamination of measured system

                                                                           Calibration of radiation thermometer
                                                                                    Calibration of radiation thermometer can be done by using the following methods.

                                                                           Uncertainty sources of radiation thermometer calibrations
                                                                                    i) 	 Fixed point calibration: used to           ii)	 Spectral Resposivity measurement
                                                                           	             calibrate transfer standards       	            : used to calibrate radiation
                                                                                    	 (temperature range:157oC to           	            thermometer which is using for
                                                                           	             1084oC)                            	            high temperature measurements.
                                                                                                                                    	 (temperature range : above
                                                                                                                            	            1084oC)




                                                                                 Figure 3 : Blackbody furnaces                    Figure 4: Spectral resposivity
                                                                                                                                      measurement system
iii)	Comparison with standard                   iv)	Comparison with Platinum
	             radiation thermometer : used to   	            resistance thermometer or
	             calibrate standards radiation     	            thermocouple : used to calibrate
	             thermometers/radiation            	            Infrared thermometers
	             thermometers                               	 (temperature range: -30oC to
         	 (temperature range:150oC to          	            500oC)
	             1000oC)




                                                                                                                              13




                                                                                                May-June 2012/Vol.14, No.67
      Figure 5 : measurement setup                      Figure 6 : calibration setup

         The uncertainties of radiation thermometer calibrations fall into three main groups.
         Uncertainties related to i) the standard used ii) the blackbody source
                                   iii) the radiation thermometer under calibration
         Example : Calibration of radiation thermometer using standard radiation thermometer
as a standard
         Uncertainty sources:
         i)	 Size of source effect
         ii)	 Distance effect
         iii)	 Emissivity effect
         iv)	 Wavelength difference between standard thermometer and calibration
         	 thermometer
         v)	 Temperature source : uniformity, stability, emissivity

Acknowledgement
        Finally We wish to express our deep gratitude to the Japan International Cooperation
Agency(JICA) and Thailand International Development Cooperation Agency (TICA) for
sponsoring for us for TCPT training programme. Also our special thanks go to Dr. Narudom
Noulkhow and the staff of National Measurement Institute, Thailand (NIMT) for organizing
and providing a valuable technical training for us in the field of radiation thermometry.

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Basic Principles of Radiation Thermometry and Thermometer Calibrations

  • 1. m SPECIALUdakara (Assistant Director, Sri Lanka Standards Institution) Ms Sujeewa Mr. Ganbold Altangerel (Researcher, Mongolian Agency for Standardization and Metrology) Basic Principles of Radiation Thermometry and Thermometer Calibrations Introduction This paper was written to share our knowledge which we gained during the training on strengthening of Measurement Standards Institutes of Asia Pacific Countries from 16th January to 24th February at National Measurement Institute, Thailand. Temperature is the one of the most frequently measured physical quantity, second only to time. It can be measured by contact thermometers or non contact thermometers. Non contact measurements are taken by using radiation thermometers. This paper describes 10 the brief outline of radiation thermometry and calibration of radiation thermometers. Blackbody Radiation All forms of materials with temperature (T) above absolute zero emit thermal May-June 2012/Vol.14, No.67 radiation. An ideal blackbody will absorb all incident electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths and all directions. A blackbody is simply a perfectly black surface, emitting exactly what it absorbs when it is in equilibrium with its surrounding and it is an idealized object. The term emissivity is used to quantify the energy-emitting characteristics of different objects. Emissivity of the material(є) is the relative ability of its surface to emit energy by radiation. For a given temperature, Emissivity of a material(є) = Energy radiated by a particular material Energy radiated by the blackbody Emissivity of blackbody depends on shape, material, surface and oxidation. Bodies with emissivity less than 1 are called gray bodies. However, the bodies with emissivity changes with wavelength are called non-gray bodies. Plank’s radiation law describes the amount of energy emitted by blackbody in radiation of a certain wavelength. c1 Lλ (T ) = Radiance flux ; λ5 (exp(c 2 λT ) − 1) Where, λ – wavelength, T – absolute temperature, c1-0.595x10-8 W.m-2, c2=0.014388 m.K The intensity of an object's emitted infrared energy is proportional to its temperature. This energy, measured as the target's emissivity that indicates an object's temperature. By understanding how this radiation depends on temperature we can make accurate measurements of temperature over a wide range.
  • 2. Radiation thermometers Infrared radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and the range of the spectrum is from 0.7 micron to 1000 micron. However, only the 0.7-micron to 14-micron band is used for Infrared temperature measurement, Noncontact Infrared thermometers can focus on nearly any portion of the 0.7-micron to 14-micron band. It consists of advanced optic systems and detectors. Spectral Radiation Thermometers Most radiation thermometers are of the type known as spectral band thermometers. They measure the radiance over a relatively narrow band of wavelengths somewhere within the range 0.5 µm to 25µm. The choice of wavelength depends on the temperature range, the environment, and the type of surface under investigation. The spectral band grouping includes most industrial radiation thermometers and all primary and transfer standard thermometers. 11 May-June 2012/Vol.14, No.67 Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a spectral band thermometer In a radiation thermometer, the sensor collects the energy emitted from the object base on its optics and location. The filter selects the range of wavelength to be measured. Then, the detector and signal processing system measures the energy and converts into an electrical signal. The factors considered for designing of radiation thermometers are temperature range, target size, wavelength range, response time, and distance between radiation thermometer to target . How do you select suitable distance for non contact temperature measurement? The optical resolution of a radiation thermometer is defined as the relationship between the distance of the measuring device from the target, and the diameter of the spot (D:S). The greater this value, the better the optical resolution of the measuring device, and the smaller the target can be at a given distance. For accurate measurements, spot size shall be less or equal to half of the diameter of object.
  • 3. est Good Wrong Sensor Object is bigger Object is equal Object is smaller than spot size spot size than spot size Figure 2 : Suitable distance for accurate non contact temperature measurement Sensitivity of detectors Infrared detectors fall into two main groups: quantum detectors and thermal detectors. Quantum detectors (photodiodes) interact directly with the impacting photons, resulting in electron pairs and therefore an electrical signal. Thermal detectors are much slower than quantum detectors due to the self-heating required. A variety of detectors are used to maximize the sensitivity of sensors. Eg: PbS has the greatest sensitivity, while the thermopile has the least sensitivity. 12 Advantages of radiation thermometers i) used for high temperature measurement for long period ii) measurements on moving object iii) measurements with fast respond May-June 2012/Vol.14, No.67 iv) avoid the disturbance and contamination of measured system Calibration of radiation thermometer Calibration of radiation thermometer can be done by using the following methods. Uncertainty sources of radiation thermometer calibrations i) Fixed point calibration: used to ii) Spectral Resposivity measurement calibrate transfer standards : used to calibrate radiation (temperature range:157oC to thermometer which is using for 1084oC) high temperature measurements. (temperature range : above 1084oC) Figure 3 : Blackbody furnaces Figure 4: Spectral resposivity measurement system
  • 4. iii) Comparison with standard iv) Comparison with Platinum radiation thermometer : used to resistance thermometer or calibrate standards radiation thermocouple : used to calibrate thermometers/radiation Infrared thermometers thermometers (temperature range: -30oC to (temperature range:150oC to 500oC) 1000oC) 13 May-June 2012/Vol.14, No.67 Figure 5 : measurement setup Figure 6 : calibration setup The uncertainties of radiation thermometer calibrations fall into three main groups. Uncertainties related to i) the standard used ii) the blackbody source iii) the radiation thermometer under calibration Example : Calibration of radiation thermometer using standard radiation thermometer as a standard Uncertainty sources: i) Size of source effect ii) Distance effect iii) Emissivity effect iv) Wavelength difference between standard thermometer and calibration thermometer v) Temperature source : uniformity, stability, emissivity Acknowledgement Finally We wish to express our deep gratitude to the Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA) and Thailand International Development Cooperation Agency (TICA) for sponsoring for us for TCPT training programme. Also our special thanks go to Dr. Narudom Noulkhow and the staff of National Measurement Institute, Thailand (NIMT) for organizing and providing a valuable technical training for us in the field of radiation thermometry.