Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
2. ABOUT THE VIRUS
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a ๏
lentivirus that causes acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a condition
in humans in which progressive failure of the
immune system allows life-threatening
opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
3. Over time, HIV can damage the immune system
to such a degree that infections may begin to
occur as a result of a weakened immune system.
Eventually, one may acquire various illnesses due
to the damage done by the virus.
When this happens this is called AIDS or Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
4. What is the difference between
HIV and AIDS?
HIV is the virus which attacks the T-cells in
the immune system.
AIDS is the syndrome which appears in
advanced stages of HIV infection.
HIV is a virus.
AIDS is a medical condition.
5. National Red Cross
HIV presents the world with many challenges. Humanitarian ๏
organizations have worked hard in the fight against HIV,
making up for a lack of action in the earlier years of the
epidemic. However, there is far more work to be done in
partnership with affected communities and governments
round the world.National Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies have joined together in a Global Alliance on HIV.
Their resolution is to do more and to do it better in their
ollective fight against this epidemic.The IFRC is committed to
doubling the reach of its HIV programme in prevention,
treatment, care and support - and in tackling stigma and
discrimination.
6. HIV history
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in ๏
west central Africa during the early twentieth century.
AIDS was first recognized by the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its cause
HIV infection was identified in the early part of the
decade. Since its discovery, AIDS has caused an
estimated 36 million deaths . As of 2012, approximately
35.3 million people are living with HIV globally. AIDS is
considered a pandemic a disease outbreak which is
present over a large area and is actively spreading .
HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an
illness and as a source of discrimination. The disease
also has significant economic impacts. It has attracted
international medical and political attention as well as
large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s.
7. Two types of HIV exist: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more
virulent, is more easily transmitted and is the cause of the
vast majority of HIV infections globally. The pandemic
strain of HIV-1 is closely related to a virus found in the
chimpanzees of the subspecies Pan troglodytes
troglodytes, which lives in the forests of the Central African
nations of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic
of Congo , and Central African Republic. HIV-2 is less
transmittable and is largely confined to West Africa , along
with its closest relative, a virus of the sooty mangabey
(Cercocebus atys atys), an Old World monkey inhabiting
southern Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone,
Liberia, and western Ivory Coas.
8. How is HIV transmitted?
HIV is found in the following body
luids; semen, blood, vaginal fluids and
breast milk.Infection can only occur when
body fluids from an infected person enter
the blood stream of another person.
Worldwide, unprotected sex between men
and women is the main route of HIV
transmission.
HIV can be transmitted by:
Unprotected sex (sex without a condom)
Sharing needles and syringes
Unsterile body piercing or tattooing
Mother to child
Blood transfusion
9. HIV cannot be transmitted by:
Coughing
๏ Hugging
๏ Kissing
๏ Sneezing
๏ Spitting
๏ Crying
๏ Sharing Cutlery and crockery
๏ Bed Linen
๏ Toilets or Showers
๏ Mosquitoes
๏ Or through any form of casual contact
๏
10. Asymptomatic HIV infection
In many cases, after the initial symptoms
disappear, there will not be any further
symptoms for many years. During this time, the
virus carries on developing and damages the
immune system. This process can take up to 10
years. The infected person will experience no
symptoms, feel well and appear healthy.latestage HIV infection
If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight
infection. The person becomes vulnerable to
serious illnesses. This stage of infection is
known as AIDS.
11. Primary HIV infection:
May be either asymptomatic or associated with acute
retroviral syndrome.
Stage I: HIV infection is asymptomatic with a CD4+ T cell
count (also known as CD4 count) greater than 500 per
microlitre (ยตl or cubic mm) of blood. May include generalized
lymph node enlargement.
Stage II: Mild symptoms which may include minor
mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper
respiratory tract infections. A CD4 count of less than 500/ยตl.
Stage III: Advanced symptoms which may include unexplained
chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial
infections including tuberculosis of the lung, and a CD4
count of less than 350/ยตl.
Stage IV or AIDS: severe symptoms which include
toxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the esophagus,
trachea, bronchi or lungs and Kaposi's sarcoma. A CD4
count of less than 200/ยตl.
13. Late-stage HIV infection
If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight
infection. The person becomes vulnerable to serious
illnesses. This stage of infection is known as AIDS.
14. Signs and Symptoms of
HIV/AIDS
Symptoms of early HIV infection may include:
fever
chills
joint pain
muscle ache
sore throat
sweats (particularly at night)
enlarged glands
a red rash
tiredness
weakness
weight loss
15. Signs and symptoms of late-stage
HIV infection may include:
blurred vision ๏
diarrhea, which is usually persistent or
chronic
dry cough
๏
fever of above 37C (100F) lasting for
weeks
night sweats
๏
permanent tiredness
๏
shortness of breath
๏
swollen glands lasting for weeks
๏
weight loss
๏
white spots on the tongue or mouth
๏
๏
๏
16. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHLs)
The non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are diverse ๏
group of blood cancers that include any kind of
lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas .Types of NHL
vary significantly in their severity, from
indolent to very aggressive.
Kaposi sarcoma (KS)
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a tumor caused by human
herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8, also known as Kaposi's
sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, KSHV).
17. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) or ๏
pneumocystosis is a form of
penumonia, caused by the yeast-like
fungus (which had previously been
erroneously classified as a protozoan)
pneumocystis jirovecii.
18. Treatments
There's no cure for HIV/AIDS, but a variety of ๏
drugs can be used in combination to control the
virus. Each of the classes of anti-HIV drugs
blocks the virus in different ways. It's best to
combine at least three drugs from two different
classes to avoid creating strains of HIV that are
immune to single drugs. The classes of antiHIV drugs include:
19. What are the treatment options
for HIV/AIDS?
Earlier HIV antiretroviral treatment is crucial - it improves
quality of life, extends life expectancy and reduces the risk of
transmission, according to the World Health Organization's
ssued in June 2013. new guidelines
When an HIV-positive adult's CD4 cell count is 500 cells/mm3
or lower they should start treatment immediately.
Currently, there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS. But
treatments have evolved which are much more efficacious they can improve patients' general health and quality of life If
an individual believes they have been exposed to the virus
within the last 72 hours (three days), anti-HIV medication,
called PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) may stop infection.
The treatment should be taken as soon as possible after
contact with the virus.
PEP is a very demanding treatment lasting four weeks. It is
also associated with unpleasant side effects (diarrhea,
malaise, nausea, weakness and fatigue).considerably.
20. HIV/AIDS and diarrhea - HIV-positive patients, and
those with AIDS tend to suffer from diarrhea. It is the main
reason people go off their medications, or switch to other
antiretroviral therapies prematurely. On January 2nd 2013,
the US Food and Drug Administration approved Fulyzaq
(crofelemer 125 mg delayed-release tablets), the first antidiarrheal medication for patients with HIV/AIDS. Fulyzaq was
created specifically for patients taking antiretroviral therapy
for HIV/AIDS.
Antifungal cream Ciclopirox eradicates HIV
- researchers at the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
reported in the journal PLoS ONE that Ciclopirox, a widely
used antifungal cream, as well as Deferiprone, a medication
used to remove excess iron from the body, eradicate HIV in
cultured cells. They added that when treatment stops, the
virus does not return.
Complementary or alternative medicine.
Although widely used, alternative/complementary
medications, such has herbal ones, have not been proven to
be effective or ineffective. According to some limited studies,
mineral or vitamin supplements may provide some benefits.
Patients are urged to discuss these options with their
doctors.
21. BY: Shaee Sh. Abdulla and my group โฆ
Student at sulaymaniyah university in
kurdistan-iraq
university of sulaymaniyah /faculty of
agricultural sciences soil and water
Department
Thanks for whatching
