1. extended loan tenors for borrowers in these GROWTH IN NUMBER AND VALUE OF ECOBANK LOANS, 2002-2008
industries as it focuses on financing capital
expenditures.
$450 10,000
The DCA guarantees contributed to
$400 9,000
changes in EcoBank’s lending behavior.
$350 8,000
EcoBank personnel stated that the bank’s
$300 7,000
experience with the DCA guarantees was
Portfolio value (millions)
6,000
crucial to the bank increasing the number $250
Number of loans
5,000
of larger, long-term loans for capital $200
4,000
expenditures in recent years. EcoBank has $150 3,000
increased lending to MFIs outside of the $100 2,000
guarantees and is now extending medium
$50 1,000
to long-term credit to MFIs.
$0 0
The DCA guarantees prompted EcoBank
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
to expand lending into new
sectors/industries. Bank personnel said Entire portfolio value SME portfolio value
that the ability to test new Entire portfolio numbers SME portfolio numbers
industries/sectors within the guarantee
was critical to the bank’s lending in these
industries/sectors outside of the guarantee
coverage but said that the guarantees made, at most, a Microfinance institutions increased lending from 0.3
minor contribution to the growth in EcoBank’s SME percent to 1.8 percent of real GDP between 2002 and 2006,
portfolio. Guaranteed loans accounted for only one percent a 500 percent increase. At least three banks in Ghana have
of the number and nine percent of the value of all SME partnered with financial institutions, enabling those
loans in 2008. institutions to obtain needed capital for on-lending.
The Bank of Ghana’s SME Survey in 2005 found that “the
IMPACT share of SMEs in total exposure of banks has increased
Conclusions Lending to SMEs (a proxy for the target sectors of from 0.95 percent of GDP in 2001 to 1.54 percent of GDP
the guarantee) has increased substantially in Ghana since 2002 by 2004.”
(pre-guarantee). Anecdotal evidence suggests that loan Two of the three banks that responded to a survey of five
guarantees may be responsible for some of this increase. banks with SME departments reported increases in SME
However, given the small number of industries/sectors lending of 257 and 450 percent between 2002 and 2008.
represented by EcoBank’s guaranteed loans, the effect of the
DCA guarantees is likely modest. Factors external to the Qualitative findings on the potential for EcoBank’s DCA
guarantees are likely responsible for most of the observed guarantees to influence broader SME lending include:
increase in lending to SMEs. Three individuals prominent in the banking and
development sectors stated that they have witnessed banks
Findings observing and learning from other banks’ experience when
Key findings in support of the conclusion of increased financial deciding to enter new industries or sectors.
sector lending to SMEs include: The three banks that responded to the evaluation team’s
Bank lending to the private sector (as a percentage of real survey of five banks that competed with EcoBank in the
DCA LOAN GUARANTEE
GDP to control for inflation and overall growth in the SME market said that other banks’ experience in new
economy) increased from 14.0 percent to 28.8 percent (a industries and with different loan sizes and tenors were
106 percent increase) between 2000 and 2008. Lending to either “somewhat” or “very” important in determining the
the commerce and finance sector, a sector dominated by banks’ lending strategy. Twenty-two percent of the
GHANA
SMEs according to a banking official and a government recipients of guaranteed loans have received long-term
SME specialist, grew substantially more than most other financing from other banks since receiving the guaranteed
sectors increasing by 300 percent from 1.2 percent to 4.8 loans.
percent.
CONTACT INFORMATION
U.S. Agency for International Development
IMPACT BRIEF
Office of Development Credit
1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20523
http://www.USAID.gov
Keyword: DCA
2. BACKGROUND LENDING TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR AS PERCENT outcome, and impact –guided the evaluation. The guaranteed loans had an average tenor of 35 months
Macroeconomic conditions in Ghana in 2000 severely OF REAL GDP compared to an average 12 month tenor for the bank’s
The scope of the evaluation covers EcoBank’s lending behavior overall SME portfolio.
constrained private sector access to credit. High levels of
and potential demonstration effects in the broader banking
government borrowing pushed interest rates up and crowded All nine of the unique borrowers under the DCA
30% sector. It does not examine EGAT/DC’s administration of the
the private sector out of financial markets. With government guarantees received medium to long-term loans, eight to
guarantees nor does it assess the impacts of any associated
treasuries paying real interest of 16.8 percent, banks had little 25% finance capital expenditures and one, an MFI, for on-
Percent of real GDP
technical assistance to borrowers or on the guarantees’ success
incentive to take on riskier lending to micro-enterprises. None had received medium to
ABOUT DCA 20% in achieving USAID/Ghana’s strategic objectives.
private sector debt. High long-term loans prior to the guarantee.
USAID's Development Credit Authority interest rates and exchange rate 15% Banks EVALUATION METHODOLOGY In spite of the relatively large loan sizes, loan recipients
(DCA) was created in 1998 to mobilize local volatility also created financial likely fall within target
10%
private capital through the establishment of uncertainty that made both MFIs The evaluation began with a desktop analysis of the available sectors, i.e., they appear EVALUATION QUESTIONS
real risk sharing relationships with private borrowers and lenders hesitant 5% literature on the guarantees. A three-person team then traveled to be largely medium-
financial institutions in USAID countries. to take on the risks associated Total to Ghana to conduct the rest of the evaluation in Accra from Output level – Did the guarantee partners
0% sized enterprises and
The tool is available to all USAID overseas February 16 to 27, 2009. During that time the team reviewed use the guarantees to improve access to
with loans, particularly medium MFIs. (EcoBank defines
missions and can be used as a vehicle for 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
documents, conducted structured interviews with stakeholders, credit for enterprises in the target sectors?
to long-term loans. SMEs as companies
providing much needed credit to an array of Source: Bank of Ghana & Ghana Microfinance Institutions Network (GHAMFIN)
and collected secondary quantitative data. with assets under Outcome level – Did the guarantee partner’s
enterprises and underserved sectors. DCA is Limited access to credit and its
Ghana, in 2003 and 2005. Under the guarantees USAID agreed $250,000 excluding land experience with the guarantees improve
already active with credit guarantee high cost significantly restricted KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
to cover 50 percent of EcoBank’s losses of principle on and property, and an access to credit for enterprises in the target
agreements in many USAID countries. This the growth of Ghanaian
guaranteed loans up to a specified ceiling. The guarantees OUTPUT annual turnover sectors outside of guarantee coverage?
Impact Brief examines the findings from an enterprises. These constraints hit
reduce the bank’s risk and thereby encourage it to make loans to between $250,000 and
evaluation of two guarantees in Ghana. micro-, small-, and medium- Conclusions The DCA guarantees complemented EcoBank’s Impact level – Did the guarantees have a
specific sectors that support USAID/Ghana’s development $5 million).
enterprises (MSMEs) especially ongoing strategy to transition from a wholesale bank to a fully demonstration effect that improved access
objectives. USAID structured the two DCA guarantees to
hard because of a number of factors that make it difficult for fledged retail bank with a correspondingly greater focus on the to credit for enterprises in the target sectors
support its Economic Growth strategy and specified MSMEs, OUTCOME
banks to assess the risk associated with loans to MSMEs. This SME sector. The bank used the guarantees to gain experience from the broader banking sector?
microfinance institutions (MFIs), and NGOs with activities in Conclusions EcoBank has
situation is of particular concern to USAID because its current with new borrowers and industries and, in compliance with
specific sectors with potential for growth as qualified recipients substantially increased
Economic Growth strategy relies on growth in the MSME USAID/Ghana objectives, to provide larger and longer-term
of guaranteed loans. The guarantees’ Action Packages also lending to SMEs since it began utilizing the DCA guarantees.
sector. loans associated with financing capital expenditures. Guaranteed
emphasized a particular desire to improve access to larger, However, the growth largely reflects the bank’s ongoing strategy
loans were much larger, and consequently far fewer in number,
Recent monetary policy and financial sector reforms have medium to long-term loans for these sectors. The table below to increase retail lending rather than being attributable to the
than initially anticipated by USAID/Ghana but still fell within
substantially increased banks’ lending to the private sector (see summarizes key characteristics of the two guarantees. guarantees. Experience with the guarantees prompted EcoBank
the size and tenor parameters established in the guarantee
graph above) but limited access to credit, high interest rates, and agreements. to increase lending to some new industries and to extend some
prohibitive collateral requirements still pose significant EVALUATION OBJECTIVES long-term loans for capital expenditures outside of the
constraints to the growth of many MSMEs. Access to the USAID’s Economic Growth Agriculture and Trade Bureau’s Findings in support of those conclusions include: guarantee coverage. However, these increases were small
medium to long-term financing necessary for capital Office of Development Credit (EGAT/DC), which administers relative to the bank’s overall SME portfolio.
EcoBank used the guarantees to test new borrowers. Of the
investments is tight. the DCA guarantees, commissioned the evaluation of these two nine unique borrowers (there were ten loans but two were
DCA guarantees in Ghana. This evaluation assesses the Findings in support of those conclusions include:
to the same borrower) under the DCA guarantees, six (66
In response to this environment, USAID implemented two performance of the DCA guarantees relative to their objectives percent) were new clients. EcoBank has substantially increased its lending to SMEs
DCA loan guarantees with EcoBank, a prominent bank in as defined in the Action Packages developed by (see following graph). The bank increased the number of
The bank also used the guarantees to gain experience with
USAID/Ghana, i.e., increasing access to credit for firms in the new sectors/industries. Three of the eight loans in its SME portfolio by 380 percent (from 194 to 932)
DCA LOAN GUARANTEES IN GHANA target sectors. Three broad avenues of questioning – output, sectors/industries represented by loan recipients were and the value of the portfolio by 500 percent (from $11.9
sectors/industries in which EcoBank had no previous million to $72.0 million). The number of loans in the bank’s
Utilization Average
lending experience. entire loan portfolio grew faster (1944 percent from 461 to
Starting Ending Number of Aggregate rate (percent loan tenor 9,422 loans) than its SME portfolio but the value of overall
year year Guarantee ceiling loans amount of loans of ceiling) Median loan size (months) EcoBank also focused its use of the guarantees on larger
portfolio grew more slowly (353 percent from $93.2 million
loans with longer tenors necessary for capital investments –
2003 2008 $3,000,000 6 $2,208,830 73.63% $359,395 40
to $422.0 million) than the SME portfolio.
a particular objective of the DCA agreements. Guaranteed
loans were significantly larger and had longer tenors than EcoBank used the guarantees to develop new clients and
2005 2012 $7,000,000 4 $4,446,664 63.52% $1,203,503 27 markets. The bank has continued to lend outside of the
EcoBank’s typical SME loan. All of the guaranteed loans
fell within the top 8 percent (by size) of loans in the bank’s guarantees to seven of the eight industries/sectors
Source: USAID Credit Management System (CMS) and EcoBank. represented by recipients of guaranteed loans. It has also
SME portfolio and 60 percent fell within the top 2 percent.
3. BACKGROUND LENDING TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR AS PERCENT outcome, and impact –guided the evaluation. The guaranteed loans had an average tenor of 35 months
Macroeconomic conditions in Ghana in 2000 severely OF REAL GDP compared to an average 12 month tenor for the bank’s
The scope of the evaluation covers EcoBank’s lending behavior overall SME portfolio.
constrained private sector access to credit. High levels of
and potential demonstration effects in the broader banking
government borrowing pushed interest rates up and crowded All nine of the unique borrowers under the DCA
30% sector. It does not examine EGAT/DC’s administration of the
the private sector out of financial markets. With government guarantees received medium to long-term loans, eight to
guarantees nor does it assess the impacts of any associated
treasuries paying real interest of 16.8 percent, banks had little 25% finance capital expenditures and one, an MFI, for on-
Percent of real GDP
technical assistance to borrowers or on the guarantees’ success
incentive to take on riskier lending to micro-enterprises. None had received medium to
ABOUT DCA 20% in achieving USAID/Ghana’s strategic objectives.
private sector debt. High long-term loans prior to the guarantee.
USAID's Development Credit Authority interest rates and exchange rate 15% Banks EVALUATION METHODOLOGY In spite of the relatively large loan sizes, loan recipients
(DCA) was created in 1998 to mobilize local volatility also created financial likely fall within target
10%
private capital through the establishment of uncertainty that made both MFIs The evaluation began with a desktop analysis of the available sectors, i.e., they appear EVALUATION QUESTIONS
real risk sharing relationships with private borrowers and lenders hesitant 5% literature on the guarantees. A three-person team then traveled to be largely medium-
financial institutions in USAID countries. to take on the risks associated Total to Ghana to conduct the rest of the evaluation in Accra from Output level – Did the guarantee partners
0% sized enterprises and
The tool is available to all USAID overseas February 16 to 27, 2009. During that time the team reviewed use the guarantees to improve access to
with loans, particularly medium MFIs. (EcoBank defines
missions and can be used as a vehicle for 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
documents, conducted structured interviews with stakeholders, credit for enterprises in the target sectors?
to long-term loans. SMEs as companies
providing much needed credit to an array of Source: Bank of Ghana & Ghana Microfinance Institutions Network (GHAMFIN)
and collected secondary quantitative data. with assets under Outcome level – Did the guarantee partner’s
enterprises and underserved sectors. DCA is Limited access to credit and its
Ghana, in 2003 and 2005. Under the guarantees USAID agreed $250,000 excluding land experience with the guarantees improve
already active with credit guarantee high cost significantly restricted KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
to cover 50 percent of EcoBank’s losses of principle on and property, and an access to credit for enterprises in the target
agreements in many USAID countries. This the growth of Ghanaian
guaranteed loans up to a specified ceiling. The guarantees OUTPUT annual turnover sectors outside of guarantee coverage?
Impact Brief examines the findings from an enterprises. These constraints hit
reduce the bank’s risk and thereby encourage it to make loans to between $250,000 and
evaluation of two guarantees in Ghana. micro-, small-, and medium- Conclusions The DCA guarantees complemented EcoBank’s Impact level – Did the guarantees have a
specific sectors that support USAID/Ghana’s development $5 million).
enterprises (MSMEs) especially ongoing strategy to transition from a wholesale bank to a fully demonstration effect that improved access
objectives. USAID structured the two DCA guarantees to
hard because of a number of factors that make it difficult for fledged retail bank with a correspondingly greater focus on the to credit for enterprises in the target sectors
support its Economic Growth strategy and specified MSMEs, OUTCOME
banks to assess the risk associated with loans to MSMEs. This SME sector. The bank used the guarantees to gain experience from the broader banking sector?
microfinance institutions (MFIs), and NGOs with activities in Conclusions EcoBank has
situation is of particular concern to USAID because its current with new borrowers and industries and, in compliance with
specific sectors with potential for growth as qualified recipients substantially increased
Economic Growth strategy relies on growth in the MSME USAID/Ghana objectives, to provide larger and longer-term
of guaranteed loans. The guarantees’ Action Packages also lending to SMEs since it began utilizing the DCA guarantees.
sector. loans associated with financing capital expenditures. Guaranteed
emphasized a particular desire to improve access to larger, However, the growth largely reflects the bank’s ongoing strategy
loans were much larger, and consequently far fewer in number,
Recent monetary policy and financial sector reforms have medium to long-term loans for these sectors. The table below to increase retail lending rather than being attributable to the
than initially anticipated by USAID/Ghana but still fell within
substantially increased banks’ lending to the private sector (see summarizes key characteristics of the two guarantees. guarantees. Experience with the guarantees prompted EcoBank
the size and tenor parameters established in the guarantee
graph above) but limited access to credit, high interest rates, and agreements. to increase lending to some new industries and to extend some
prohibitive collateral requirements still pose significant EVALUATION OBJECTIVES long-term loans for capital expenditures outside of the
constraints to the growth of many MSMEs. Access to the USAID’s Economic Growth Agriculture and Trade Bureau’s Findings in support of those conclusions include: guarantee coverage. However, these increases were small
medium to long-term financing necessary for capital Office of Development Credit (EGAT/DC), which administers relative to the bank’s overall SME portfolio.
EcoBank used the guarantees to test new borrowers. Of the
investments is tight. the DCA guarantees, commissioned the evaluation of these two nine unique borrowers (there were ten loans but two were
DCA guarantees in Ghana. This evaluation assesses the Findings in support of those conclusions include:
to the same borrower) under the DCA guarantees, six (66
In response to this environment, USAID implemented two performance of the DCA guarantees relative to their objectives percent) were new clients. EcoBank has substantially increased its lending to SMEs
DCA loan guarantees with EcoBank, a prominent bank in as defined in the Action Packages developed by (see following graph). The bank increased the number of
The bank also used the guarantees to gain experience with
USAID/Ghana, i.e., increasing access to credit for firms in the new sectors/industries. Three of the eight loans in its SME portfolio by 380 percent (from 194 to 932)
DCA LOAN GUARANTEES IN GHANA target sectors. Three broad avenues of questioning – output, sectors/industries represented by loan recipients were and the value of the portfolio by 500 percent (from $11.9
sectors/industries in which EcoBank had no previous million to $72.0 million). The number of loans in the bank’s
Utilization Average
lending experience. entire loan portfolio grew faster (1944 percent from 461 to
Starting Ending Number of Aggregate rate (percent loan tenor 9,422 loans) than its SME portfolio but the value of overall
year year Guarantee ceiling loans amount of loans of ceiling) Median loan size (months) EcoBank also focused its use of the guarantees on larger
portfolio grew more slowly (353 percent from $93.2 million
loans with longer tenors necessary for capital investments –
2003 2008 $3,000,000 6 $2,208,830 73.63% $359,395 40
to $422.0 million) than the SME portfolio.
a particular objective of the DCA agreements. Guaranteed
loans were significantly larger and had longer tenors than EcoBank used the guarantees to develop new clients and
2005 2012 $7,000,000 4 $4,446,664 63.52% $1,203,503 27 markets. The bank has continued to lend outside of the
EcoBank’s typical SME loan. All of the guaranteed loans
fell within the top 8 percent (by size) of loans in the bank’s guarantees to seven of the eight industries/sectors
Source: USAID Credit Management System (CMS) and EcoBank. represented by recipients of guaranteed loans. It has also
SME portfolio and 60 percent fell within the top 2 percent.
4. extended loan tenors for borrowers in these GROWTH IN NUMBER AND VALUE OF ECOBANK LOANS, 2002-2008
industries as it focuses on financing capital
expenditures.
$450 10,000
The DCA guarantees contributed to
$400 9,000
changes in EcoBank’s lending behavior.
$350 8,000
EcoBank personnel stated that the bank’s
$300 7,000
experience with the DCA guarantees was
Portfolio value (millions)
6,000
crucial to the bank increasing the number $250
Number of loans
5,000
of larger, long-term loans for capital $200
4,000
expenditures in recent years. EcoBank has $150 3,000
increased lending to MFIs outside of the $100 2,000
guarantees and is now extending medium
$50 1,000
to long-term credit to MFIs.
$0 0
The DCA guarantees prompted EcoBank
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
to expand lending into new
sectors/industries. Bank personnel said Entire portfolio value SME portfolio value
that the ability to test new Entire portfolio numbers SME portfolio numbers
industries/sectors within the guarantee
was critical to the bank’s lending in these
industries/sectors outside of the guarantee
coverage but said that the guarantees made, at most, a Microfinance institutions increased lending from 0.3
minor contribution to the growth in EcoBank’s SME percent to 1.8 percent of real GDP between 2002 and 2006,
portfolio. Guaranteed loans accounted for only one percent a 500 percent increase. At least three banks in Ghana have
of the number and nine percent of the value of all SME partnered with financial institutions, enabling those
loans in 2008. institutions to obtain needed capital for on-lending.
The Bank of Ghana’s SME Survey in 2005 found that “the
IMPACT share of SMEs in total exposure of banks has increased
Conclusions Lending to SMEs (a proxy for the target sectors of from 0.95 percent of GDP in 2001 to 1.54 percent of GDP
the guarantee) has increased substantially in Ghana since 2002 by 2004.”
(pre-guarantee). Anecdotal evidence suggests that loan Two of the three banks that responded to a survey of five
guarantees may be responsible for some of this increase. banks with SME departments reported increases in SME
However, given the small number of industries/sectors lending of 257 and 450 percent between 2002 and 2008.
represented by EcoBank’s guaranteed loans, the effect of the
DCA guarantees is likely modest. Factors external to the Qualitative findings on the potential for EcoBank’s DCA
guarantees are likely responsible for most of the observed guarantees to influence broader SME lending include:
increase in lending to SMEs. Three individuals prominent in the banking and
development sectors stated that they have witnessed banks
Findings observing and learning from other banks’ experience when
Key findings in support of the conclusion of increased financial deciding to enter new industries or sectors.
sector lending to SMEs include: The three banks that responded to the evaluation team’s
Bank lending to the private sector (as a percentage of real survey of five banks that competed with EcoBank in the
DCA LOAN GUARANTEE
GDP to control for inflation and overall growth in the SME market said that other banks’ experience in new
economy) increased from 14.0 percent to 28.8 percent (a industries and with different loan sizes and tenors were
106 percent increase) between 2000 and 2008. Lending to either “somewhat” or “very” important in determining the
the commerce and finance sector, a sector dominated by banks’ lending strategy. Twenty-two percent of the
GHANA
SMEs according to a banking official and a government recipients of guaranteed loans have received long-term
SME specialist, grew substantially more than most other financing from other banks since receiving the guaranteed
sectors increasing by 300 percent from 1.2 percent to 4.8 loans.
percent.
CONTACT INFORMATION
U.S. Agency for International Development
IMPACT BRIEF
Office of Development Credit
1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20523
http://www.USAID.gov
Keyword: DCA
