The document discusses strategies for mitigating and adapting to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise in coastal cities. It recommends compact urban planning and development approaches like increasing density, diversity of land uses, and accessibility to public transit to reduce carbon emissions. Adaptation strategies include revising building codes, investing in education, and developing climate action plans that address issues like public health, infrastructure, water supply, and ecosystems. Coastal cities should also work to develop low-carbon economies, lifestyles, and policy frameworks.

1. FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
KKKH4284 PERANCANGAN BANDAR DAN LESTARI
TASK 6 : GLOBAL WARMING
Coordinator : 1) Prof. Ir. Dr. Riza Atiq Abdullah Bin O.K. Rahmat
2) Dr. Muhamad Nazri Bin Borhan
Name Matric Number
Noor Izzah Binti Nasohah A137411

2. Task 6
Instruction
Answer following Question:
Listen to Lecture 16 - 18 in https://www.udemy.com/sustainable-urban-development/
Supposed you are living in a coastal city. The city administrator has noticed that the mean sea level
has been rising for the past 50 years. The raising is small but over a long period of time it may cause
problems in the city centre as the level of that part of the city is quite low. If you are hired as a
consultant, write a plan of action on what can be done to reduce or mitigate the problems.
Your report must include Mitigation and Adaptation measures.

3. Global warming and urban planning.
Today, global climate change has affect on an increase of in average temperature. Nowadays , by
virtue of modern technology, humans can live in places where it was impossible to before.
Buildings and complex infrastructure have been built in line with local climate, including power
stations, water plants, bridges, roads, airports, sea ports and other communication.
To cope with extreme weather events, human settlements, infrastructure and activities are
always designed to be able to survive these events, such as Sea Level Rise, floods, droughts.
Severe storms and other catastrophes.
During the evolution of our planet, massive amount of carbon dioxide were consume by
plants and ultimately geologically sequestered from the atmosphere as coal and oil. This
sequestrated result in reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and ultimately led to a climate
that was permissive or human migration and colonization of the globe. This process of restoring
sequested carbon dioxide to the atmosphere now exceeds the earth ability to sequester it by plant
and ulgae-resulting in a net increase in greenhouse gases and investable warming of the
atmosphere.
Scientist have studied the possibility that climate change in influenced by increase in the
atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide produce by industrial and agricultural activities and
found that the average global temperatures had risen in the past 150 years and would continue to
increase in the current century if remedial actions were not taken.

4. The impacts of climate change are both direct and indirect, including :
1. Tens of millions of people on small islands and low-lying coastal areas are at severe risk
of flooding from Sea Level Rise and storm surges.
2. Increased threats to human health.
3. Increased demand on energy.
4. Severe floods in some countries and severe droughts in others.
5. Changes in natural productivity and biodiversity, with an increased rate of extinctions.
6. Decreases in cereal crop yields in most tropical and sub-tropical countries.
7. Increased water shortages in many water-scarce regions.
8. Adverse economic effects in many developing countries for even small warming, and for
developed countries for larger warming.
9. Increase in inequities between developing and developed countries. (A. Parrie Pattock
2005).
In addition, during the past decades, some of these impacts were observed, such as:
1. The extinction of some species of plants, animals and birds, retreat of glaciers.
2. Closed lakes are particularly vulnerable to increased evaporation due to higher
temperatures.
3. Fresh waters will diminish and there will be severe shortages of fresh waters in urban
centers.
4. Coral reefs are at particular risk, a matter that threatens tourism, fisheries and coastal
protection.

5. However, the most dangerous ones are:
1. Serious Sea Level Rise
2. Intensive dangerous storms
3. Massive floods
4. Massive crop failures
There is wide range of energy sources that provide energy needs with minimal impact on the
environment through using technologies with high energy-conversion efficient designs.
However, the use of these resources in an environmentally acceptable manner while
providing for the needs of growing populations and developing economies is a great
challenge. The following are the main sources of energy:
1. The alternative liquid fuels such as coal-to-liquids, gas-to-liquids, oil shale, tar sands,
heavy oils, and bio-fuels. But, it is still uncertain how and to what extent these
alternatives will reach the market and what the resultant changes in global GHG
emissions.
2. Coal can be converted to liquids and gases by the use of technologies with high energy-
conversion efficient designs.
3. The use of energy carriers with increased efficiency and convenience, particularly away
from solid fuels to liquid and gaseous fuels and electricity.

6. 4. Nuclear energy could make an increasing contribution to carbon free electricity and heat
in the future, if the concerns of recycling, safety, waste management, security and
proliferation are solved.
5.
6. Renewable energy sources must either be used in a distributed manner or concentrated to
meet the higher energy demands of cities and industries.
7. The use of non-hydro renewable energy-supply technologies such as solar, wind,
geothermal and biomass must be enlarged.
Since coastal zones are the first to be threatened by climate change, we should know what
does the coastal zone mean? The coastal zone is the area where land meets ocean, and as
such it constitutes one of the most dynamic natural system. This significance springs from
the fact that the three components of earth, the hydrosphere, the lithosphere and the
atmosphere, meet and interact in the coastal zone, forming the interconnected systems.
Moreover, land and freshwater meet saline water in the coastal zone, and across this zone the
effects of ocean on land and vice versa, are transferred and modified. Thus, the coastal zone
is the field of the current battle against climate change.
The countries of the world, particularly coastal and waterfront cities, must work now
more than ever before to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies to encounter this great
challenge and ease its grave consequences. I think mitigation and adaptation strategies must
be interconnected so that they could help humanity contain the challenges of global climate
change.
Climate change and global warming have become one of the established sciences in the
existing human literature. The impacts of climate change, including Sea Level Rise,
devastating floods, high temperatures, storm surge, ice sheets melting..etc, have made it

7. incumbent on governments, municipalities, universities and all other stakeholders to find new
approaches to adapt to these changes.
To do so, there are several alternatives that may be used for this end:
1. Solar energy: solar installations can generate a considerable rate of the world
energy needs.
2. Energy self-sufficient buildings: such buildings can lessen consumption of
energy.
3. Wind power: This alternative is the cheapest and most energy efficient one.
Denmark generates 18% of its electricity from wind power. Germany is planning
to have 25% of its electricity from this source. (Wolfson, Richard & Stephen H.
Schneider 2007).
4. Biomass energy: although this source’s contribution to worldwide energy
generation is less than 1% at present, this contribution can be enlarged.
(Bloomfield, Janine, Molly Smith & Nicholas Thompson, 1999)
5. The Hydrogen Economy: hydrogen generation must be done in a manner that
gets rids of carbon dioxide. In Europe for example, this source is used to
generate hydrogen through the use of water and natural gas vehicles with a view
to reducing greenhouse gas. (Nicholls, Robert J. Poh Poh Wong, 2007)
In addition to the a forementioned measures, there are several actions that must be taken to
reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere:
1. Changes in Urban Designs, infrastructure and behavior: This includes:
a. The design of more compact cities with a view to minimizing travel needs.

8. b. The provision of better public transport.
c. The use of bicycles or walking for short trips.
2. Carbon control and sequestration: this includes forest reservation, large-scale tree
plantation and efficient farm management.
3. Technological innovation: Despite social and economic barriers and obstacles, there are
now worldwide strenuous efforts to make use of the new technologies.
However, many researchers emphasize that we should build compactly to avert the
impacts of climate change. They propose as follows:
1. Density. To accommodate large numbers of people, jobs and housing complexes per unit
area.
2. Diversity. To benefit from land for multipurpose uses, including housing, employment,
services which must be in close proximity to each other.
3. Design. To build large numbers of intersections per square meter, more sidewalk
coverage, smaller building setbacks, smaller street width, more pedestrian crossings,
more street trees.
4. Destination accessibility. To concentrate more jobs and other services in urban centers in
order to make them reachable within short time travel.
5. Distance to transit. To build rail stations and bus stops near to homes and work locations.
This means that building compact dwellings is an essential step toward achieving the
goals of climate change mitigation. However, local land-use strategy must include:

9. 1. Local climate action plan.
2. To revise building codes for altered climate scenarios.
3. To invest in civic education and engagement.
4. Smart growth projects.
As regards its mitigation strategy, the county focuses on four areas:
1. Greenhouse gas emissions, accountability and limits.
2. Climate friendly transportation choices.
3. Energy conservation, efficiency, clean energy and clean fuels.
4. The use of building design and materials.
For its adaptation strategy, the county has been working in six areas:
1. Climate science.
2. Public health, safety and emergency preparedness.
3. Surface water, freshwater quality and water supply.
4. Land use, buildings and transportation infrastructure.
5. Economic impacts.
6. Biodiversity and ecosystems.
As regards energy exploitation, coastal cities must work for the following:
1. To develop a low-carbon economy.
2. To promote a low carbon lifestyle among residents.
3. To develop and implement laws to promote low carbon society.