SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  25
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
3. lime , cement , sand , brick
3. lime , cement , sand , brick
LIMESTONE
Limestone is sedimentary rock composed principally of Calcium
Carbonate (Calcite) or the double carbonate of Calcium and
Magnesium (Dolomite). It is commonly composed of tiny fossils, shell
fragments, and other fossilized debris. Some limestone’s have an
extremely fine grain.
Limestone is usually Grey, but it may also be White, Yellow, or Brown.
It is a soft rock and is easily starched. It will effervesce readily in any
common acid.
USAGE IN BUILDING
Depending on the quality of deposit, limestone can be quarried to
service the needs of the building and construction industries. It is used
as a building stone. In road construction, limestone aggregate direct
from the quarry can be used as a base material. Lower-grade
limestone can be used in the production of cement, which is a key
ingredient of concrete
TYPES OF LIMESTONE
Coquina: Limestone
that contains large
pieces of shells or coral
Chalk: Limestone that is
formed from microscopic
marine organisms
Travertine (Limestone
formed around a spring or
a waterfall )
Oolite: Limestone
that is formed
around high-
temperature areas
such as tropical seas
or lagoons
USAGE OF LIME IN CONSTRUCTION
• It is used in mortar and plaster to increase the rate of hardening as well as to
improve adhesion
• Lime is also used in glass production and its ability to react with silicates is also
in modern metal production industries ( steel, magnesium , aluminium and
others) to remove impurities as slag
• It is also used in water and sewage treatment to reduce acidity to soften, as a
flocculants and to remove phosphates and other impurities
• In paper making to dissolve lignin, as a coagulant and in bleaching
• It is used in agriculture to remove acidic soils
USAGE IN DAILY LIFE
• It is used in pollution control, in gas scrubbers to waste gases and to treat many
liquid influents.
• It is traditionally been used in the burial of bodies in open graves, to hide the
smell of decomposition , as well as forensic science , to reveal finger prints .
3. lime , cement , sand , brick
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
OF LIMESTONE
• COMPLEMENTARY :
Whether you are using Limestone as trim with brick or other materials, or to maintain
the context of the surrounding area, its natural beauty will enhance your project.
•CONSISTENCY :
One benefit that has made Indiana Limestone the product of choice is the
consistency of deposit. While subtle color and grain differences are present,
Limestone is extremely homogenous for a natural product. This is important,
not only for the current project being built, but particularly when future
expansions are contemplated.
• COST EFFECTIVE :
Proven durability and the fact that it's virtually maintenance free,
makes Indiana Limestone extremely cost effective to use. The Indiana
Limestone Institute can provide additional advice to show you the
many economical ways to use Indiana Limestone and bring your
project in on time and within budget.
3. lime , cement , sand , brick
CEMENT:
•Cement is the mixture of calcareous, siliceous,
argillaceous and other substances. Cement is used as
a binding material in mortar, concrete, etc.
• Chemical Composition of cement :
Lime 63%
Silica 22%
Alumina 06%
Iron oxide 03%
Gypsum 01 to 04%
• Manufacturing of cement:
(1) Mixing and crushing of raw materials .
A . Dry process
B. Wet process
(2) Burning
(3) Grinding
(a) Dry process:
In this process calcareous material such as limestone (calcium carbonate)
and argillaceous material such as clay are ground separately to fine
powder in the absence of water and then are mixed together in the
desired proportions. Water is then added to it for getting thick paste and
then its cakes are formed, dried and burnt in kilns. This process is usually
used when raw materials are very strong and hard. In this process, the
raw materials are changed to powdered form in the absence of water.
(b) Wet process:
In this process, the raw materials are changed to powdered form in the
presence of water. In this process, raw materials are pulverized by using
a Ball mill, which is a rotary steel cylinder with hardened steel balls.
When the mill rotates, steel balls pulverize the raw materials which form
slurry(liquid mixture). The slurry is then passed into storage tanks, where
correct proportioning is done .Proper composition of raw materials can
be ensured by using wet process than dry process. Corrected slurry is
then fed into rotary kiln for burning .This process is generally used when
raw materials are soft because complete mixing is not possible unless
water is added. Actually the purpose of both processes is to change the
raw materials to fine powder.
2) Burning:
Corrected slurry is feed to rotary kiln, which is a 150-500 feet long, 8-16
feet in diameter and temperature arrangement is up to 1500-1650
degree C. At this temperature slurry losses moisture and forms into
small lumps ,after that changes to clinkers. Clinkers are cooled in
another inclined tube similar to kiln but of lesser length.
3) Grinding:
Now the final process is applied which is grinding of clinker, it is
first cooled down to atmospheric temperature. Grinding of clinker is
done in large tube mills. After proper grinding gypsum (Calcium
sulphate Ca SO4)in the ratio of 01-04 % is added for controlling the
setting time of cement .Finally, fine ground cement is stored in
storage tanks from where it is drawn for packing.
CHARACTERISTICS
•It possesses high strength that’s why it is used in majority of buildings,
bridges, tunnels, etc.
•It is highly durable and not affected by moisture, mold or pests.
•As compare to other building materials it is highly affordable.
•It is fire-resistant and a highly effective barrier to fire spread.
•It slows the passage of heat moving in the structures and reduces its
temperature.
TYPES OF CEMENT
There are many types of cement used for different purposes but the main
classification is composed of two types
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
2.
3. Sulfate Resisting Cement (SRC)
•ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC):
It is the most common type of cement in general use around the world.
It is the variety of artificial cement. It is called Portland cement because
on hardening (setting) its color resembles to rock near Portland,
England. It is consists of Lime, Silica, Alumina, Gypsum, and some
auxiliary constituents. It is used in general construction works like in
walls and plastering. All other varieties of cement are derived from this
cement. It has two types: White Cement, and Colored Cement.
•SULFATE RESISTING CEMENT (SRC):
•It is theoretically ideal cement which is prepared by maintaining the
percentage of tri-calcium aluminate below 6% which increases power
against sulfates. It is costly because of stringent composition
requirements. It is used in construction exposed to severe sulfate action
by water and soil in places like Canals, Linings, Culverts, Retaining
Walls, Siphons, etc. it is also use in underground and basement
structures, piles, foundations, water and sewage treatment plants etc.
3- Sand
SAND
Sand is naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided
rocks and mineral particles. It is defined by size, being finer than gravel
and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil
type, i.e. a soil containing more than 85% of small-sized particles.
Sand is an extremely needful material for the construction. But this most
important material must be purchased with all care and vigilance. Sand
which is used as a construction material must be clean, free from stones,
waste, and impurities.
CLASSIFICATION
Sand is classified into three categories:
River Sand
Pit Sand
Hill Sand
RIVER SAND:
The river sand is procured from river streams and
banks. It is fine in quality unlike pit sand. This type
of sand has rounded grains generally in white-
grey color. River sand has many uses in the
construction purpose such as plastering.
PIT SAND:
It is also known as coarse sand. This type of sand
is procured from deep pits of abundant supply
and it is generally in Red-Orange color. The course
grain is sharp, angular, and certainly free from
Salts etc. It is mostly supplied in Concreting.
Hill Sand:
Hill sand is found in mountainous regions. It
is formed by decomposition of organic
matter from forests. It is rich in humus and
poor in potash and lime.
PROPERTIES OF GOOD SAND
•It should be clean and coarse.
•It should be free from any organic or vegetable matter; usually 3-4
per cent clay is permitted
• It should be chemically inert.
• It should contain sharp, angular, coarse and durable grains. It should
not contain salts which attract moisture from the atmosphere.
• It should be well graded, i.e., it should contain particles of various
sizes in suitable proportions
.
•It should be strong and durable.
• It should be clean and free from coatings of clay and silt.
4- Brick
Brick
Bricks are one of the oldest building material back to
7000BC. Brick is a basic building unit which is in the
form of rectangular block in which length to breadth
ratio is 2 but height can be different. The standard size of
brick is 9x 4 x 3 .
A brick is regular in shape and of size that can be
conveniently handled with one hand. Bricks may be
made from the mixture of burnt clay, mixture of sand and
lime, fly-ash lime and sand, and Portland cement
concrete. Clay bricks are commonly used since they are
economical and easily available.
.
CLASSIFICATION
•FIRST CLASS BRICKS (A-TYPE)
These are thoroughly burnt bricks and are of deep red, cherry, or copper color. The surface of
these bricks is smooth and rectangular, with sharp and straight edges and square corners. A
metallic or ringing sound comes when two bricks are struck against each other. Their water
absorption power is about 12%-15% of its dry weight. It is used for pointing, exposed face
work in masonry structures, flooring and reinforcement brick work.
•SECOND CLASS BRICKS (B-TYPE):
They are supposed to have some requirements as the first class except that there
may be some small cracks and distortions, or they have more absorption power of
about 16%-20%. They are used in important or unimportant hidden masonry works,
and centering of reinforced brick structures.
•THIRD CLASS BRICKS (C-TYPE):
Third class bricks are under-burnt bricks. They are soft and light colored producing
a dull sound when struck against each other. Their water absorption power is
about 25% of dry weight. They are used in building temporary structures.
•FOURTH CLASS BRICKS (D-TYPE): Fourth class bricks are over-burnt and badly
distorted in shape and size and are brittle in nature. They are used in filling of
foundation and floors.
3. lime , cement , sand , brick
. PROPERTIES OF BRICKS
• Aesthetic Bricks offer natural and a variety of colors, including various
textures
•Strength Bricks offer excellent high compressive strength.
•Porosity The porosity of bricks in attributed to its fine capillaries. The
ability to release and absorb moisture is one of the most important and
useful properties of bricks, regulating temperatures and humidity inside
structures.
•Fire Resistance When prepared properly a brick structure can give a fire
protection maximum rating of 6 hours
• Sound Insulation The brick sound insulation is normally 45 decibels for a
4.5 inches brick thickness and 50 decibels for a nine inch thick brick.
•Insulation Bricks can exhibit above normal thermal insulation when
compared to other building materials. Bricks can help regulate and
maintain constant interior temperatures of a structure due to their ability
to absorb and slowly release heat. This way bricks can produce
significant energy savings, more than 30% of energy saving, when
compared to wood.
BRICK COMPOSITION
3. lime , cement , sand , brick
THE END

Contenu connexe

Tendances (20)

Cement & concrete blocks
Cement & concrete blocksCement & concrete blocks
Cement & concrete blocks
 
Stone ppt by akshay
Stone ppt by akshayStone ppt by akshay
Stone ppt by akshay
 
Building Materials for Construction
Building Materials for Construction Building Materials for Construction
Building Materials for Construction
 
Lime - Classification, Properties, Uses
Lime - Classification, Properties, UsesLime - Classification, Properties, Uses
Lime - Classification, Properties, Uses
 
Brick as building materials
Brick as building materialsBrick as building materials
Brick as building materials
 
Building Stones
Building StonesBuilding Stones
Building Stones
 
Bricks
BricksBricks
Bricks
 
brick as a building material
brick as a building materialbrick as a building material
brick as a building material
 
Bricks
BricksBricks
Bricks
 
1. cement ppt
1. cement ppt1. cement ppt
1. cement ppt
 
brick as a building material
brick as a building materialbrick as a building material
brick as a building material
 
Tiles
TilesTiles
Tiles
 
Cement
CementCement
Cement
 
Classification of clay product
Classification of clay productClassification of clay product
Classification of clay product
 
Building materials cement
Building materials cement Building materials cement
Building materials cement
 
Bricks
BricksBricks
Bricks
 
Concrete block
Concrete blockConcrete block
Concrete block
 
MORTAR BUILDING MATERIALS
MORTAR BUILDING MATERIALSMORTAR BUILDING MATERIALS
MORTAR BUILDING MATERIALS
 
Mortar (masonry)
Mortar (masonry)Mortar (masonry)
Mortar (masonry)
 
cement ppt
cement pptcement ppt
cement ppt
 

Similaire à 3. lime , cement , sand , brick

Construction Materials.ppt
Construction Materials.pptConstruction Materials.ppt
Construction Materials.pptmeghajain275
 
Specifications of excavation and foundation
Specifications of excavation and foundationSpecifications of excavation and foundation
Specifications of excavation and foundationPrabhat chhirolya
 
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials a
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials aDiploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials a
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials aRai University
 
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials a
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials aDiploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials a
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials aRai University
 
CH_6 Building Material.ppt
CH_6 Building Material.pptCH_6 Building Material.ppt
CH_6 Building Material.pptUjasPandya1
 
CH_6 Building Material.pptx
CH_6 Building Material.pptxCH_6 Building Material.pptx
CH_6 Building Material.pptxpayal_vinitshah
 
Unit 1.civil engineering materials
Unit 1.civil engineering materialsUnit 1.civil engineering materials
Unit 1.civil engineering materialsChirag Bhanagale
 
Unit 1.civil engineering materials
Unit 1.civil engineering materialsUnit 1.civil engineering materials
Unit 1.civil engineering materialsChirag Bhanagale
 
Buildingmaterials 131128125947-phpapp01
Buildingmaterials 131128125947-phpapp01Buildingmaterials 131128125947-phpapp01
Buildingmaterials 131128125947-phpapp01Udit Jain
 
Pdf lect #_8_bricks
Pdf lect #_8_bricksPdf lect #_8_bricks
Pdf lect #_8_brickszain shahzad
 
MD MAHFUJUR RAHMAN RAJ.pptx
MD MAHFUJUR RAHMAN RAJ.pptxMD MAHFUJUR RAHMAN RAJ.pptx
MD MAHFUJUR RAHMAN RAJ.pptxrajviewport
 
unit1-140616044531-phpapp01.pdf
unit1-140616044531-phpapp01.pdfunit1-140616044531-phpapp01.pdf
unit1-140616044531-phpapp01.pdfRutvikChabhadiya1
 
Building materials
Building materialsBuilding materials
Building materialsAlay Desai
 

Similaire à 3. lime , cement , sand , brick (20)

Construction Materials.ppt
Construction Materials.pptConstruction Materials.ppt
Construction Materials.ppt
 
Specifications of excavation and foundation
Specifications of excavation and foundationSpecifications of excavation and foundation
Specifications of excavation and foundation
 
Concrete
ConcreteConcrete
Concrete
 
Clay Products
Clay ProductsClay Products
Clay Products
 
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials a
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials aDiploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials a
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials a
 
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials a
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials aDiploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials a
Diploma(civil) sem i boce_unit 1_civil engineering materials a
 
CH_6 Building Material.ppt
CH_6 Building Material.pptCH_6 Building Material.ppt
CH_6 Building Material.ppt
 
Fire bricks and sand lime bricks
Fire bricks and sand lime bricksFire bricks and sand lime bricks
Fire bricks and sand lime bricks
 
CH_6 Building Material.pptx
CH_6 Building Material.pptxCH_6 Building Material.pptx
CH_6 Building Material.pptx
 
Bricks
BricksBricks
Bricks
 
SAND.pptx
SAND.pptxSAND.pptx
SAND.pptx
 
Unit 1.civil engineering materials
Unit 1.civil engineering materialsUnit 1.civil engineering materials
Unit 1.civil engineering materials
 
Unit 1.civil engineering materials
Unit 1.civil engineering materialsUnit 1.civil engineering materials
Unit 1.civil engineering materials
 
Buildingmaterials 131128125947-phpapp01
Buildingmaterials 131128125947-phpapp01Buildingmaterials 131128125947-phpapp01
Buildingmaterials 131128125947-phpapp01
 
Pdf lect #_8_bricks
Pdf lect #_8_bricksPdf lect #_8_bricks
Pdf lect #_8_bricks
 
Unit 2.pptx
Unit 2.pptxUnit 2.pptx
Unit 2.pptx
 
MD MAHFUJUR RAHMAN RAJ.pptx
MD MAHFUJUR RAHMAN RAJ.pptxMD MAHFUJUR RAHMAN RAJ.pptx
MD MAHFUJUR RAHMAN RAJ.pptx
 
unit1-140616044531-phpapp01.pdf
unit1-140616044531-phpapp01.pdfunit1-140616044531-phpapp01.pdf
unit1-140616044531-phpapp01.pdf
 
Building materials
Building materialsBuilding materials
Building materials
 
stone by prayo
stone by prayostone by prayo
stone by prayo
 

Plus de Noshad Ahmed Wahocho

Village as a focal point of planning and development
Village  as  a  focal  point of planning and developmentVillage  as  a  focal  point of planning and development
Village as a focal point of planning and developmentNoshad Ahmed Wahocho
 
Zoning plan, planning and design for land use
Zoning plan, planning and design for land useZoning plan, planning and design for land use
Zoning plan, planning and design for land useNoshad Ahmed Wahocho
 
Town park , elements for design a town park
Town park , elements for design a town parkTown park , elements for design a town park
Town park , elements for design a town parkNoshad Ahmed Wahocho
 
The need of integrated approach towards planning of various components parts
The need of integrated approach towards planning of various components partsThe need of integrated approach towards planning of various components parts
The need of integrated approach towards planning of various components partsNoshad Ahmed Wahocho
 
Space standards and requirments for different land use activites, densities
Space standards and requirments for different land use activites, densitiesSpace standards and requirments for different land use activites, densities
Space standards and requirments for different land use activites, densitiesNoshad Ahmed Wahocho
 
Process of planning and designing a new town
Process  of  planning and designing  a  new townProcess  of  planning and designing  a  new town
Process of planning and designing a new townNoshad Ahmed Wahocho
 
Planning concept of chandigrah city
Planning concept of chandigrah cityPlanning concept of chandigrah city
Planning concept of chandigrah cityNoshad Ahmed Wahocho
 
Planning concept of Chandigarh city.
Planning concept of Chandigarh city.Planning concept of Chandigarh city.
Planning concept of Chandigarh city.Noshad Ahmed Wahocho
 
Layout plan of housing blocks and public facilities and services
Layout plan of housing blocks and public facilities and servicesLayout plan of housing blocks and public facilities and services
Layout plan of housing blocks and public facilities and servicesNoshad Ahmed Wahocho
 
13. british planning practices in india and pakistan
13. british planning practices in india and pakistan13. british planning practices in india and pakistan
13. british planning practices in india and pakistanNoshad Ahmed Wahocho
 

Plus de Noshad Ahmed Wahocho (20)

Village as a focal point of planning and development
Village  as  a  focal  point of planning and developmentVillage  as  a  focal  point of planning and development
Village as a focal point of planning and development
 
Zoning plan, planning and design for land use
Zoning plan, planning and design for land useZoning plan, planning and design for land use
Zoning plan, planning and design for land use
 
Town park , elements for design a town park
Town park , elements for design a town parkTown park , elements for design a town park
Town park , elements for design a town park
 
Town center plan
Town center planTown center plan
Town center plan
 
The need of integrated approach towards planning of various components parts
The need of integrated approach towards planning of various components partsThe need of integrated approach towards planning of various components parts
The need of integrated approach towards planning of various components parts
 
Space standards and requirments for different land use activites, densities
Space standards and requirments for different land use activites, densitiesSpace standards and requirments for different land use activites, densities
Space standards and requirments for different land use activites, densities
 
Process of planning and designing a new town
Process  of  planning and designing  a  new townProcess  of  planning and designing  a  new town
Process of planning and designing a new town
 
Planning of parking for cbd
Planning of parking for cbdPlanning of parking for cbd
Planning of parking for cbd
 
Planning concept of new delhi
Planning concept of new delhiPlanning concept of new delhi
Planning concept of new delhi
 
Planning concept of chandigrah city
Planning concept of chandigrah cityPlanning concept of chandigrah city
Planning concept of chandigrah city
 
Planning concept of Chandigarh city.
Planning concept of Chandigarh city.Planning concept of Chandigarh city.
Planning concept of Chandigarh city.
 
Neighbourhood city
Neighbourhood cityNeighbourhood city
Neighbourhood city
 
Neighborhood planning
Neighborhood planningNeighborhood planning
Neighborhood planning
 
Modern city islamabad
Modern city islamabadModern city islamabad
Modern city islamabad
 
Modern city brasilia
Modern city brasiliaModern city brasilia
Modern city brasilia
 
Layout plan of housing
Layout plan of housingLayout plan of housing
Layout plan of housing
 
Layout plan of housing blocks and public facilities and services
Layout plan of housing blocks and public facilities and servicesLayout plan of housing blocks and public facilities and services
Layout plan of housing blocks and public facilities and services
 
Layout of roads and streets
Layout of roads and streetsLayout of roads and streets
Layout of roads and streets
 
Landscaping and open spaces
Landscaping and open spacesLandscaping and open spaces
Landscaping and open spaces
 
13. british planning practices in india and pakistan
13. british planning practices in india and pakistan13. british planning practices in india and pakistan
13. british planning practices in india and pakistan
 

Dernier

Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 

Dernier (20)

Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 

3. lime , cement , sand , brick

  • 3. LIMESTONE Limestone is sedimentary rock composed principally of Calcium Carbonate (Calcite) or the double carbonate of Calcium and Magnesium (Dolomite). It is commonly composed of tiny fossils, shell fragments, and other fossilized debris. Some limestone’s have an extremely fine grain. Limestone is usually Grey, but it may also be White, Yellow, or Brown. It is a soft rock and is easily starched. It will effervesce readily in any common acid. USAGE IN BUILDING Depending on the quality of deposit, limestone can be quarried to service the needs of the building and construction industries. It is used as a building stone. In road construction, limestone aggregate direct from the quarry can be used as a base material. Lower-grade limestone can be used in the production of cement, which is a key ingredient of concrete
  • 4. TYPES OF LIMESTONE Coquina: Limestone that contains large pieces of shells or coral Chalk: Limestone that is formed from microscopic marine organisms Travertine (Limestone formed around a spring or a waterfall ) Oolite: Limestone that is formed around high- temperature areas such as tropical seas or lagoons
  • 5. USAGE OF LIME IN CONSTRUCTION • It is used in mortar and plaster to increase the rate of hardening as well as to improve adhesion • Lime is also used in glass production and its ability to react with silicates is also in modern metal production industries ( steel, magnesium , aluminium and others) to remove impurities as slag • It is also used in water and sewage treatment to reduce acidity to soften, as a flocculants and to remove phosphates and other impurities • In paper making to dissolve lignin, as a coagulant and in bleaching • It is used in agriculture to remove acidic soils USAGE IN DAILY LIFE • It is used in pollution control, in gas scrubbers to waste gases and to treat many liquid influents. • It is traditionally been used in the burial of bodies in open graves, to hide the smell of decomposition , as well as forensic science , to reveal finger prints .
  • 7. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LIMESTONE • COMPLEMENTARY : Whether you are using Limestone as trim with brick or other materials, or to maintain the context of the surrounding area, its natural beauty will enhance your project. •CONSISTENCY : One benefit that has made Indiana Limestone the product of choice is the consistency of deposit. While subtle color and grain differences are present, Limestone is extremely homogenous for a natural product. This is important, not only for the current project being built, but particularly when future expansions are contemplated. • COST EFFECTIVE : Proven durability and the fact that it's virtually maintenance free, makes Indiana Limestone extremely cost effective to use. The Indiana Limestone Institute can provide additional advice to show you the many economical ways to use Indiana Limestone and bring your project in on time and within budget.
  • 9. CEMENT: •Cement is the mixture of calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances. Cement is used as a binding material in mortar, concrete, etc. • Chemical Composition of cement : Lime 63% Silica 22% Alumina 06% Iron oxide 03% Gypsum 01 to 04% • Manufacturing of cement: (1) Mixing and crushing of raw materials . A . Dry process B. Wet process (2) Burning (3) Grinding
  • 10. (a) Dry process: In this process calcareous material such as limestone (calcium carbonate) and argillaceous material such as clay are ground separately to fine powder in the absence of water and then are mixed together in the desired proportions. Water is then added to it for getting thick paste and then its cakes are formed, dried and burnt in kilns. This process is usually used when raw materials are very strong and hard. In this process, the raw materials are changed to powdered form in the absence of water. (b) Wet process: In this process, the raw materials are changed to powdered form in the presence of water. In this process, raw materials are pulverized by using a Ball mill, which is a rotary steel cylinder with hardened steel balls. When the mill rotates, steel balls pulverize the raw materials which form slurry(liquid mixture). The slurry is then passed into storage tanks, where correct proportioning is done .Proper composition of raw materials can be ensured by using wet process than dry process. Corrected slurry is then fed into rotary kiln for burning .This process is generally used when raw materials are soft because complete mixing is not possible unless water is added. Actually the purpose of both processes is to change the raw materials to fine powder.
  • 11. 2) Burning: Corrected slurry is feed to rotary kiln, which is a 150-500 feet long, 8-16 feet in diameter and temperature arrangement is up to 1500-1650 degree C. At this temperature slurry losses moisture and forms into small lumps ,after that changes to clinkers. Clinkers are cooled in another inclined tube similar to kiln but of lesser length. 3) Grinding: Now the final process is applied which is grinding of clinker, it is first cooled down to atmospheric temperature. Grinding of clinker is done in large tube mills. After proper grinding gypsum (Calcium sulphate Ca SO4)in the ratio of 01-04 % is added for controlling the setting time of cement .Finally, fine ground cement is stored in storage tanks from where it is drawn for packing.
  • 12. CHARACTERISTICS •It possesses high strength that’s why it is used in majority of buildings, bridges, tunnels, etc. •It is highly durable and not affected by moisture, mold or pests. •As compare to other building materials it is highly affordable. •It is fire-resistant and a highly effective barrier to fire spread. •It slows the passage of heat moving in the structures and reduces its temperature. TYPES OF CEMENT There are many types of cement used for different purposes but the main classification is composed of two types 1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 2. 3. Sulfate Resisting Cement (SRC)
  • 13. •ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC): It is the most common type of cement in general use around the world. It is the variety of artificial cement. It is called Portland cement because on hardening (setting) its color resembles to rock near Portland, England. It is consists of Lime, Silica, Alumina, Gypsum, and some auxiliary constituents. It is used in general construction works like in walls and plastering. All other varieties of cement are derived from this cement. It has two types: White Cement, and Colored Cement. •SULFATE RESISTING CEMENT (SRC): •It is theoretically ideal cement which is prepared by maintaining the percentage of tri-calcium aluminate below 6% which increases power against sulfates. It is costly because of stringent composition requirements. It is used in construction exposed to severe sulfate action by water and soil in places like Canals, Linings, Culverts, Retaining Walls, Siphons, etc. it is also use in underground and basement structures, piles, foundations, water and sewage treatment plants etc.
  • 15. SAND Sand is naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rocks and mineral particles. It is defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type, i.e. a soil containing more than 85% of small-sized particles. Sand is an extremely needful material for the construction. But this most important material must be purchased with all care and vigilance. Sand which is used as a construction material must be clean, free from stones, waste, and impurities. CLASSIFICATION Sand is classified into three categories: River Sand Pit Sand Hill Sand
  • 16. RIVER SAND: The river sand is procured from river streams and banks. It is fine in quality unlike pit sand. This type of sand has rounded grains generally in white- grey color. River sand has many uses in the construction purpose such as plastering. PIT SAND: It is also known as coarse sand. This type of sand is procured from deep pits of abundant supply and it is generally in Red-Orange color. The course grain is sharp, angular, and certainly free from Salts etc. It is mostly supplied in Concreting. Hill Sand: Hill sand is found in mountainous regions. It is formed by decomposition of organic matter from forests. It is rich in humus and poor in potash and lime.
  • 17. PROPERTIES OF GOOD SAND •It should be clean and coarse. •It should be free from any organic or vegetable matter; usually 3-4 per cent clay is permitted • It should be chemically inert. • It should contain sharp, angular, coarse and durable grains. It should not contain salts which attract moisture from the atmosphere. • It should be well graded, i.e., it should contain particles of various sizes in suitable proportions . •It should be strong and durable. • It should be clean and free from coatings of clay and silt.
  • 19. Brick Bricks are one of the oldest building material back to 7000BC. Brick is a basic building unit which is in the form of rectangular block in which length to breadth ratio is 2 but height can be different. The standard size of brick is 9x 4 x 3 . A brick is regular in shape and of size that can be conveniently handled with one hand. Bricks may be made from the mixture of burnt clay, mixture of sand and lime, fly-ash lime and sand, and Portland cement concrete. Clay bricks are commonly used since they are economical and easily available. .
  • 20. CLASSIFICATION •FIRST CLASS BRICKS (A-TYPE) These are thoroughly burnt bricks and are of deep red, cherry, or copper color. The surface of these bricks is smooth and rectangular, with sharp and straight edges and square corners. A metallic or ringing sound comes when two bricks are struck against each other. Their water absorption power is about 12%-15% of its dry weight. It is used for pointing, exposed face work in masonry structures, flooring and reinforcement brick work. •SECOND CLASS BRICKS (B-TYPE): They are supposed to have some requirements as the first class except that there may be some small cracks and distortions, or they have more absorption power of about 16%-20%. They are used in important or unimportant hidden masonry works, and centering of reinforced brick structures. •THIRD CLASS BRICKS (C-TYPE): Third class bricks are under-burnt bricks. They are soft and light colored producing a dull sound when struck against each other. Their water absorption power is about 25% of dry weight. They are used in building temporary structures. •FOURTH CLASS BRICKS (D-TYPE): Fourth class bricks are over-burnt and badly distorted in shape and size and are brittle in nature. They are used in filling of foundation and floors.
  • 22. . PROPERTIES OF BRICKS • Aesthetic Bricks offer natural and a variety of colors, including various textures •Strength Bricks offer excellent high compressive strength. •Porosity The porosity of bricks in attributed to its fine capillaries. The ability to release and absorb moisture is one of the most important and useful properties of bricks, regulating temperatures and humidity inside structures. •Fire Resistance When prepared properly a brick structure can give a fire protection maximum rating of 6 hours • Sound Insulation The brick sound insulation is normally 45 decibels for a 4.5 inches brick thickness and 50 decibels for a nine inch thick brick. •Insulation Bricks can exhibit above normal thermal insulation when compared to other building materials. Bricks can help regulate and maintain constant interior temperatures of a structure due to their ability to absorb and slowly release heat. This way bricks can produce significant energy savings, more than 30% of energy saving, when compared to wood.