GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING

1. According to Ruth Strang:
Guidance is the process of helping every
individual, through his own efforts, to discover
and develop his potentialities for his personal
happiness and social usefulness.

2. According to Crow & Crow.
Guidance is assistance made available by
personally qualified and adequately trained
men or women to an individual of any age to
help him manage his own life activities,
develop his own points of view, make his own
decisions and carry his own burdens.

3. According to United States Office of Education.
Guidance is the process of acquainting the
individual with the various ways including
special training in which he may discover his
natural endowments so that he makes a living
to his own best advantage and that of society.

Need of Guidance:
Complex nature of society.
Individual Differences.
Welfare state and the individuals.
Changed industrial and educational
pattern of the country.
Changed economic patterns of the
country.
Conservation of human energy.

Basic Principles of Guidance.
Guidance is a slow process.
Guidance is developing the insight of an
individual.
Problems for which guidance is required
arise out of situations,
Problems are interrelated.
Guidance is based on individual
differences.
Guidance is based on planning.
Guidance is based on rigid code of
ethics.

Cont…..
Guidance is related to the development of
the student.
Guidance and instructional activities are
complementary.
Guidance is meant for all.
Guidance is based on educational
objectives.
Guidance is a specialized service.
Standard of ethics are observed.
Periodical evaluation of guidance work is
done.

Objectives:
1. To make the students to discover
information about themselves.
2. To develop educational and occupational
plans.
3. To promote self concept in an individual.
4. To improve personal potentialities.

Cont….
5. To enhance forward- looking attitude in
an individual.
6. To bring in desirable changes in curricular
activities to improve educational
standards.
7. To help each individual to meet and solve
his problems as they arise.

Elements of guidance.
 It focuses our attention on the individual
and not the problem.
 It leads to the discovery of abilities of an
individual.
 Guidance is based upon the assets and
limitations of an individual.

 It leads to self development and self
direction.
 It helps the individual plan wisely for the
present and the future.
 It assists the individual to become adjusted
to the environment.
 It assists to achieve success and
happiness.

Types

Advantages of Guidance.
1. It helps the pupil to understand himself.
2. It helps the pupil in making careful choice
of subjects and courses.
3. It enables the teacher to understand the
strengths and weaknesses of his pupil.

Cont…
4. It enables the parent to understand their
children.
5. It feeds the community with better
adjusted citizens.
6. It serves to prevent problems which may
lead to mental illness.
7. It enables the administrator to make the
best use of the energy, money, time and
resources available.

Limitations of Guidance:
1. Guidance services are not well organized.
2. It is limited due to lack of personnel and other
facilities.
3. There is an overdoing of psychological tests.
4. Conditions of life are too complex for any
person to solve the problems of another.
5. Qualified guidance personnel may do great
harm.

According to Perez (1965):
Counseling is an interactive
process conjoining the counselee
who need assistance and the
counselor who trained and educated
to give this assistance.

According to Pepinsky and
Pepinsky (1954)
Counseling is that interaction which
Occurs between two individuals
called counselor and clients.
Takes place in professional setting
and
Is initiated and maintained to
facilitate changes in the behaviour of
a client.

According to Patterson:
Counseling is the process
involving interpersonal relationships
between a therapist and one or more
clients by which the former employs
psychological methods based on
systematic knowledge of the human
personality in attempting to improve
the mental health of the later.

Purposes of Counseling
1. To give the student information on
matters important to his success.
2. To help the student in solving his
problems.
3. To establish mutual understanding
between students and teachers.
4. To help the student work out a plan
for solving his difficulties.

Cont….
5. To help the students to known his
interests, abilities, attitudes etc….
6. To encourage and develop special
abilities and right attitudes.
7. To assists the student in planning
educational and vocational choices.

Characteristics of Counseling.
 Person to person relationship.
 Involves two individual.
 Helps the counselor to discover and
solve his personal problems
independently.
 Helps and assist properly
 Establish a relationship of mutual
respect, cooperation and friendliness
between the two individuals.

Cont…..
 Discovers the problem of the client and
helps him to set up goals and guide him
through difficulties and problems.
 Counseling process the main emphasis
is on the counselor’s self direction and
self acceptance.
 Counseling is democratic.

Steps or Phases of Counseling.
G ---- Greet the client
A ---- Ask clients about themselves.
T ---- Give information of Strategies of
coping mechanisms
H ---- Help the client to choose a
method.
E ---- Explain how to use a method.
R ---- Return for follow-up.

Counseling process.
I. Phase-1: Establishing Relationship:
Introduce yourself.
Listen attentively.
Always address the individual by
his/her name.
Ensure physical comfort.
Do not interrupt the individual while he
is talking.
Observe non-verbal communication.

II. Phase- 2: Assessment:

III. Phase- 3: Setting Goals:
The skills of drawing inference.
Differentiation and
Teaching individuals to think realistically.

IV. Phase- 4: Intervention:
Handling the interventions.
Knowledge of its effects.
Ability to read clients reaction.

V. Phase – 5: Termination
and Follow-up:

Types of Counseling.

I. Directive counseling.
Also known as Prescriptive or
counselor-centered Counseling and
the Steps involved.
 Analysis.
 Synthesis.
 Diagnosis.
 Prognosis.
 Treatment.
 Follow-up.

II. Non Directive Counseling.
Also called Permissive Counseling or
client centered Counseling.
The client or the counselee is the pivot.
He actively participates in the process.
Steps involved are
 Need.
 Attitude.
 Understand.
 Accept
 Translate.
 Steps.

III. Eclectic Counseling:
It is the combination of Directive and
non directive Counseling
Steps involved are,
 Diagnosis of the cause.
 Analysis of the problem.
 Preparation of a plan.
 Interviewing and stimulating a
client.
 Proper handling of any related
problems.

Organization of Guidance and
Counseling centre in a school/college
.of Nursing

Purposes:
 To help adolescents with normal
developmental problems.
 To help individual through temporary
crisis.
 To identify signs of disturbed
behaviour at the earliest.

 To refer cases needing
specialist treatment.
 To support tutors who
are helping individual
but who themselves
want guidance and
reassurance.

The organization setup;
For constituent colleges on the
campus.
For affiliated college at a distance.
At universities.

Members in the
committee:
Dean.
Liason officer
Teacher from
academic disciplines.
Parents.
Librarian.
Warden.
Medical staff.