The Birds World

Nicolae Sfetcu
Nicolae SfetcuFreelancer à MultiMedia
••
Sciences

Birds are among the most extensively studied of all animal groups. Hundreds of academic journals and thousands of scientists are devoted to bird research, while amateur enthusiasts (called birdwatchers or, more commonly, birders) probably number in the millions. Birds are categorised as a biological class, Aves. The earliest known species of this class is Archaeopteryx lithographica, from the Late Jurassic period. According to the most recent consensus, Aves and a sister group, the order Crocodilia, together form a group of unnamed rank, the Archosauria. Phylogenetically, Aves is usually defined as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds (or of a specific modern bird species like Passer domesticus), and Archaeopteryx. Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur clade Theropoda. Modern birds are divided into two superorders, the Paleognathae (mostly flightless birds like ostriches), and the wildly diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds.

The Birds World

••
Nicolae Sfetcu
Nicolae SfetcuFreelancer à MultiMedia
Sciences

Birds are among the most extensively studied of all animal groups. Hundreds of academic journals and thousands of scientists are devoted to bird research, while amateur enthusiasts (called birdwatchers or, more commonly, birders) probably number in the millions. Birds are categorised as a biological class, Aves. The earliest known species of this class is Archaeopteryx lithographica, from the Late Jurassic period. According to the most recent consensus, Aves and a sister group, the order Crocodilia, together form a group of unnamed rank, the Archosauria. Phylogenetically, Aves is usually defined as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds (or of a specific modern bird species like Passer domesticus), and Archaeopteryx. Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur clade Theropoda. Modern birds are divided into two superorders, the Paleognathae (mostly flightless birds like ostriches), and the wildly diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds.

The Birds World

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The Birds World
The Birds World Nicolae Sfetcu Published by: Nicolae Sfetcu Copyright 2014 Nicolae Sfetcu
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 2 The book is made by organizing Telework articles (main sources: my own articles, Wikipedia under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license adapted by Nicolae Sfetcu, and other sources). Text license: CC BY-SA 3.0 The information in this book (licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License) is from 2006 and has not been updated. DISCLAIMER: The author and publisher are providing this book and its contents on an “as is” basis and make no representations or warranties of any kind with respect to this book or its contents. The author and publisher disclaim all such representations and warranties for a particular purpose. In addition, the author and publisher do not represent or warrant that the information accessible via this book is accurate, complete or current. Except as specifically stated in this book, neither the author or publisher, nor any authors, contributors, or other representatives will be liable for damages arising out of or in connection with the use of this book. This is a comprehensive limitation of liability that applies to all damages of any kind, including (without limitation) compensatory; direct, indirect or consequential damages, including for third parties. You understand that this book is not intended as a substitute for consultation with a licensed, educational, legal or finance professional. Before you use it in any way, you will consult a licensed professional to ensure that you are doing what’s best for your situation. This book provides content related to educational topics. As such, use of this book implies your acceptance of this disclaimer.
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 3 Table of Contents • Birds o Alektorophobia o Avian incubation o Bird abatement o Bird anatomy ▪ Bird skeleton o Bird bath o Bird feeding ▪ Bird food ▪ Bird feeder o Bird flight ▪ Wing clipping o Bird intelligence ▪ Language of the birds o Nidification • Aviculture o Domesticated birds ▪ Australian Spotted ▪ Barbary Dove ▪ Budgerigar ▪ Cayuga Duck ▪ Chicken ▪ Cockatiel ▪ Cockatoo ▪ Common Pheasant ▪ Crested Guineafowl ▪ Domestic Canary ▪ Domesticated duck ▪ Domesticated goose ▪ Domesticated turkey ▪ Homing pigeon ▪ Indian Runner Duck ▪ Khaki Campbell ▪ Ostrich ▪ Pekin duck ▪ Quail ▪ Rock Pigeon ▪ Zebra Finch o African Grey Parrot o Bird-safe o British finches o Caique o Carrier pigeon o Citron-crested Cockatoo o Companion parrot o Conure o Cyanoramphus o Hawaiian Goose o Hill Myna o Kākāriki o Lilian's Lovebird o Long-billed Vulture o Moluccan Cockatoo o Parrotlet ▪ Khaki Campbell o Pigeon racing o Pink Pigeon o Red-and-green Macaw o Rose-ringed Parakeet o Rosy-faced Lovebird o Senegal Parrot o Softbill o Spix's Macaw o Sun Parakeet o Umbrella Cockatoo • Bird migration flyways o Flyway o Atlantic Flyway o Central Flyway o East Asian - Australasian Flyway o Mississippi Flyway o Pacific Flyway • Bird topography o Beak o Supercilium • Birds by classification o Extinct birds ▪ (Probably) Extinct birds ▪ Late Quaternary prehistoric birds ▪ Malaconotidae
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 4 ▪ Paleornithology ▪ Fossil birds ▪ Neornithes ▪ Aves incertae sedis o Suborders of birds ▪ Corvida ▪ Artamidae ▪ Artamus ▪ Cracticus ▪ Gymnorhina ▪ Currawong ▪ Atrichornithidae ▪ Callaeidae ▪ Campephagidae ▪ Cinclosomatidae ▪ Psophodes ▪ Climacteridae ▪ Corcorachidae ▪ Corvidae ▪ Aphelocoma ▪ Cissa ▪ Corvus ▪ Raven ▪ Crypsirina ▪ Cyanocitta ▪ Cyanocorax ▪ Cyanolyca ▪ Cyanopica ▪ Garrulus ▪ Nucifraga ▪ Perisoreus ▪ Pica ▪ Podoces ▪ Pyrrhocorax ▪ Urocissa ▪ Dicruridae ▪ Drongos ▪ Monarchinae ▪ Lamprolia ▪ Rhipidurinae ▪ Tersiphone ▪ Icteridae ▪ Irenidae ▪ Tchagra ▪ Maluridae ▪ Meliphagoidea ▪ Meliphagidae ▪ Acanthorhync hus ▪ Anthochaera ▪ Manorina ▪ Moho ▪ Philemon ▪ Phylidonyris ▪ Menuridae ▪ Neosittidae ▪ Oriolidae ▪ Orthonychidae ▪ Pachycephalidae ▪ Pitohui ▪ Paradisaeidae ▪ Pardalotidae ▪ Pardalote ▪ Petroicidae ▪ Pityriaseidae ▪ Pomatostomidae ▪ Prionopidae ▪ Ptilonorhynchidae ▪ Turnagridae ▪ Vangidae ▪ Vireonidae ▪ Passeri ▪ Passerida ▪ Aegithalidae ▪ Aegithinidae ▪ Alaudidae ▪ Alauda ▪ Chersophilus ▪ Eremophila ▪ Lullula ▪ Melanocorypha ▪ Buphagidae ▪ Cardinalidae ▪ Grosbeak ▪ Certhiidae ▪ Chaetopidae ▪ Cinclidae
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 5 ▪ Laniidae ▪ Cisticolidae ▪ Coerebidae ▪ Dicaeidae ▪ Drepanididae ▪ Melamprosops ▪ Psittirostra ▪ Vestiaria ▪ Emberizidae ▪ Ammodramus ▪ Calamospiza ▪ Calcarius ▪ Chondestes ▪ Emberiza ▪ Geospizini ▪ Juncos ▪ Passerculus ▪ Passerella ▪ Pipilo ▪ Pooecetes ▪ Seedeater ▪ Spizella ▪ Zonotrichia ▪ Estrildidae ▪ Padda ▪ Fringillidae ▪ Carduelis ▪ Carpodacus ▪ Coccothraustes ▪ Eophona ▪ Euphoniinae ▪ Chloropho nia ▪ Euphonia ▪ Fringilla ▪ Leucosticte ▪ Loxia ▪ Pinicola ▪ Pyrrhula ▪ Rhodopechys ▪ Serinus ▪ Hirundinidae ▪ Pseudochelidoni nae ▪ Leafbirds ▪ Melanocharitidae ▪ Mimidae ▪ Motacillidae ▪ Muscicapidae ▪ Ficedula ▪ Saxicolinae ▪ Cercotrichas ▪ Cochoa ▪ Copsychus ▪ Cossypha ▪ Enicurus ▪ Erithacus ▪ Luscinia ▪ Oenanthe ▪ Phoenicurus ▪ Saxicola ▪ Sheppardia ▪ Nectariniidae ▪ Nuthatches ▪ Old World babblers ▪ Paradoxornithidae ▪ Paramythiidae ▪ Paridae ▪ Pseudopodoces ▪ Parulidae ▪ Dendroica ▪ Seiurus ▪ Vermivora ▪ Passeridae ▪ Peucedramidae ▪ Picathartidae ▪ Platysteiridae ▪ Ploceidae ▪ Polioptilidae ▪ Promeropidae ▪ Prunellidae ▪ Ptilogonatidae ▪ Pycnonotidae ▪ Regulidae ▪ Remizidae ▪ Rhabdornithidae ▪ Sturnidae ▪ Acridotheres
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 6 ▪ Hypocoliidae ▪ Aplonis ▪ Gracula ▪ Sturnus ▪ Sylviidae ▪ Acrocephalus ▪ Bradypterus ▪ Chamaea ▪ Hippolais ▪ Locustella ▪ Orthotomus ▪ Phylloscopus ▪ Sylvia ▪ Thraupidae ▪ Cyanerpes ▪ Habia ▪ Piranga ▪ Ramphocelus ▪ Spindalis ▪ Tangara ▪ Thraupis ▪ Troglodytidae ▪ Campylorhynchu s ▪ Troglodytes ▪ Turdidae ▪ Alethes ▪ Bluebirds ▪ Catharus thrushes ▪ Myadestes ▪ Rock thrushes ▪ Zoothera ▪ Viduidae ▪ Waxwings ▪ Zosteropidae ▪ Zosterops ▪ Tyranni ▪ Acanthisittidae ▪ Conopophagidae ▪ Cotingidae ▪ Cephalopterus ▪ Procnias ▪ Rupicola ▪ Calyptomena ▪ Formicariidae ▪ Furnariidae ▪ Furnarius ▪ Pseudocolaptes ▪ Xenops ▪ Philepittidae ▪ Pipridae ▪ Chiroxiphia ▪ Manacus ▪ Pitta ▪ Rhinocryptidae ▪ Thamnophilidae ▪ Tyrannidae ▪ Aphanotriccus ▪ Attila ▪ Contopus ▪ Empidonax ▪ Lathrotriccus ▪ Myiarchus ▪ Myiozetetes ▪ Sayornis ▪ Tityra ▪ Tyrannus o Parvorders of birds o Superfamilies of birds ▪ Anatoidea o Bird families ▪ Bird families - A ▪ Accipitridae ▪ Aegothelidae ▪ Aepyornithidae ▪ Alcedinidae ▪ Alcidae ▪ Anhingidae ▪ Apterygidae ▪ Bird families - B ▪ Bucerotidae ▪ Bird families - C ▪ Caprimulgidae ▪ Casuariidae ▪ Cathartidae ▪ Charadriidae ▪ Chionididae
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 7 ▪ Eurylaimidae ▪ Columbidae ▪ Bird families - D ▪ Dendrocolaptida e ▪ Dinornithidae ▪ Dromadidae ▪ Dromornithidae ▪ Bird families - E ▪ Bird families - F ▪ Falconidae ▪ Fregatidae ▪ Bird families - G ▪ Gastornithidae ▪ Bird families - H ▪ Haematopodidae ▪ Hydrobatidae ▪ Bird families - I ▪ Ibidorhynchidae ▪ Bird families - L ▪ Bird families - M ▪ Mesitornithidae ▪ Bird families - N ▪ Bird families - O ▪ Bird families - P ▪ Pedionomidae ▪ Phaethontidae ▪ Phalacrocoracida e ▪ Phasianidae ▪ Phorusrhacidae ▪ Picidae ▪ Plotopteridae ▪ Pluvianellidae ▪ Podicipedidae ▪ Presbyornithidae ▪ Psittacidae ▪ Pteroclididae ▪ Bird families - R ▪ Rallidae ▪ Raphidae ▪ Rostratulidae ▪ Bird families - S ▪ Scolopacidae ▪ Sylviornithidae ▪ Bird families - T ▪ Teratornithidae ▪ Tetraonidae ▪ Threskiornithidae ▪ Trochilidae ▪ Tytonidae ▪ Bird families - V ▪ Bird families - W o Subfamilies of birds ▪ Bucorvinae ▪ Anatinae ▪ Anserinae ▪ Buteoninae ▪ Chordeilinae ▪ Mancallinae ▪ Merginae ▪ Palaeeudyptinae ▪ Phaethornithinae ▪ Tadorninae ▪ Vanellinae o Tribes of birds ▪ Nestorini ▪ Platycercini o Passeriformes o Carinatae • Birds by geography o Endemism in birds o Birds of Africa o Birds of Asia o Birds of Australia ▪ List of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds ▪ List of Australian birds o Birds of Europe • Birds of prey o Eagles o Falconry o Falcon o Harrier o Kites o Old World vulture o Owls o Macaw
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 8 ▪ Spheniscidae ▪ Strigidae ▪ Sulidae o True hawks • Birdwatching • Bird diseases o Angel Wing o Avian adenovirus o Avian flu ▪ Transmission and infection of H5N1 o Bumblefoot o Gallid herpesvirus 1 o Scaly leg • Famous birds • Feathers o Plumage • Fictional birds o Fictional ducks • Flightless birds o Struthioniformes • Heraldic birds o American Robin o Andean Condor o Blue Jay o Caladrius o Canada Goose o Canary o Cassowary o Condor o Double-headed eagle o Duck o Emu o Goose o Heron o Ibis o ▪ Kingfisher o KookaburraMartlet o Osprey o Partridge o Peafowl o Pelican o Pheasant o Puffin o RoosterSecretary Bird o Snipe o Spotted Eagle Owl o Stork o Swan o Toucan o Vulture • Oology o Egg o Ornithology • Poultry • Seabird o Albatrosses o Gannets o Gulls ▪ Larus o Pterodroma o Shearwaters o Skuas o Terns • Shorebirds o Recurvirostridae ▪ Recurvirostra • Swifts • License o GNU Free Documentation License
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 9 Contents The Birds World ....................................................................................................................................................1 Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................................3 Contents....................................................................................................................................................................9 Birds........................................................................................................................................................................ 62 High-level taxonomy ............................................................................................................................... 62 Bird orders.................................................................................................................................................. 62 Evolution...................................................................................................................................................... 63 Bird anatomy.............................................................................................................................................. 65 Birds and humans..................................................................................................................................... 66 Trivia ............................................................................................................................................................. 67 References................................................................................................................................................... 68 Alektorophobia .............................................................................................................................................. 69 Notable alektorophobes......................................................................................................................... 69 Avian incubation............................................................................................................................................ 70 Derived meanings..................................................................................................................................... 70 Reference..................................................................................................................................................... 70 Bird abatement............................................................................................................................................... 71 Problems...................................................................................................................................................... 71 Solutions ...................................................................................................................................................... 72 Bird anatomy .................................................................................................................................................. 73 Respiratory system.................................................................................................................................. 73 Circulatory system................................................................................................................................... 74 Digestive system....................................................................................................................................... 74 Skeletal system.......................................................................................................................................... 74 Muscular system....................................................................................................................................... 75 Head............................................................................................................................................................... 75 Reproduction.............................................................................................................................................. 75 References................................................................................................................................................... 76 Bird skeleton................................................................................................................................................... 77 Skull ............................................................................................................................................................... 77
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 10 Neck, back, and tail .................................................................................................................................. 77 Chest.............................................................................................................................................................. 78 Wings............................................................................................................................................................. 78 Hips................................................................................................................................................................ 78 Legs................................................................................................................................................................ 78 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 78 Bird bath........................................................................................................................................................... 79 Design and construction........................................................................................................................ 79 Maintenance............................................................................................................................................... 80 Welcoming larger birds.......................................................................................................................... 80 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 80 Bird feeding..................................................................................................................................................... 81 Bird food........................................................................................................................................................... 83 Bird seeds.................................................................................................................................................... 83 Non-seed birdfood ................................................................................................................................... 83 Commercial bird food............................................................................................................................. 83 References................................................................................................................................................... 83 Bird feeder ....................................................................................................................................................... 84 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 84 Bird flight.......................................................................................................................................................... 85 Evolution and purpose of bird flight................................................................................................. 85 Basic mechanics of bird flight.............................................................................................................. 85 The wing....................................................................................................................................................... 86 Wing shape and flight ............................................................................................................................. 86 Hovering....................................................................................................................................................... 87 Take-off and landing ............................................................................................................................... 88 Adaptations for flight.............................................................................................................................. 88 References................................................................................................................................................... 88 Wing clipping.................................................................................................................................................. 90 Bird intelligence............................................................................................................................................. 91 Indications of intelligence in bird species....................................................................................... 92 References................................................................................................................................................... 95 Language of the birds .................................................................................................................................. 96
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 11 History .......................................................................................................................................................... 96 References................................................................................................................................................... 98 Nidification ...................................................................................................................................................... 99 References.................................................................................................................................................102 Aviculture............................................................................................................................................................103 Types of aviculture.................................................................................................................................103 Avicultural societies..............................................................................................................................103 Avicultural publications.......................................................................................................................103 Domesticated birds.....................................................................................................................................104 Australian Spotted ......................................................................................................................................105 Barbary Dove ................................................................................................................................................106 References.................................................................................................................................................107 Budgerigar .....................................................................................................................................................108 Etymology..................................................................................................................................................108 Characteristics.........................................................................................................................................109 Habitat and behaviour..........................................................................................................................111 Budgerigars in captivity.......................................................................................................................112 "Context speaking" budgerigars.......................................................................................................113 References.................................................................................................................................................113 Cayuga Duck..................................................................................................................................................114 References.................................................................................................................................................114 Chicken............................................................................................................................................................115 General biology and habitat ...............................................................................................................116 Courting......................................................................................................................................................117 Going broody............................................................................................................................................117 Artificial incubation...............................................................................................................................117 Chickens as pets......................................................................................................................................118 Chickens in agriculture.........................................................................................................................119 Issues with mass production .............................................................................................................120 Chicken diseases.....................................................................................................................................120 Chickens in religion ...............................................................................................................................121 History ........................................................................................................................................................122 A selection of chicken breeds.............................................................................................................124
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 12 Famous chickens.....................................................................................................................................124 Chicken as symbol..................................................................................................................................126 Published Sources..................................................................................................................................127 Cockatiel..........................................................................................................................................................128 Description................................................................................................................................................128 Biology........................................................................................................................................................129 Cockatiels as Pets....................................................................................................................................129 References.................................................................................................................................................130 Cockatoo .........................................................................................................................................................131 Cockatoos as endangered or vulnerable species........................................................................131 Systematics ...............................................................................................................................................132 References.................................................................................................................................................133 Common Pheasant......................................................................................................................................134 References.................................................................................................................................................135 Crested Guineafowl ....................................................................................................................................136 References.................................................................................................................................................136 Domestic Canary..........................................................................................................................................137 History ........................................................................................................................................................137 Varieties .....................................................................................................................................................137 Keeping Canaries....................................................................................................................................138 Trivia ...........................................................................................................................................................139 See also.......................................................................................................................................................140 References.................................................................................................................................................140 Domesticated duck .....................................................................................................................................141 Breeds.........................................................................................................................................................141 Gender differences.................................................................................................................................142 Farming ......................................................................................................................................................142 As pets and ornamentals .....................................................................................................................142 See also.......................................................................................................................................................143 Domesticated goose ...................................................................................................................................144 Geese in cooking .....................................................................................................................................144 Geese in fiction and myth....................................................................................................................145 Domesticated turkey..................................................................................................................................146
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 13 History ........................................................................................................................................................146 Availability and Commercial Production ......................................................................................147 Breeding.....................................................................................................................................................147 Butchering.................................................................................................................................................148 Turkeys as food.......................................................................................................................................149 Turkeys in culture..................................................................................................................................150 Turkey dung for fuel..............................................................................................................................151 References.................................................................................................................................................151 Homing pigeon.............................................................................................................................................152 Navigation .................................................................................................................................................152 History ........................................................................................................................................................152 References.................................................................................................................................................153 Indian Runner Duck ...................................................................................................................................154 Khaki Campbell ............................................................................................................................................155 History ........................................................................................................................................................155 References.................................................................................................................................................155 Ostrich .............................................................................................................................................................156 Description................................................................................................................................................156 Systematics and distribution .............................................................................................................157 Evolution....................................................................................................................................................158 Behavior.....................................................................................................................................................158 Reproduction............................................................................................................................................159 Ostriches and humans ..........................................................................................................................160 References.................................................................................................................................................160 Sources .......................................................................................................................................................161 Pekin duck......................................................................................................................................................162 Trivia ...........................................................................................................................................................162 References.................................................................................................................................................162 Quail..................................................................................................................................................................163 Species list.................................................................................................................................................163 References.................................................................................................................................................163 Rock Pigeon...................................................................................................................................................164 Nest and Nestling....................................................................................................................................165
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 14 Domestication..........................................................................................................................................165 Feral pigeons in cities...........................................................................................................................166 See also.......................................................................................................................................................167 References.................................................................................................................................................168 Zebra Finch....................................................................................................................................................169 Song and other vocalizations.............................................................................................................170 Food and care...........................................................................................................................................170 Zebra Finch breeding............................................................................................................................171 Domestication..........................................................................................................................................172 References.................................................................................................................................................172 African Grey Parrot.....................................................................................................................................173 Subspecies.................................................................................................................................................173 Mimicry and intelligence.....................................................................................................................173 African Grey Parrots as Pets...............................................................................................................174 References.................................................................................................................................................175 Bird-safe..........................................................................................................................................................176 Household dangers................................................................................................................................176 Cage Safety................................................................................................................................................176 Toxic foods for birds .............................................................................................................................177 Toxic plants for birds............................................................................................................................177 Toxicity of overheated non-stick surfaces....................................................................................177 Introducing your bird to strangers..................................................................................................177 British finches...............................................................................................................................................179 History ........................................................................................................................................................179 Species ........................................................................................................................................................179 Mules and Hybrids .................................................................................................................................180 Other British birds .................................................................................................................................180 See also.......................................................................................................................................................181 Caique ..............................................................................................................................................................182 Species ........................................................................................................................................................182 Aviculture ..................................................................................................................................................183 Sexing..........................................................................................................................................................183 Carrier pigeon...............................................................................................................................................184
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 15 Citron-crested Cockatoo...........................................................................................................................185 The Citron-crested Cockatoo as an endangered bird...............................................................185 The Citron-crested Cockatoo as pets ..............................................................................................185 Companion parrot.......................................................................................................................................187 Conure .............................................................................................................................................................188 Description................................................................................................................................................188 Conure Species ........................................................................................................................................188 Scientific Classification.........................................................................................................................191 Cyanoramphus .............................................................................................................................................193 References.................................................................................................................................................193 Hawaiian Goose............................................................................................................................................195 References.................................................................................................................................................195 Hill Myna.........................................................................................................................................................196 References.................................................................................................................................................196 Kkriki................................................................................................................................................................197 Aviculture ..................................................................................................................................................197 References.................................................................................................................................................197 Lilian's Lovebird..........................................................................................................................................199 References.................................................................................................................................................199 Long-billed Vulture.....................................................................................................................................200 Captive breeding programmes..........................................................................................................200 References.................................................................................................................................................201 Moluccan Cockatoo.....................................................................................................................................202 Endangered status in the wild...........................................................................................................202 Aviculture ..................................................................................................................................................202 References.................................................................................................................................................203 Parrotlet..........................................................................................................................................................204 General........................................................................................................................................................204 Speech/Learning.....................................................................................................................................204 Aviculture ..................................................................................................................................................204 Genera.........................................................................................................................................................205 Pigeon racing.................................................................................................................................................206 Pink Pigeon....................................................................................................................................................208
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 16 Description................................................................................................................................................208 Phylogeny..................................................................................................................................................209 Range...........................................................................................................................................................209 Habitat ........................................................................................................................................................209 Habits..........................................................................................................................................................209 Demography and Longevity ...............................................................................................................210 References.................................................................................................................................................210 Red-and-green Macaw ..............................................................................................................................211 Red-and-green Macaws as pets.........................................................................................................211 Rose-ringed Parakeet ................................................................................................................................212 Phylogeny and distribution................................................................................................................212 Diet...............................................................................................................................................................213 Size ...............................................................................................................................................................213 Feral Rose-ringed Parakeets..............................................................................................................213 Rose-ringed Parakeets as pets ..........................................................................................................213 References.................................................................................................................................................214 Rosy-faced Lovebird ..................................................................................................................................215 Peach-faced Lovebirds as Pets ..........................................................................................................215 References.................................................................................................................................................216 Senegal Parrot ..............................................................................................................................................217 Senegal Parrots as pets ........................................................................................................................218 References.................................................................................................................................................218 Softbill..............................................................................................................................................................219 Spix's Macaw.................................................................................................................................................220 References.................................................................................................................................................220 Further reading.......................................................................................................................................221 Sun Parakeet .................................................................................................................................................222 References.................................................................................................................................................222 Umbrella Cockatoo .....................................................................................................................................223 Feathers......................................................................................................................................................223 Umbrella Cockatoo as a vulnerable species.................................................................................224 Umbrella Cockatoo as pet birds........................................................................................................224 References.................................................................................................................................................224
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 17 Bird migration flyways ..................................................................................................................................225 Long-distance land bird migration..................................................................................................225 Broad-winged long distance migrants ...........................................................................................226 Short-distance land bird migration.................................................................................................227 Wildfowl and waders............................................................................................................................227 Seabirds......................................................................................................................................................228 The tropics ................................................................................................................................................229 Australasia.................................................................................................................................................229 Study techniques ....................................................................................................................................230 Migration conditioning.........................................................................................................................230 References.................................................................................................................................................230 Flyway..............................................................................................................................................................231 See also.......................................................................................................................................................231 Atlantic Flyway.............................................................................................................................................232 Central Flyway..............................................................................................................................................233 East Asian - Australasian Flyway ..........................................................................................................234 Mississippi Flyway......................................................................................................................................235 Pacific Flyway...............................................................................................................................................236 Bird topography ...............................................................................................................................................237 Beak..................................................................................................................................................................238 Anatomy.....................................................................................................................................................238 Billing ..........................................................................................................................................................239 See also.......................................................................................................................................................239 References.................................................................................................................................................239 Supercilium....................................................................................................................................................240 Birds by classification.....................................................................................................................................241 Paleognathae............................................................................................................................................241 Neognathae...............................................................................................................................................241 See also.......................................................................................................................................................246 Extinct birds.......................................................................................................................................................247 Extinct bird species................................................................................................................................248 Psittaciformes..........................................................................................................................................256 See also.......................................................................................................................................................264
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 18 (Probably) Extinct birds...........................................................................................................................265 Struthioniformes.....................................................................................................................................265 Tinamiformes...........................................................................................................................................266 Anseriformes............................................................................................................................................266 Galliformes................................................................................................................................................266 Charadriiformes......................................................................................................................................267 Gruiformes ................................................................................................................................................267 Ciconiiformes ...........................................................................................................................................268 Pelecaniformes........................................................................................................................................269 Pteroclidiformes .....................................................................................................................................269 Columbiformes........................................................................................................................................269 Psittaciformes..........................................................................................................................................270 Cuculiformes.............................................................................................................................................271 Falconiformes ..........................................................................................................................................272 Strigiformes ..............................................................................................................................................272 Caprimulgiformes...................................................................................................................................273 Apodiformes.............................................................................................................................................274 Coraciiformes...........................................................................................................................................274 Piciformes..................................................................................................................................................275 Passeriformes ..........................................................................................................................................275 See also.......................................................................................................................................................282 Late Quaternary prehistoric birds........................................................................................................283 Late Quaternary avian extinctions...................................................................................................284 Taxonomic list of Late Quaternary prehistoric birds...............................................................284 Struthioniformes.....................................................................................................................................284 Anseriformes............................................................................................................................................285 Galliformes................................................................................................................................................287 Charadriiformes......................................................................................................................................287 Gruiformes ................................................................................................................................................288 Ciconiiformes ...........................................................................................................................................290 Pelecaniformes........................................................................................................................................290 Procellariiformes....................................................................................................................................291 Sphenisciformes......................................................................................................................................291
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 19 Columbiformes........................................................................................................................................291 Psittaciformes..........................................................................................................................................292 Cuculiformes.............................................................................................................................................292 Falconiformes ..........................................................................................................................................293 Caprimulgiformes...................................................................................................................................293 Apodiformes.............................................................................................................................................294 Strigiformes ..............................................................................................................................................294 Passeriformes ..........................................................................................................................................295 References.................................................................................................................................................297 See also.......................................................................................................................................................297 Paleornithology............................................................................................................................................299 See also.......................................................................................................................................................299 Fossil birds.....................................................................................................................................................300 Taxonomic List of Fossil Prehistoric Birds...................................................................................301 †"Proto-birds"..........................................................................................................................................301 †Basal Aves ...............................................................................................................................................302 †Basal Pygostylia....................................................................................................................................302 †Enantiornithes.......................................................................................................................................303 †Basal Ornithurae ..................................................................................................................................304 †Hesperornithes .....................................................................................................................................305 †Ichthyornithes.......................................................................................................................................305 Neornithes......................................................................................................................................................306 Neornithes.................................................................................................................................................306 Passeriformes ..........................................................................................................................................336 Aves incertae sedis .....................................................................................................................................339 Aves incertae sedis .................................................................................................................................339 Ichnotaxa ...................................................................................................................................................340 References.................................................................................................................................................341 See also.......................................................................................................................................................341 Suborders of birds...........................................................................................................................................342 Corvida ............................................................................................................................................................343 Families ......................................................................................................................................................343 See also.......................................................................................................................................................343
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 20 Artamidae.......................................................................................................................................................345 Species of Artamidae.............................................................................................................................345 Artamus...........................................................................................................................................................347 Species of Artamus.................................................................................................................................347 Cracticus .........................................................................................................................................................348 Species ........................................................................................................................................................348 Gymnorhina...................................................................................................................................................349 Description................................................................................................................................................349 Behaviour ..................................................................................................................................................350 Popular culture........................................................................................................................................351 References.................................................................................................................................................351 Currawong .....................................................................................................................................................353 Species ........................................................................................................................................................353 Ecology .......................................................................................................................................................354 Classification ............................................................................................................................................354 Atrichornithidae ..........................................................................................................................................355 Species of Atrichornithidae ................................................................................................................355 Callaeidae .......................................................................................................................................................356 References.................................................................................................................................................356 Campephagidae............................................................................................................................................357 Species of Campephagidae..................................................................................................................358 References.................................................................................................................................................359 Cinclosomatidae...........................................................................................................................................360 Species of Cinclosomatidae.................................................................................................................360 Psophodes......................................................................................................................................................361 References.................................................................................................................................................361 Climacteridae................................................................................................................................................362 Species of Climacteridae......................................................................................................................362 Corcorachidae..........................................................................................................................................362 Species of Corcoracidae .......................................................................................................................363 Corvidae..........................................................................................................................................................364 Systematics, taxonomy and evolution............................................................................................364 Typical size and appearance ..............................................................................................................366
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 21 Social interaction....................................................................................................................................366 Food and foraging habits.....................................................................................................................366 Migration ...................................................................................................................................................367 Reproduction............................................................................................................................................367 Nest predation.........................................................................................................................................368 Myths...........................................................................................................................................................368 Corvid intelligence .................................................................................................................................368 Threatened species................................................................................................................................370 Songs/calls:...............................................................................................................................................370 Citations .....................................................................................................................................................370 Aphelocoma...................................................................................................................................................372 Species ........................................................................................................................................................372 Appearance...............................................................................................................................................372 Behavior.....................................................................................................................................................373 References.................................................................................................................................................373 Cissa..................................................................................................................................................................374 Corvus..............................................................................................................................................................375 Systematics ...............................................................................................................................................375 Species ........................................................................................................................................................376 Behavior.....................................................................................................................................................378 Mythology and folklore ........................................................................................................................380 Gods and goddesses associated or identified with crows and ravens...............................381 Interesting Crow Facts .........................................................................................................................381 See also.......................................................................................................................................................381 References.................................................................................................................................................381 Raven................................................................................................................................................................382 Crypsirina.......................................................................................................................................................383 Species ........................................................................................................................................................383 References.................................................................................................................................................383 Cyanocitta.......................................................................................................................................................384 Cyanocorax ....................................................................................................................................................385 Cyanolyca .......................................................................................................................................................386 Cyanopica.......................................................................................................................................................387
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 22 Garrulus ..........................................................................................................................................................388 Nucifraga ........................................................................................................................................................389 Reference...................................................................................................................................................389 Perisoreus ......................................................................................................................................................390 Species ........................................................................................................................................................390 Pica....................................................................................................................................................................391 References.................................................................................................................................................391 Podoces ...........................................................................................................................................................392 Species list.................................................................................................................................................392 Pyrrhocorax...................................................................................................................................................393 Urocissa...........................................................................................................................................................394 Dicruridae ......................................................................................................................................................395 Subfamilies of Dicruridae....................................................................................................................395 Drongos...........................................................................................................................................................396 Species of Dicruriniae...........................................................................................................................396 Trivia ...........................................................................................................................................................397 Monarchinae .................................................................................................................................................398 Species of Monarchinae........................................................................................................................398 Lamprolia .......................................................................................................................................................401 Species ........................................................................................................................................................401 Rhipidurinae .................................................................................................................................................402 Species ........................................................................................................................................................402 Tersiphone.....................................................................................................................................................404 Species ........................................................................................................................................................404 Icteridae..........................................................................................................................................................405 Species ........................................................................................................................................................405 Irenidae...........................................................................................................................................................406 Laniidae...........................................................................................................................................................407 Species of Laniidae.................................................................................................................................407 Malaconotidae ..............................................................................................................................................409 List of species in taxonomic order...................................................................................................409 Tchagra............................................................................................................................................................411 References.................................................................................................................................................412
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 23 Maluridae .......................................................................................................................................................413 Species of Maluridae (part of the super-family Meliphagoidea)..........................................413 Meliphagoidea ..............................................................................................................................................415 Families ......................................................................................................................................................415 Meliphagidae.................................................................................................................................................416 Species of Meliphagidae (Part of the Meliphagoidea superfamily).....................................417 Acanthorhynchus ........................................................................................................................................420 Anthochaera..................................................................................................................................................421 See also.......................................................................................................................................................421 Manorina.........................................................................................................................................................422 Species ........................................................................................................................................................422 Moho.................................................................................................................................................................423 Taxonomy..................................................................................................................................................423 References.................................................................................................................................................423 Philemon.........................................................................................................................................................424 Phylidonyris ..................................................................................................................................................425 Menuridae......................................................................................................................................................426 Mimicry ......................................................................................................................................................426 Lifestyle and classification..................................................................................................................428 Lyrebirds as emblems...........................................................................................................................428 Painting by John Gould.........................................................................................................................429 References.................................................................................................................................................429 Neosittidae.....................................................................................................................................................431 Species ........................................................................................................................................................431 Oriolidae .........................................................................................................................................................432 Species ........................................................................................................................................................432 Orthonychidae..............................................................................................................................................433 References.................................................................................................................................................433 Pachycephalidae..........................................................................................................................................435 Species of Pachycephalidae................................................................................................................435 Pitohui .............................................................................................................................................................437 Species ........................................................................................................................................................437 References.................................................................................................................................................437
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 24 Paradisaeidae................................................................................................................................................439 Use by humans.........................................................................................................................................439 Species of Paradisaeidae......................................................................................................................440 Trivia ...........................................................................................................................................................442 References.................................................................................................................................................442 Pardalotidae..................................................................................................................................................443 Species of Pardalotidae (part of the super-family Meliphagoidea) ....................................443 Further reading.......................................................................................................................................445 Pardalote ........................................................................................................................................................446 Species ........................................................................................................................................................446 Petroicidae.....................................................................................................................................................447 Partial species list of Petroicidae (Part of the super-family Meliphagoidea)..................448 References.................................................................................................................................................448 Pityriaseidae..................................................................................................................................................449 References.................................................................................................................................................449 Pomatostomidae..........................................................................................................................................450 Species of Pomatostomidae................................................................................................................450 Prionopidae...................................................................................................................................................451 Ptilonorhynchidae.......................................................................................................................................452 Species of Ptilonorhynchidae in taxonomic order.....................................................................453 Turnagridae...................................................................................................................................................454 Species of Turnagridae.........................................................................................................................454 Vangidae .........................................................................................................................................................455 Species list.................................................................................................................................................455 References.................................................................................................................................................456 Vireonidae......................................................................................................................................................457 Species ........................................................................................................................................................457 Passeri .............................................................................................................................................................459 Families ......................................................................................................................................................460 See also.......................................................................................................................................................461 Passerida ........................................................................................................................................................462 Families ......................................................................................................................................................462 See also.......................................................................................................................................................463
NICOLAE SFETCU: THE BIRDS WORLD 25 Aegithalidae...................................................................................................................................................464 Aegithinidae ..................................................................................................................................................465 Species of Aegithinidae ........................................................................................................................465 Alaudidae........................................................................................................................................................466 Species list.................................................................................................................................................466 See also.......................................................................................................................................................468 Reference...................................................................................................................................................469 Alauda..............................................................................................................................................................470 Species ........................................................................................................................................................470 Chersophilus .................................................................................................................................................471 References.................................................................................................................................................471 Eremophila ....................................................................................................................................................472 Lullula..............................................................................................................................................................473 References.................................................................................................................................................473 Melanocorypha.............................................................................................................................................474 Species ........................................................................................................................................................474 Buphagidae....................................................................................................................................................475 Cardinalidae ..................................................................................................................................................476 Species list.................................................................................................................................................476 Grosbeak.........................................................................................................................................................478 Certhiidae.......................................................................................................................................................480 Typical treecreepers..............................................................................................................................480 Other birds with creeper or treecreeper in their name ..........................................................481 References.................................................................................................................................................481 Chaetopidae...................................................................................................................................................482 Cinclidae..........................................................................................................................................................483 Species ........................................................................................................................................................483 Cisticolidae.....................................................................................................................................................484 Species list in taxonomic order.........................................................................................................484 Coerebidae.....................................................................................................................................................488 References.................................................................................................................................................488 Dicaeidae ........................................................................................................................................................489 Species ........................................................................................................................................................489
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