Tryst final

Table of Contents
1.0 Abstract
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Acknowledgement
4.0 Precedent Studies
4.1 The Use of Artificial Lighting in Relation to Daylight Levels And
Occupancy
4.1.1 Literature Review
4.1.2 Conclusion
4.2 How Lighting Can Affect a Guest’s Dining Experience
4.2.2 Conclusion
4.3 Classroom Acoustics – Controlling the Café Effect… is the Lombard
Effect the key?
4.3.2 Conclusion
4.4 Acoustic Study: Brisbane City Hall Auditorium
4.4.2 Conclusion
5.0 Case Study
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Measured Drawing
5.2.1 Ground Floor Plans
5.2.2 First Floor Plans
5.2.3 Section
5.3 Zoning
5.3.1 Floor Plan Zoning
5.3.2 Lighting Zoning
5.4 Existing Lighting
5.5 Indication of materials
5.6 Lighting Material Reflectance
5.7 Sound Material Absorption

6.0 Methodology
6.1 Lighting Approach
6.1.1 Description of Equipment
6.1.2 Procedure
6.1.3 Data Collection Method
6.1.4 Lighting Analysis Calculation
6.1.5 Constraints
6.2 Acoustics Approach
6.2.1 Methodology of Sound Analysis
6.2.2 Procedure
6.2.4 Acoustic Analysis Calculation
6.2.5 Constraints
7.0 Lighting Analysis
7.1 Tabulation of Data
7.2 Interpretation of Data (include contour diagram)
7.3 Fixtures (arrangement, list, distribution)
7.4 Analysis
7.4.1 Daylight Factor Calculations (each zone)
7.4.2 Lumen Method & Room Index Calculation (each zone)
8.0 Acoustics Case Study
7.1 Tabulation of Data
7.2 Interpretation of Data
7.3 External Noise Factor
7.4 Internal Noise Factor
7.5 Analysis
7.5.1 Reverberation Time Calculations
7.5.2 Sound Reduction Index Calculations
7.5.3 Calculation (pros and cons)
9.0 Appendix
10.0 References

1.0 Abstract
Tryst. Coffee Shop and Café located at 74 Jalan SS15/4C, 47500
Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia is selected as a case study of this lighting
and acoustic performance evaluation and design project. Measured drawings of
the premises is carried out by the group of five, and then followed by the
appraisal day lighting, artificial lighting condition and acoustic condition of the
chosen area.
Site analysis is carried out to study and understand the existing site
orientation, sky condition and location. For day lighting and artificial lighting
study, a lux meter is used to collect the lux readings such as the day light level,
artificial lighting level in different times of the day. The readings are taken at
1.0m and 1.5m from ground level. Light contour diagrams are generated by
using Ecotect Analysis and are then used to analyse the lighting performance
of the chosen site.
Another site analysis is also carried out to study and understand the
existing site orientation, traffic flow and adjacent activities, which will promote
sound or noise to the site. Using the sound level meter, the indoor and outdoor
noise readings are taken at different times of the day in order to conduct
acoustic data analysis. Noise contour diagrams are generated by Ecotect
Analysis and are then used to analyse the acoustic quality of the chosen site.
The acoustic calculations such as reverberation time and sound transmission
co-efficient are used to enhance the understanding in this analysis.
By the end of the project, we are able to understand the functional
requirement and the characteristics of the day lighting, artificial lighting and
acoustic quality, and are expected to apply these understanding as our future
design strategy.

2.0 Objectives
The aim and objective of conducting this study is to understand and to
explore about day lighting, artificial lighting performances, acoustic
characteristics and acoustic requirements of a certain space. In order to
recognize the characteristics and functions, we are to further analyse the
findings in a critical manner and study their affects towards the site.
3.0 Acknowledgement
We would like to thank our lecturer, Mr. Siva for his valuable guidance
and encouragement throughout the project. Our gratitude goes to Mr. jahil as
well for granting us access to the Tryst Cafe.
Finally, we would like to extend our thanks to the University staff who
have been accomodating in providing us a venue to work on our project as well
as our fellow peers who have sacrificed a lot of time and invested a whole lot of
effort into making this project done.

4.0 PRECEDENT STUDY
4.1 The Use of Artificial Lighting in Relation to Daylight Levels
And Occupany
A precedent study about the use of artificial lighting in relation to daylight
levels and occupancy written by D.R.G.Hunt have been studied before the
case study of TRYST Café are done. This study is carried out by the Building
Research Establishment to discover how people, in their normal working
environments, use artificial lighting, therefore, form a basis for developing a
method for predicting the energy consumed by manually operated lighting
systems. Three methods were used to collect data: a spot-check survey of
random visits to offices; the installation of meters to record cumulative hours of
lighting used; and time-lapse photography.
Information was obtained from 7 installations: 3 medium-sized, multi-
person offices; 2 school classrooms; and 2 open-plan teaching spaces. The
studies lasted 6 months and covered half a daylight availability cycle (January
to June or July to December). The occupants were informed that the cameras
were monitoring the ‘environmental conditions’ of the room.
Photographs on colour film were taken automatically every 8 min
throughout the day and night by an 8 mm cine camera; this was directed at a
convex mirror to give a full view of the room. The films were analysed frame-
by-frame and the results related to the time of day and the daylight level.
Factors that possibly influencing
switching behaviour:
1. People sometimes switched the
lights on in a space at the start of a
period of prolonged occupation.
The criterion for switching on may
have been the darkness of the

room as a whole, the inadequacy of
daylight on visual tasks, or a
combination of these and other
factors.
2. People occasionally switched the
lights on during the period of
occupation. The relative in-frequency of switch-on’s during periods of
occupation may have been due to a combination of several factors such as:
(a) a reluctance to take action which might disturb or distract other occupants
in the space ; (b) a disinclination to interrupt work in order to move to the light
switch (which for most of the installations considered in this paper was situated
away from the work stations, by the door); (c) the adaptation of the eye to
gradually decreasing light levels; (d) the small number of occasions on which
the daylight fell substantially below its start of occupation level.
3. People hardly ever switched the lights off during periods of occupation.
Again, several reasons for this may be postulated: (a) the inadequacy of
daylight alone to light the room or task (b) the good adaptation of the eye to
gradually increasing light levels. At high daylight levels, the occupants may
have become unaware that the lights were on because of their relatively
small contribution to the room or task illuminance. In fact, unless there
were strong undesirable affects associated with the artificial lighting,
switching the lights off would not have actually improved the working
conditions.
4. People generally switched the lights off in a room at times when it became
completely empty.
In the school classrooms people
switched lights on and off
throughout the day and the
probability of switching on was
closely related to the daylight
level. Hence the overall use of
Figure 1: Frequency of lights being in use, by
time of day: open-plan school spaces.

artificial lighting fell steadily with
increasing daylight illuminance
and in fact was completely absent
at the highest levels. Artificial
lighting was used for less than
50% of the occupied time that the
internal daylight level, over the
whole of the working plane, exceeded 300 lux, and for none of the time that it
exceeded 1200 lux.
In conclusion, a clear distinction has emerged in the pattern of use of
artificial lighting between intermittently and continuously occupied spaces. It
has also been shown that, in analysing light use data, a distinction needs to be
drawn between the pattern of switching activity and the resultant profiles of
overall lighting use.
The overall use of artificial lighting showed a steady decline with
increasing daylight levels for the intermittently occupied spaces. However, in
the continuously occupied spaces, a failure to switch off the artificial lighting
except at the end of normal working hours meant that it was frequently in use
at time when the internal daylight level greatly exceeded the design
illuminance.
4.1.2 Conclusion
Results of the studies outlined in this paper could form a basis for more
accurate predictions of the energy consumed by manually operated lighting
systems in buildings, and also provide background information on preferred
illuminance levels for interiors.
Figure 2: Daylight availability and artificial light
use: school classrooms.

There is a need within the hospitality community for a study to be done
that looks at the correlation between lighting design and comfort levels within a
restaurant setting. To be more clear on how lighting can affect the customers in
the TRYST Café, another study on how lighting can affect a guest’s dining
experience was made. This thesis was done by Amy Elizabeth Ciani from Iowa
State University.
This study have been looking at how lighting design within a restaurant
affects a guest’s experience throughout the meal; how the color of the overall
lighting – from cool to warm – impacts a guest’s comfort level from the
beginning of the meal to its completion. This study created a restaurant
environment within the atrium of the Oakwood Road Community Center in
Ames, Iowa. Twenty- five participants from within the Ames community
community participated in the experiment.
In this thesis, it is stated that the lighting function is a physiological
problem that must be addressed practically rather than emotionally or
intellectually. It includes: Identifying the purpose of the building or space, size,
standard of visual comfort, times of day the space is use, required illumination
levels, distribution of light for adequate performance, choice of illuminant,
amount of permissible/ desirable distraction, contrast of lighting equipment and
its background and general contrast throughout the space between task and
general surroundings (Phillips,17). For individual tables, higher levels of well
balanced lighting are usually desired because they allow fro a strong sense of
well-being and security. Another factor that affects lighting design is the
materials and finishes being used within the space. Depending on which
material is used for finishes, individual sources of light can be reflected, which
will increase the intensity without a need for additional light sources
(Schirmbeck, 42).
4.2 How Lighting Can Affect a Guest’s Dining Experience.

In this case, lighting color is quite crucial to determine whether a guest
could enjoy a meal with their friend or acquaintance where at the same time the
color temperature of the space was changing from a cool color temperature to
a warm color temperature. A survey is carried out after a dining experiment.
There is a specific timeline of the lighting changes that occurred
throughout the restaurant experiment and a series of images were taken and
then converted into panoramic images in order more easily view the entire/
complete space.
Overall Timeline of Research Study:
• From 5:50pm – 6:15 guests were greeted and seated.
• 5:50 - 6:00pm guests signed consent forms and filled out Before-Meal
Survey Salad at 6:15pm
• Bread and Chili at 6:25-6:30pm
• Mid-Meal Survey distributed at 6:30pm
• Dessert and the After-Meal Survey at 7:00pm
• After-Meal Surveys collected at 7:25pm
• Announcements at 7:30pm
Lighting Change Timeline
Figure 3: Completion of Oakwood Road Community Center Restaurant experiment.

From the table, there was a noticeable difference in the participant’s
sense of ease as the meal progressed, which is when the lighting color
changing from blue to red. However, the increase in the participant’s sense of
ease within the space could be attributed to a variety of variables. These
include lighting, service, dining guests, overall ambience of the space, and the
idea that the longer a person occupies a space, the more comfortable they
become.
4.2.2 Conclusion
In a nutshell, lightings position and its color may affect particular user in
a particular space. From the experiment, we can observe that the guests in a
restaurant prefer warmer lightings’ color than a cooler one. In addition, different
positions of lightings may also affect the feelings of the space and the guests. It
is crucial for designer and architects to know what kind of spaces they want
their user to have that kind of emotional feeling as they design a space.
Figure 4: Survey questions.

To study about acoustic deeper and to find a better solution for solving
noise problem, a study paper about classroom acoustic is studied. “Classroom
Acoustics – Controlling the Café Effect.. Is the Lombard Effect the key?” by
James Whitlock and George Dodd, is a study that identify why the
reverberation needs of children and adults for speech perception are so
different they have measured speech integration times for adults and children
using a novel technique of reversed-segmented speech to obviate the
confounding effects of differing language abilities in children.
In terms of Lombard Effect, It says that when groups of children are
working independently in the same classroom the “café effect” produces a
rising noise level as children compete to be heard. It is common to assume the
phenomenon is wholly governed by ones perceived requirements for social
interaction when taking account of the café effect. The test have a hypothesis
of why young children benefit from a lower RT than is appropriate for adults, is
that their hearing systems are not fully mature so their ability to utilize early
reflections is reduced, To test it, a speech test signal was used and a novel
technique was devised suggested by an effect demonstrated by Saberi and
Perrott (Saberi & Perrott, 1999).
The figure at the left shows a
comparison of curve-fitted results
for the child and adult groups. The
difference between the groups is
significant at the 5% level (except
for segmentation times at the
extremes where no difference is to
be expected)
4.3 Classroom Acoustics – Controlling the Café Effect… is the
Lombard Effect the key?
4.3.1 Literature review
Figure 5: Reversed segmented speech stream.
Sentence chopped into segments with each segment
reversed in time.

The Café Effect
The cafe effect is an extremely common, yet under-diagnosed acoustical
phenomenon. Any noisy restaurant or busy café is likely to have fallen foul or
its trickery, and the frustrated occupants can have practically no control
whatsoever over the situation. Possibly the most crucial arena for the café
effect though is the classroom, where speech intelligibility and adequate signal-
to-noise ratio are paramount to learning. As mentioned above, primary schools
are particularly at risk because of the language abilities of its young pupils (and
hence their need for clear speech), and because of the prevalence of group
work activities. It is stated that the ultimate noise level is likely governed by the
acoustical properties of the room; suffice to say that spaces with poor acoustic
treatment (i.e. reverberative or live) exacerbate the effect and enhancing the
disturbance of he speakers.
The Lombard Effect
The psychoacoustical effect referred to as Lombard Effect is so-called
because of the pioneering work of Etienne Lombard (Lombard, 1911). It
describes the tendency for a speaker to raise their voice in the presence of
background noise. Lombard suggests it occurs so that the speaker can hear
themselves and feel that they are communicating adequately with a listener or
listeners. It is an effect which some few people can overcome to some degree
by conscious control of their voice level, but the vast majority of people are
unable to succeed at this (Pick et al., 1989).
Figure 6: Intelligibility scores for the
children (circles) and adults (triangles)

From these ‘trigger” masking noise levels to the maximum 88 dB(A)
level used, there was an average rise in speech level of 13.9 dB(A) in children
and 11.3 dB in adults. Or alternatively, a “Lombard Coefficient” (i.e. rise in voice
level per decibel of background noise level) of 0.19 dB/dB in children, and 0.13
dB/dB in adults. That is, the adults have a Lombard Effect approximately 68%
of the children value.
In both the Integration Time of Speech, and the Lombard Effect
experiments, children were found to have significantly more detrimental
responses to that of adults. Therefore the presence of reverberation in a space
is shown to be more damaging to children in the areas of speech intelligibility
and response to background noise.
4.3.2 Conclusion
In conjunction with the findings and suggested criteria in other research
in this area, we can take a step closer to designing an optimum acoustic
environment such that speech intelligibility is maximised, which is a clear
prerequisite.
For both children and
adults, the results of this
experiment show a strong
Lombard reflex and a
consistent rise in speech level
for masking noise above 15
dB(A) in children, and above 4
dB(A) (i.e. for all masking
levels presented) in adults.
Figure 7: Lombard Effect in Children vs Adults (with
respect to base speech levels)

Brisbane City Hall Auditorium creates an imposing space and distinctive
ambience of grandeur with its large size and geometry. Yet, with the massive
scale of space and its circular form, the geometry of the domed ceiling all
contributed to acoustic issues that have affected events and activities taking
place in the Auditorium since its original opening 83 years ago. Previous
refurbishments of the Auditorium had attempted to address some acoustic
deficiencies, primarily through introduction of acoustic absorption. In the 1970s
the solid dome ceiling was replaced with expanded vermiculite, applied to
chicken-wire on a timber frame. In the 1980’s large fabricated wall and ceiling
absorber panels were applied liberally throughout the auditorium. While such
treatments were clearly well-intentioned modifications to control the issues of
focusing and poor intelligibility, these treatments had not addressed the
underlying room geometry, and as a result never truly tamed the problems of
focused sound.
The old vermiculite dome facing has gone, replaced with transondent
membrane which replicates the dome shape visually (with subtle adjustment to
the geometry), while concealing acoustical reflector arrays and allowing the
architects and specialist lighting designers to provide theatre systems and
integrated lighting displays. This system incorporates two layers of lightweight
and micro-perforated stretched membranes. A concealed ceiling reflector array
was then designed to meet the exacting structural constraints of the historical
4.4 Acoustic Study : Brisbane City Hall Auditorium
Figure 8: Brisbane City Hall Auditorium

building structure. Even very small increases in weight, multiplied across
dozens of repeating elements would affect the ability of the building structure to
support temporary event rigging systems. The outer dome was restored and
treated with a sound deadening composite foam lining, incorporating a fire-
resistant facing and an embedded limp- mass layer. This treatment provided
the necessary balance of sound insulation and absorption whilst being
relatively lightweight.
New acoustic diffusers are used to replace the existing wall panels, as
shown in below.
Variable acoustic control has been incorporated into the space through
automated acoustic banners to provide subtle control over reverberant
conditions in the space, allowing conditions to be matched to a variety of uses
from meetings and exhibitions to organ recitals. The banners and diffusor
panels have been concealed with architectural facings to integrate with heritage
details.
The panel designs were extensively tested prior
to manufacture via 3D acoustic ray tracing. Prior to
installation full-scale prototypes were constructed and
tested in the reverberation chamber at RMIT in
Melbourne to verify absorptive properties, as shown in
Figure at the left.
Additional measurements of the directional
diffusion coefficient were conducted at full-scale, in a
temporary testing facility established specifically for
Figure 9: Installed acoustic diffuser panels
and displacement air grilles
Figure 10: Acoustic diffuser panel
Figure 11: Prototype panel
testing at RMIT Prototype
panel testing at RMIT

the tests at Jands’ factory in Sydney. This testing applied the newly published
standard for testing of directional diffusion coefficients.
Figure at the left shows the
acoustic result for the auditorium is
an improved reverberation time –
extended by over one second –
much more consistent with the
room’s original grandeur, and
enabling the Henry Willis organ to
be featured. The auditorium also
enjoys variable acoustics for fine-tuning of the space according to the type of
event being held.
4.4.2 Conclusion
In order to improve sound quality of a space effectively, proper scientific
calculation should be done before constructing. Design without consideration
will lead to less effective or even negative results, in the end lead to waste of
money. The best example of careless design is shown above, which Brisbane
City Hall’s sound quality was short of reverberation time. The bad design leads
to some corners of the auditorium are not able to receive sound properly. And a
great improvement was proven by conducting a reverberation time test after
the redesign of dome roof and wall panels.
Figure 12: Reverberation times comparison

CASE STUDY:
TRYST CAFÉ
@ SS15

5.0 CASE STUDY
5.1 Introduction
Location of Tryst CafeLegend:
Tryst Café located at
74, Jalan SS15/4C,
Subang Jaya, 47500
Petaling Jaya,
Selangor is a bistro
café where people
would come to relax
and have their specially
made pancake. This
café is open business
from 10am till 1am/2am
every week.
The Tryst Café is fitted in between shophouses facing a one-way street
where parking lots are always hard to find during peak hours, which are 9am –
11am; 1pm – 3pm; 6pm – 8pm. Noise level are quite high during peaks either
indoor or outdoor whenever the café is burst with crowd or impatient driver horn
the double–parker. However, it’s a relaxing place to drop by during night time
after 9pm when people eager for a light supper or have some hookah. It is
indeed a nice place for people to chill.
Figure 13: Tryst Café SS15 Subang Jaya
Figure 14: Tryst Café Location
Retrieved from: Google Maps

5.2 Measure Drawing
5.2.1 Ground Floor Plan
Figure 15: Tryst Café Ground Floor Plan

5.2.2 First Floor Plan
Figure 16: Tryst Café First Floor Plan

5.2.3 Sections
Figure 16: sections of Tryst Cafe

Zone E
Analysis will be done by averaging the lux of demarcated 7 zones based on MS
1525. The material used, lightning quality and calculation will be explained and
done zone by zone.
Zone A
Zone B
Zone F
Zone H
Zone G
Zone D
Zone C
LEGEND
5.3 Zoning
5.3.1 Floor Plan Zoning
Ground Floor Plan
Figure 17: Zoning of ground floor plan

Zone I
Zone J
Zone L
Zone K
LEGEND
First Floor Plan
Figure 18: Zoning of first floor plan

Figure 4.4 : Plan with lights
Tungsten Halogen Reflector-Mounted Lamps
Compact Fluorescent Lamp
EcoClassic Halogen bulb
LightInTheBox 2W Modern Led Wall Light
Fluorescent Light tube
LEGEND
5.3.2 Lighting Zoning

5.4 Existing Lighting
Precise™ MR16 lamp
Low voltage tungsten halogen reflector-mounted lamps popular for down
lighting and accent lighting applications because of their small size, precise
beam control, high efficacy, excellent white light and cool beam characteristics.
Bulb Clear matt
Luminous Intensity, cd 900
Power, W 9
Luminous efficiency, Im/W 35
Luminous Flux, Im 315
Colour Rendering Index, CRI 80
Rated Life, h 25000
A fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp; some types fit
into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps. The lamps use a tube
which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a
compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.
Bulb Warm white
Socket E27
Power, W 23
Luminous efficiency, Im/W 33.04
Rated Life, h 8000

The traditional light bulb has evolved. Philips' energy-saving technology uses
30% less energy than standard bulbs, guaranteed. With high-quality, dimmable
light, The New Classic light bulb is the cheapest way to start saving energy
now.
Bulb Frosted
Power, W 28
Rated Life, h 2000
A AC powered LED wall lights, with bulb included. Artistic, modern and
contemporary, nature inspired suggested at romantic dining area.
Bulb Colours
Socket 500
Power, W 12
Rated Life, h 25000

Fluorescent tubes are available in a variety of lengths, colours and types.
Typically we supply tubes made by Philips, Osram, GE (General Electric) and
Sylvania. Diameters vary from T2 (quarter inch diameter) to T12 (1.5 inch
diameter) and lengths from 4 inch to 8 foot.
Bulb Warm white
Power, W 19
Rated Life, h 1000

WALL
Raw Concrete with paint
FLOORING
Raw Concrete with paint
DOOR & WNDOWS
Steel Frame Glass
FURNITURE
Wooden Chair
Wooden Dining Table
Fabric Sofa
Rattan Chair
5.5 Indication of Materials
Figure 20: Plan with material indicated

Categories Materials Colour Reflectance Surface
Texture
Ceiling Raw Concrete with paint Medium
Grey
20-25% Matted
Plasterboard (suspended
ceiling)
Orange 25-35% Smooth
Wall Raw Concrete with paint Medium
Grey
20-30% Smooth
Ceramic Tile (10mm x 10mm) Green 70-80% Glossy
5.6 Lighting Material Reflectance:

Categori
es
Materials Colour Reflectance Surface
Texture
Wall Brick Wall with paint White 30-35% Rough
Raw Concrete with paint Green 30-35% Smooth
Flooring Raw Concrete with paint Medium
Grey
25-30% Smooth
Door &
Window
Steel Frame Glass Black 8-12% Transpa
rent

Categories Materials Colour Reflectanc
e
Surface
Texture
Furniture Wooden Dining Table Light
Brown
25-35% Smooth
& Glossy
Fabric Sofa Light
Brown
12-18% Rough
Rattan Chair Brown 20-30% Rough
Brown 10-15% Rough
Fabric Chair

Categories Materials Absorption Coefficient Surface
Texture
500HZ 2000Hz 4000Hz
Ceiling Raw Concrete with paint 0.02 0.02 0.02 Smooth
Plasterboard
(suspended ceiling)
0.02 0.04 0.04 Smooth
Wall Raw Concrete with paint 0.05 0.09 0.09 Smooth
Ceramic Tile (10mm x
10mm)
0.01 0.02 0.02 Glossy
5.7 Sound Material Absorption:

Texture
500H
Z
2000H
z
4000
Hz
Wall Brick Wall with paint 0.03 0.04 0.04 Rough
Flooring Raw Concrete with
paint
0.05 0.09 0.09 Smooth
Door &
Window
Steel Frame Glass 0.18 0.07 0.04 Matted/
Transparent
Furniture Fabric Chair 0.18 0.28 0.28 Rough

Texture
500HZ 2000Hz 4000Hz
Furniture Wooden Dining Table 0.01 0.02 0.02 Smooth &
Semi-
Glossy
Fabric Sofa 0.18 0.28 0.28 Rough
Rattan Chair 0.01 0.02 0.02 Rough
Human Human 0.42 0.5 0.5

6.0 Methodology
6.1 Lighting Approach
Measurements are taken at 3 different times of the day, which is 10
o’clock in the morning, 4 o’clock in the afternoon and 1 o’clock in the night time.
All readings are taken during the business hour in order to capture the
maximum lighting level.
The spaces are zoned by the function of the place and the grid is drawn
1m x 1m. Measurements are taken at different points according to the grids.
Readings are taken at two different levels, which is 1.0m and 1.5m from ground
level.
After the data is tabulated, the artificial light sources are identified.
Artificial lighting are recorded and drawn on the ceiling plan. Types of artificial
lighting are recorded and an inventory of light fixture is produced. By having all
the data collected on site, a lighting contour diagram is produced.
Lastly, the calculations and analysis are carried out in order to
understand the lighting quality of the site. Based on the analysis, lighting
comfort is determined. To establish the lighting quality of a place, factors such
as building materials and interior furnishing should be taken into consideration.
Building Standards (MS 1525) is used as a reference in referring the standard
lighting requirement of a space.

(a) Lux Meter
The lux meter is an electronic equipment for measuring luminous flux per unit area. It
is used in to measure the illuminance level. This device is sensitive to illuminance and
accurate for the reading. Figure below shows the equipment used for the data
collection. The brand of the device is Lutron, the model code is LX-101.
Features
• Sensor used the exclusive photo diode & color correction filter, spectrum meet
C.I.E. photopic.
• Sensor COS correction factor meet standard.
• High accuracy in measuring.
• Wide measurement, 3 ranges: 2,000 Lux, 20,000 Lux, & 50,000 Lux.
• Build in the external zero adjust VR on front panel.
• Separate LIGHT SENSOR allows user to measure the light at an optimum position.
• LSI circuit provides high reliability and durability.
• LCD display allows clear read-out even at high ambient light level.
• Compact, lightweight and excellent operation.
• Built-in low battery indicator.
6.1.1 Description of Equipment
General Specification
Display 13mm (0.5”) LCD, 3 ½ digits, Max. Indication 1999.
Measurement 0 to 50,000 Lux, 3 ranges
Sensor The exclusive photo diode & color correction filter.
Zero adjustment Build in the external zero adjustment VR on front panel.
Figure 21: Equipment

Over Input Display Indication of “1”.
Operating Temp. 0 to 50°C (32 to 122°F).
Operating Humidity Less than 80% R.H.
Power Supply
006P.DC 9V battery, MN 1604 (PP3) or
equivalent.
Power current Approx. DC 2mA.
Weight 160g / 0.36 LB (including battery).
Dimension
Main instrument: 180 x 73 x 23 mm (4.3 x
2.9 x 0.9 inch)
Sensor probe: 82 x 55 x 7 mm (3.2 x 2.2 x
0.3 inch)
Standard Accessories
Instruction
Manual…………………………….. 1 PC
Sensor Probe…………..…………. 1 PC
Carrying case, CA-
04……………………………… 1 PC
Electrical Specifications (23 ± 5°C)
Range Resolution Accuracy
0 – 1999 Lux 1 Lux
± (5% + 2d)2000 – 19990 Lux 10 Lux
20000 – 50000 Lux 100 Lux
Note:
 Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lamp of 2856 K
temperature.
 The above accuracy value is specified after finish the zero adjustment
procedures.
General specification of a lux meter
Electrical specifications of a lux meter.

(c) Camera
The camera is used to capture the lighting condition of the place and
also to capture the lighting appliances.
6.1.2 Procedure
1) Identification of area for light source measurements were based on
guidelines (grid) produced.
2) Obtain data with lux meter (cd/m2), by placing the device at the
designated area with the height >1m and 1.5m.
3) Record data; indicating light level in each area & specify on the variables
that affects our readings.
4) Repeat the same steps for day and night, considering that there might be
different lighting condition comparing at day and at night.
Following images are visual evidence of lighting conditions, both day
and night.
The interior lighting is mixed with artificial
lighting and daylight, which will alter the
reading of the lux meter.
Same goes to the first floor, which the
daylight penetrates from outside, through
the balcony and also the glass door.
(b) Measuring tape
The measuring tape is used to measure the height of the position of the
lux meter, which is at 1m high and 1.5m high. We mark the 1m and
1.5m height mark on one person so that it is more convenient to
measure the illuminance level.

At night the interior is only lighted up by
the artificial lighting, and its colour
temperature is more to warm colour.
The lighting condition at first floor is about
the same as ground floor as well, which is
also mainly illuminated by artificial lighting.
Measurement are taken on 2 different date and time which is at 15th of
April 2014, 2:30pm and also at 18th of April 2014, 10pm, reasons being that the
possibility of different lighting condition between day and night and also
afternoon is non-peak time while it is on peak time when night time. In order to
acquire the accurate reading, the lux meter was placed at the same height from
floor at every point which is 1.5m and 1m. Plans with a perpendicular 2m x 2m
gridline are used as a guideline while recording the readings and plotted on the
plan.
Readings are taken on 1m and 1.5m respectively
Figure 22: Reading method of Lighting data

Daylight Factor Calculation Example
DF=
𝐸 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝐸 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
x 100%
E internal = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor’s working plane
E external = direct sunlight = 32000lx
For example, take n E internal = 540lux
Hence, DF=
x 100%
=
540
32000
x 100%
= 1.68%
Lumen Method Calculation Example
For example,
Height of luminaire : 3m
Height of work plane : 1m
Area : 59 sqm
6.1.4 Lighting Analysis Calculation
Step 1
Find the light reflectance (%) for ceiling, wall, window and floor in the overall
space based on the reflectance table.
Step 2
Find room index
For example, length, the length of space = 2.5m, width = 2m, height from work
plane to luminaire
= 2.5m
Reflectance(%)
Ceiling
(Raw concrete with
paint- beige)
Wall
(Raw concrete with
paint- medium grey)
Timber flooring- medium
brown
35% 25% 35%

(Source: http://saudilighting.com/technicalguide/Photometry.html)
Step 4
Calculation of illuminance required and number of light required:
Room Index
=
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
𝐿 + 𝑊 𝑥 𝐻
=
2.5 x 2
2.5+2 x 2.5
= 0.45
Utilization Factor Table
Step 3
Identify utilization Factor (UF) from table in refer to figure 1.
Reflectance value of material
Reflectance is the amount of light which reflects off an object. This quantity of
light can be measured and is expressed as footlamberts. It is important
understand that the amount of light reflected off objects in a room adds to the
overall illumination and must be taken into account when determining the
footcandle requirement for the space. The color of an object determines to a
large extent the amount of light reflecting off the object.

Colours Materials
White 70% - 80% Plaster – white 80%
Light cream 70% - 80% White porcelain 65% - 75%
Light yellow 55% - 65% Glazed white tile 60% - 75%
Limestone 35% - 70%
Light green 45% - 50% Marble 30% - 70%
Pink 45% - 50% Sandstone 20% - 40%
Sky – blue 40% - 45% Concrete – gray 15% - 40%
Light gray 40% - 45% Granite 20% - 25%
Brick – red 10% - 20%
Beige 25% - 35% Carbon - black 2% - 10%
Material reflectance percentage
(Source: http://www.portaleagentifisici.it/)
6.1.5 Constrains
Human Error: The shadow cast on the lux meter when the person
operating the instrument might affect the lux value on the meter. Furthermore,
different holding position of the sensor of the meter might affect the data
collection on site. However, human errors are minimized in order to increase
the accuracy of the data.
Device Error: The device might take a few seconds to stabilise the
reading as the sensor might not be as sensitive. Readings taken before the
stabilised value might cause readings taken to be inaccurate and there might
be a huge gap between readings.
Natural Causes: Weather is the main natural causes that had cause
affection on the lux value on site. For example, the time taken to collect all
readings was 2 hours. However, the weather changes during the period of time
when the measuring was ongoing. Therefore, it might affect the data collected.

6.2 Acoustic Approach
A total of four site visits were conducted in order to collect sufficient
information required for the analysis. During the first visit, photos of site were
taken and measured drawings were done on the spot.
Sound readings were recorded to record the sound level at different
times, which is morning (non-peak), afternoon (peak) and night (non-peak).
Permission was given by the restaurant owner to visit around the dining area
during our visits except the kitchen and bar area. The spaces in the restaurant
were divided in grid lines on the floor plan, with a 1m x 1m distance.
The kitchen, bar area and toilet area is excluded in the premise but it will
be analysed to show the relationship of noise that might be one of the
influences to the dining area. In addition, since there is an outdoor dining area,
the external noise is also taken into consideration to understand the influences
of the outdoor noise to the indoor conditions.
Spaces in the restaurant are divided into different zones based on the
functions and activities of the specific space. This is to make the later analysis
more specific and thorough.
6.2.1 Methodology of Sound Analysis:
Equipment Used
Figure 23: illustrates equipment that were used to collect information data.

General Specification:
Environment Relative Humidity : storage < 95% / measurement
Temperature : storage < 55oC /0oC < measurement <
50Oc
CE marking : comply with EN 50081 – 1 and EN
50062-1
The particular model used for the measurement in acoustics is the ARTON
Ondule; model code 13733- SB 1001000. It is most suitable for both
professional % patrician use in analyzing the context of acoustic. With its
compact dimensions & low cost, the IdB noise indicator provides access to
quantities, such as the equivalent continuous sound pressure level Leq;
(required by most prevailing regulation)
b) Measuring tape
The measuring tape is used to measure the height of the position of the sound
meter, which is at 1m high. We mark the 1m mark on one person so that it is
more convenient to measure the sound level.
c) Camera
The camera is used to capture the sources of sound for reference.
Standard References IEC 804 and IEC 651
Grade of Accuracy Not assigned
Quantities display LP, Lp Max, Leq
Display LCD / Display Resolution 1dB
Frequency weighting: A / Time
weighting(LP)
Fast
Time integration (Leq) Free or user defined
Measurement range 30-120 Db/ Range: 30 - 90 & 60 - 120
Linearity ± 1.5dB
Overload from (± 1.5dB maximum) 93 dB and 123
dB Peak
Dimension / Weight 160 x 64 x 22mm / 150g without battery
Battery/ battery life Alkaline (6LR61)/ min 30h (20oC)

6.2.2 Procedure
Data Collection
Sound level may varies in different
area
Peak and non-peak time are recorded
Identify location for measurements
Using the sound level meter (IdB) to
collect data on intersection of the grid
lines
Placing height at 1.5 meter above
ground
Producing grid lines
1.5 by 1.5 meter Covering each area of site plan
Procedure of measuring sound level
During peak time noise generated from
the crowd is also one of the factor that
effect the sound meter reading.
There are speakers all around the café,
playing music which will also affect the
sound meter reading as well.
In order to acquire the accurate reading, the sound level meter was placed at
the same height from floor at every point which is 1.5m. This standard is being

used as it enables the reading of sound level meter to be more accurate. The
person holding the sound level meter will not talk and make any noise so the
reading will not be affected. Each recording was done by facing the similar
direction, to synchronize the result. Plans with gridline are used as a guideline
while recording the readings and plotted on the plan. Same process is repeated
interior and exterior as well as different time zone.
6.2.4 Acoustic Analysis Calculation
Figure 24: Shows the standard height used to record down noise readings.

Human Limitations: The digital sound level meter device is very sensitive
to the surrounding with ranging of recording between data difference of
approximately 0.2 – 0.3 of stabilisation. Thus, the data recorded is based on
the time when hold button was pressed. When operating the sound level meter,
the device might have been pointed towards the wrong path of sound source,
hence causing the readings taken to be slightly inaccurate.
Sound Source Stability: During peak hours, sound from kitchen and bar
area has high influences to the surrounding sound level. On the other hand,
during non-peak hour, the vehicles sound from the site surrounding varies from
time to time, that might also be influencing the data to be varies depending on
the traffic conditions.
6.2.5 Constrains

7.0 Lighting Case Study
7.1 Tabulation of data
1 2 3 4 5
1m
A
19 20
1.5m 18 17
1m
B
18 21
1.5m 17 20
1m
C
130 158 48 46 132
1.5m 160 132 39 36 107
1m
D
152 161 32 34 128
1.5m 179 141 30 31 119
1m
E
162 161 32 53 107
1.5m 165 173 31 42 101
1m
F
145 148 40 38 26
1.5m 139 101 35 37 20
1m
G
143 173 28 30 19
1.5m 133 80 33 37 16
1m
H
159 170 30 23 18
1.5m 152 90 32 25 15
1m
I
26 20 180 28 29
1.5m 23 16 172 32 25
1m
J
24 29 27 30 25
1.5m 21 20 26 28 23
1m
K
35 36 35 60 21
1.5m 21 31 20 70 20
1m
L
26 25 23 23 25
1.5m 24 23 21 22 23
1m
M
24 21 29 25 24
1.5m 27 26 40 21 20
1m
N
29 80 73 30 31
1.5m 41 43 52 14 18
1m
O
50 50 51 28 21
1.5m 50 57 60 17 11
1m
P
94 99 95 92 93
1.5m 123 122 134 140 139
1m
Q
140 149 145 151 148
1.5m 141 148 150 149 146
1m
R
218 191 200 221 225
1.5m 314 307 316 316 319
1m
S
356 358 359 328 360
1.5m 370 366 354 375 385
Day time lux reading (ground floor)
Date : 19th September 2014 (Friday)
Time : 3pm
Table 1: Daytime lux reading (ground floor).

1 2 3 4 5
1m
A
51 53 65 53 47
1.5m 45 46 55 50 40
1m
B
45 46 68 52 47
1.5m 43 42 37 43 40
1m
C
49 48 67 51 45
1.5m 47 42 49 49 40
1m
D
53 63 61 49 45
1.5m 51 57 54 41 41
1m
E
60 63 50
1.5m 57 45 47
1m
F
49 52 54
1.5m 41 43 37
1m
G
45 41 43
1.5m 42 43 50
1m
H
51 53 57
1.5m 49 48 47
1m
I
47 45 35
1.5m 42 38 29
1m
J
40 37 69
1.5m 25 27 32
1m
K
60 61 68 67 65
1.5m 72 64 66 65 64
1m
L
63 65 71 62 67
1.5m 61 64 80 68 75
1m
M
61 65 77 72 71
1.5m 75 77 75 70 69
1m
N
62 64 82 35 26
1.5m 68 74 84 37 28
1m
O
78 80 88 58 34
1.5m 96 108 102 40 32
1m
P
112 118 121 120 129
1.5m 140 135 138 149 144
1m
Q
180 186 181 187 185
1.5m 214 224 220 239 237
Day time lux reading (ground floor)
Time : 3pm
Table 2: Daytime lux reading (first floor).

1 2 3 4 5
1m
A
19 20
1.5m 18 18
1m
B
20 21
1.5m 17 20
1m
C
149 161 21 22 147
1.5m 165 136 12 15 123
1m
D
155 168 17 20 145
1.5m 178 147 15 18 132
1m
E
168 174 20 56 121
1.5m 177 197 15 41 112
1m
F
147 157 30 25 13
1.5m 138 84 25 24 12
1m
G
145 174 17 23 12
1.5m 132 74 25 19 10
1m
H
156 168 26 16 13
1.5m 141 82 27 21 11
1m
I
19 13 174 17 18
1.5m 16 11 189 23 15
1m
J
17 25 13 19 15
1.5m 14 14 12 16 13
1m
K
27 26 27 57 12
1.5m 10 21 11 63 11
1m
L
14 12 15 14 13
1.5m 12 11 14 13 12
1m
M
12 11 18 15 14
1.5m 11 13 20 12 11
1m
N
15 14 60 78 43
1.5m 14 11 46 20 18
1m
O
13 18 43 32 24
1.5m 12 15 31 26 17
1m
P
11 19 21 15 13
1.5m 10 18 20 14 12
1m
Q
13 12 16 12 11
1.5m 12 11 15 11 10
1m
R
10 8 7 8 9
1.5m 9 7 6 6 8
1m
S
10 9 7 7 8
1.5m 9 8 6 6 7
Night time lux reading (ground floor)
Time : 9pm
Table 3: Night time lux reading (ground floor).

1 2 3 4 5
1m
A
43 45 57 47 41
1.5m 40 43 51 41 38
1m
B
41 43 62 45 38
1.5m 39 40 27 38 34
1m
C
45 42 56 43 36
1.5m 40 39 34 40 32
1m
D
48 54 52 42 35
1.5m 44 51 48 37 30
1m
E
52 54 42
1.5m 48 35 44
1m
F
42 45 47
1.5m 38 41 25
1m
G
37 30 40
1.5m 34 35 42
1m
H
42 46 47
1.5m 40 41 42
1m
I
42 40 27
1.5m 38 37 25
1m
J
37 34 66
1.5m 20 19 28
1m
K
10 11 18 17 15
1.5m 12 14 16 15 14
1m
L
13 15 21 22 17
1.5m 11 14 20 18 15
1m
M
21 25 27 22 21
1.5m 15 26 25 20 19
1m
N
12 14 32 35 26
1.5m 18 24 34 37 28
1m
O
18 20 43 58 34
1.5m 16 28 42 40 32
1m
P
12 28 41 40 39
1.5m 10 25 38 39 34
1m
Q
11 26 31 47 41
1.5m 14 24 30 39 37
Night time lux reading (ground floor)
Time : 9pm
Table 4: Night time lux reading (first floor).

Zone 1m from ground 1.5m from ground
3pm 9pm 3pm 9pm
A 19.5 20 18 18.25
B 150.3 158.3 153 156.5
C 157.6 161.1 129.1 128.1
D 48 41.3 43.7 36.5
E 40.3 31.9 36.5 29.3
F
36.2 18.8 34.4 16.1
G
27.5 44.3 15 20.3
H
201.1 10.7 240.7 10.3
I
52.4 42.3 45.7 36.8
J
45.5 41 32.2 27.8
K
95.7 23.5 110.2 22.8
L
38.3 38.3 34.3 34.3
Table 5: Average lux reading (zone).
Average lux reading according to zoning

7.2 Interpretation of Data
7.2.1 Day Time Lux Diagram
Figure 25: Lux Contour Diagram with sun path during day time
As the orientation of entrance is facing south, morning direct sunlight is avoided
so the building is shaded. Hence, the lux reading is distinctively low. Indoor
dining area is not affected at all as the area is mostly shaded.

Figure 26: Day Time Lux Contour Diagram
Day Time Lux Diagram
Ground Floor Analysis

Figure 27: Night Time Lux Contour Diagram
Day Time Lux Diagram
First Floor Analysis

7.2.2 Night Time Lux Diagram
Ground Floor Analysis

Night Time Lux Diagram
First Floor Analysis

Distribution of Lightings
Figure 30 : Fixtures in Ground Floor
Tungsten Halogen Reflector-Mounted Lamps
7.3 Fixtures
Figure 31 : Fixtures in First Floor

• Extension (Zone A)
Figure 32: Zone A extension (ground floor).
7.4 Light Analysis
7.4.1 Daylight Factor Calculations

Figure 34: Side sectional diagram showing the artificial lighting located at Zone A.
Figure 33: Sectional diagram showing Zone A.

Time Weather Luminanc
e at 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
3pm Clear Sky 19 - 21 19.5 17 - 20 18
9pm Dark 18 - 21 20 17 - 20 18.5
Average lux reading 3pm 9pm
1m 19.5 20
1.5m 18 18.5
Average lux value 18.75 19.25
Table 6: Lux Reading at Zone A
Table 7: Average Lux Value at Zone A
Table 9: Daylight Intensity at different condition
Date and time : 19th September 2014,
Average lux value : 18.75
Reading (Einternal) : lux
Daylight factor calculation formula : 𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
Standard direct sunlight (Einternal) : 20000 lux
Calculation:
𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
=
18.75 𝑙𝑢𝑥
20000 𝑙𝑢𝑥
× 100%
= 0.09%

DF, % Distribution
>6 Very Bright with thermal & glare problem
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
Table 10: Daylight Factor, DF
The average lux value during the afternoon, 3pm is 18.75 lux, whereas at night, 9pm,
the average lux value is 19.25 lux. There are minor changes in the lux value because
the space is an enclosed extension with minimum light enter in. It is located between
two buildings both east and west which totally blocks the penetration of sunlight.
According to table provided in MS1525, the daylight factor of 0.09% is categorized
under the dark category. This zone has a minimum amount of light distribution which
does not fulfill the requirement for a space of kitchen extension. Light luminance
should be added in the space to provide a bright area to work.
Discussion

Location Zone A - Extension
Dimension, m L= 2.5, W= 2.7
Area, m² 6.75
Height of ceiling, m 3.0
Height of work level,
m
1.0
Type of light Fluorescent Light Tube
Average luminous
flux of lighting / F, lm
19W, 86lm/W, 1650lm
Height of luminaries,
m
2.5
Vertical distance
from work place to
luminaries, m
1.5
Number of existing
light bulb / n x N
1
Luminance factors,
%
Ceiling Raw concrete with
paint (grey)
20-25
Wall Raw concrete with
paint (medium grey)
25-30
Floor Raw concrete with
paint (medium grey)
25-30
Room Index Room Index
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
𝐿 + 𝑊 𝑋 𝐻
=
(2.5 𝑋 2.7)
2.5 + 2.7 𝑋 1.5
= 0.87
Utilization Factor /
UF (refer to UF table)
0.41
7.4.2 Lumen Method & Room Index Calculation

Maintenance
Factor/ MF
0.76 X 0.85 X 0.61 X 0.95 = 0.37
Illuminance level
required / E, lx
E=
𝑛 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
=
𝐴
1 𝑋 1650 𝑋 0.41 𝑋 0.37
6.75
= 37.08 lux
MS 1525
recommended
Illuminance, lx
Recommended average illumination levels by
MS 1525 : 150 – 300 lux
150 (min. requirement) – 37.08 =112.92 lux
Therefore, the extension on ground floor (Zone
A) lacks of average illuminance levels of 112.92
lux before reaching the recommended standard
by MS 1525.
Number of light
required/ N
N=
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
𝑛 𝑥 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
=
150 𝑋 6.75
1 𝑋 1650 𝑋 0.41 𝑋 0.37
= 4
4 lamps are required to achieve recommended average
illuminance levels by MS 1525. Existing number of lamps
are 1.
4 - 1 = 3
Therefore, 3 lamps more required to fulfill the requirement.

• Kitchen (Zone B)
Figure 35: Kitchen on ground floor (Zone B).

Figure 36: Sectional diagram showing Zone B.
Figure 37: Side sectional diagram showing the artificial lighting located at Zone B.

Date and time : 19th September 2014
× 100%
Calculation :
𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
=
151.7 𝑙𝑢𝑥
20000 𝑙𝑢𝑥
× 100%
= 0.76%
e at 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
3pm Clear Sky 130 - 160 150.3 132 - 179 153
9pm Dark 136 - 165 158.3 136 -178 156.5
1m 150.3 158.3
1.5m 153 156.5
Table 10: Lux Reading at Zone B
Table 11: Average Lux Value at Zone B

the space is an enclosed space with minimum light enter in. It is located between two
buildings both east and west which totally blocks the penetration of sunlight.
does not fulfill the requirement for a space of kitchen. Light luminance should be
added in the space to provide a bright area to work.
DF, % Distribution
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
Discussion

Location Zone B - Kitchen
Area, m² 9.79
Height of work
level, m
1.0
Type of light EcoClassic Halogen Bulb
Average luminous
flux of lighting / F,
lm
370
Height of
luminaries, m
2.5
Vertical distance
from work place to
luminaries, m
1.5
Number of existing
light bulb / n x N
6
Luminance factors,
%
paint (grey)
20-25
paint (white)
70-80
paint (medium grey)
25-30
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(4.45 𝑋 2.2)
4.45 + 2.2 𝑋 1.5
= 0.98
UF (refer to UF
table)
0.35

Maintenance Factor/
MF
0.76 X 0.85 X 0.8 X 0.86 = 0.44
Illuminance level
required / E, lx
E=
=
𝐴
6 𝑋 370 𝑋 0.35𝑋 0.44
9.79
= 34.92 lux
MS 1525
recommended
Illuminance, lx
Recommended average illumination levels by MS 1525 :
150 – 300 lux
150 (min. requirement) – 34.92 =115 lux
Therefore, the kitchen on ground floor (Zone B) lacks of
average illuminance levels of 124 lux before reaching the
recommended standard by MS 1525.
Number of light
required/ N
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
=
150 𝑋 9.79
370 𝑋 0.35𝑋 0.44
= 26
are 6.
26 - 6 = 20

• Bar (Zone C)
Figure 38: Kitchen on ground floor (Zone C).

Figure 39: Sectional diagram showing Zone C.
Figure 40: Side sectional diagram showing the artificial lighting located at Zone C.

× 100%
Calculation :
𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
=
143.4 𝑙𝑢𝑥
20000 𝑙𝑢𝑥
× 100%
= 0.72%
e at 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
3pm Clear Sky 143 - 173 157.6 80 - 173 129.1
9pm Dark 145 - 174 161.1 74 - 197 128.1
1m 157.6 161.1
1.5m 129.1 128.1
Table 14: Lux Reading at Zone C
Table 15: Average Lux Value at Zone C

does not fulfill the requirement for a space of bar. Light luminance should be added in
the space to provide a bright area to work.
DF, % Distribution
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
Discussion

Location Zone C - Bar
Area, m² 12.2
m
1.0
Type of light Tungston
Halogen
Reflector-
Mounted Lamps
Compact
Fluorescent
Lamp
EcoClassic
Halogen Bulb
Average luminous
315 760 370
m
2.2 2.5 2.5
Vertical distance
from work place to
luminaries, m
1.2 1.5 1.5
Number of existing
light bulb / n x N
3 3 2
Luminance factors,
%
Ceiling Raw concrete with paint
(grey)
20-25
Wall Ceramic Tile (10mm x
10mm) (green)
70-80
Floor Raw concrete with paint
(medium grey)
25-30
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(5.2 𝑋 2.35)
5.2 + 2.35 𝑋 1.2
= 1.35
Room Index
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(5.2 𝑋 2.35)
5.2 + 2.35 𝑋 1.5
= 1.1
Room Index
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(5.2 𝑋 2.35)
5.2 + 2.35 𝑋 1.5
= 1.1
UF (refer to UF
table)
0.39 0.35 0.35

Maintenance
Factor/ MF
0.72 X 0.64 X 0.61 X 0.82 = 0.23
Illuminance level
required / E, lx
E=
=
𝐴
3 𝑋 315 𝑋 0.39 𝑋 0.23
12.2
= 6.95 lux
E=
=
𝐴
3 𝑋 760 𝑋 0.35𝑋 0.23
12.2
= 15 lux
E=
=
𝐴
2 𝑋 370 𝑋 0.35 𝑋 0.23
12.2
= 4.88 lux
MS 1525
recommended
Illuminance, lx
Recommended average illumination levels by MS 1525 : 150 – 300
lux
150 (min. requirement) – 6.95 – 15 – 4.88 = 137.07 lux
Therefore, the bar on ground floor (Zone C) lacks of average
illuminance levels of 137.07 lux before reaching the recommended
standard by MS 1525.
Number of light
required/ N
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 12.2
315 𝑋 0.39𝑋 0.23
= 65
65 Tungston Halogen
lamps are required to
achieve
recommended
average illuminance
levels by MS 1525.
Existing number of
lamps are 3.
65 - 3 = 62
Therefore, 62
Tungston Halogen
lamps more required
to fulfill the
requirement.
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 12.2
760 𝑋 0.35𝑋 0.23
= 30
30 Compact
Fluorescent lamps
are required to
achieve
recommended
average illuminance
levels by MS 1525.
Existing number of
lamps are 3.
30 - 3 = 27
Therefore, 27
Compact Fluorescent
lamps more required
to fulfill the
requirement.
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 12.2
370 𝑋 0.35𝑋 0.23
= 62
62 EcoClassic
Halogen bulb are
required to achieve
recommended
average
illuminance levels
by MS 1525.
Existing number of
lamps are 3.
62 - 3 = 59
Therefore, 59
EcoClassic
Halogen bulb more
required to fulfill the
requirement.

• Dining Area 1 (Zone D)
Figure 41: Dining area 1 on ground floor (Zone D).

Figure 42: Sectional diagram showing Zone D.
Figure 43: Side sectional diagram showing the artificial lighting located at Zone D.

× 100%
Calculation :
𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
=
45.9 𝑙𝑢𝑥
20000 𝑙𝑢𝑥
× 100%
= 0.23%
e at 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
3pm Clear Sky 18 - 132 48 15 - 119 43.7
9pm Dark 12 - 147 41.3 11 - 147 36.5
1m 48 41.3
1.5m 43.7 36.5
Table 18: Lux Reading at Zone D
Table 19: Average Lux Value at Zone D

does not fulfill the requirement for a space of dining area. Light luminance should be
added in the space to provide a brighter area to eat.
DF, % Distribution
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
Discussion

Location Zone D - Dining Area 1
Area, m² 36.75
Height of ceiling,
m
3.0
Height of work
level, m
1.0
Type of light Light InTheBox 2W
Modern Led Wall
Light
EcoClassic
Halogen Bulb
Compact
Fluorescent
Lamp
Average luminous
lm
1020 370 760
Height of
luminaries, m
2 2.5 2.5
Vertical distance
from work place to
luminaries, m
1 1.5 1.5
Number of
existing light bulb /
n x N
1 4 2
Luminance
factors, %
Ceiling Raw concrete with paint
(grey)
20-25
Wall Raw concrete with paint
(medium grey)
25-30
(medium grey)
25-30
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(9.8 𝑋 3.75)
9.8 + 3.75 𝑋 1
= 2.71
Room Index
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(9.8 𝑋 3.75)
9.8 + 3.75 𝑋 1.5
= 1.8
Room Index
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(9.8 𝑋 3.75)
9.8 + 3.75 𝑋 1 5
= 1.8
UF (refer to UF
table)
0.47 0.42 0.42

Maintenance
Factor/ MF
0.83 X 0.64 X 0.61 X 0.95 = 0.31
Illuminance level
required / E, lx
E=
=
𝐴
1 𝑋 1020 𝑋 0.47 𝑋 0.31
36.75
= 4.04 lux
E=
=
𝐴
4 𝑋 370 𝑋 0.42𝑋 0.31
36.75
= 5.2 lux
E=
=
𝐴
2 𝑋 760 𝑋 0.42 𝑋 0.31
36.75
= 5.4 lux
MS 1525
recommended
Illuminance, lx
Recommended average illumination levels by MS 1525 : 150
– 300 lux
150 (min. requirement) – 4.04 – 5.2 – 5.4 = 135.36 lux
Therefore, the dining area on ground floor (Zone D) lacks of
average illuminance levels of 135.36 lux before reaching the
Number of light
required/ N
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 36.75
1020 𝑋 0.47𝑋 0.31
= 37
37Tungston
Halogen lamps are
required to achieve
recommended
average
illuminance levels
by MS 1525.
Existing number of
lamps are 1.
37 - 1 = 36
Therefore, 36
Tungston Halogen
lamps more
requirement.
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 36.75
370 𝑋 0.47𝑋 0.31
= 102
102 Compact
Fluorescent
lamps are
required to
achieve
recommended
average
illuminance levels
by MS 1525.
Existing number
of lamps are 4.
102 - 4 = 98
Therefore, 98
Compact
Fluorescent
lamps more
required to fulfill
the requirement.
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 36.75
760 𝑋 0.47𝑋 0.31
= 50
50 EcoClassic
Halogen bulb are
required to
achieve
recommended
average
illuminance levels
by MS 1525.
Existing number
of lamps are 2.
50 - 2 = 48
Therefore, 48
EcoClassic
Halogen bulb
more required to
fulfill the
requirement.

• Dining Area 2 (Zone E)
Figure 44: Dining area 2 on ground floor (Zone E).

Figure 45: Sectional diagram showing Zone E.
Figure 46: Side sectional diagram showing the artificial lighting located at Zone E.

× 100%
Calculation :
𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
=
38.4 𝑙𝑢𝑥
20000 𝑙𝑢𝑥
× 100%
= 0.19%
e at 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
3pm Clear Sky 20 - 180 40.3 16 - 172 36.5
9pm Dark 13 - 174 31.9 11 - 189 29.3
1m 40.3 31.9
1.5m 36.5 29.3
Table 22: Lux Reading at Zone E
Table 23: Average Lux Value at Zone E

added in the space to provide a bright area to eat.
DF, % Distribution
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
Discussion

Location Zone E - Dining Area 2
Area, m² 21.7
m
1.0
Average luminous
370
m
2.5
Vertical distance
from work place to
luminaries, m
1.5
Number of existing
light bulb / n x N
4
Luminance factors,
%
Ceiling Plasterboard
(suspended ceiling)
(orange)
25-35
paint (medium grey)
25-30
paint (medium grey)
25-30
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(6.1 𝑋 3.55)
6.1 + 3.55 𝑋 1.5
= 1.5
UF (refer to UF
table)
0.39

Maintenance
Factor/ MF
0.76 X 0.85 X 0.8 X 0.86 = 0.44
Illuminance level
required / E, lx
E=
=
𝐴
4 𝑋 370 𝑋 0.39𝑋 0.44
21.7
= 11.7 lux
MS 1525
recommended
Illuminance, lx
150 – 300 lux
150 (min. requirement) – 11.7 = 138.3 lux
Therefore, the dining area on ground floor (Zone E) lacks of
Number of light
required/ N
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 21.7
370 𝑋 0.39𝑋 0.44
= 52
are 4.
52 - 4 = 48

• Dining Area 3 (Zone F)
Figure 47: Dining area 3 on ground floor (Zone F).

Figure 48: Sectional diagram showing Zone F.
Figure 49: Side sectional diagram showing the artificial lighting located at Zone F.

× 100%
Calculation :
𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
=
35.3 𝑙𝑢𝑥
20000 𝑙𝑢𝑥
× 100%
= 0.18%
e at 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
3pm Clear Sky 21 - 80 36.2 20 - 60 34.4
9pm Dark 12 - 60 18.8 11 - 46 16.1
1m 36.2 18.8
1.5m 34.4 16.1
Table 26: Lux Reading at Zone F
Table 27: Average Lux Value at Zone F

DF, % Distribution
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
Discussion

Location Zone F - Dining Area 3
Dimension, m L= 6.1, W= 6
Area, m² 36.6
m
1.0
Type of light Light In The Box 2W
Modern Led Wall Light
EcoClassic Halogen Bulb
Average luminous
1020 370
m
2 2.5
Vertical distance from
work place to
luminaries, m
1 1.5
Number of existing
light bulb / n x N
1 6
Luminance factors, % Ceiling Raw concrete with paint (grey) 20-25
Wall Raw concrete with paint
(medium grey)
25-35
(medium grey)
25-30
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(6.1 𝑋 6)
6.1 + 6 𝑋 1
= 3
Room Index
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(6.1 𝑋 6)
6.1 + 6 𝑋 1.5
= 2
Utilization Factor / UF
(refer to UF table)
0.5 0.44

Maintenance
Factor/ MF
0.76 X 0.85 X 0.8 X 0.86 = 0.44
Illuminance level
required / E, lx
E=
=
𝐴
1 𝑋 1020 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 0.44
36.6
= 6.1 lux
E=
=
𝐴
1 𝑋 370 𝑋 0.44 𝑋 0.44
36.6
= 1.96 lux
MS 1525
recommended
Illuminance, lx
150 – 300 lux
150 (min. requirement) – 6.1 – 1.96 = 141.94 lux
Therefore, the dining area on ground floor (Zone F) lacks of
Number of light
required/ N
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 36.6
1020 𝑋 0.5𝑋 0.44
= 25
25 lamps are required to
achieve recommended
average illuminance levels
by MS 1525. Existing
number of lamps are 1.
25 - 1 = 24
Therefore, 24 lamps more
requirement.
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 36.6
370 𝑋 0.44 𝑋 0.44
= 77
77 lamps are required to
achieve recommended
average illuminance levels
by MS 1525. Existing
77 - 6 = 71
Therefore, 71 lamps more
requirement.

• Staircase (Zone G)
Figure 50: Staircase on ground floor (Zone G).

Figure 51: Sectional diagram showing Zone G.
Figure 52: Side sectional diagram showing the artificial lighting located at Zone G.

× 100%
Calculation :
𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
=
21.3 𝑙𝑢𝑥
20000 𝑙𝑢𝑥
× 100%
=
≈ 0.11%
e at 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
3pm Clear Sky 21 - 31 27.5 28 - 41 15
9pm Dark 24 - 78 44.3 17 - 26 20.3
1m 27.5 44.3
1.5m 15 20.3
Table 30: Lux Reading at Zone G
Table 31: Average Lux Value at Zone G

the space is an enclosed extension with minimum light enter.
does not fulfill the requirement for a space of staircase space. Light luminance should
be added in the space to provide a bright area to walk.
DF, % Distribution
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
Discussion

Location Zone G - Staircase
Area, m² 4.3
Height of work
level, m
1.0
Type of light Tungsten Halogen Reflector-Mounted Lamps
Average luminous
lm
315
Height of
luminaries, m
2.2
Vertical distance
from work place to
luminaries, m
1.2
Number of existing
light bulb / n x N
1
Luminance factors,
%
paint (green)
30-35
paint (green)
30-35
paint (medium grey)
25-30
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(3.56 𝑋 1.2)
3.56 + 1.2 𝑋 1.2
= 0.74
UF (refer to UF
table)
0.27

Maintenance
Factor/ MF
0.76 X 0.85 X 0.8 X 0.86 = 0.44
Illuminance level
required / E, lx
E=
=
𝐴
1 𝑋 315 𝑋 0.27 𝑋 0.44
4.3
= 8.7 lux
MS 1525
recommended
Illuminance, lx
150 – 300 lux
150 (min. requirement) – 8.7= 141.3 lux
Therefore, the staircase on ground floor (Zone G) lacks of
Number of light
required/ N
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 4.3
315 𝑋 0.27𝑋 0.44
= 18
are 1.
18 - 1 = 17

• Entrance (Zone H)
Figure 53: Entrance on ground floor (Zone H).

Figure 54: Sectional diagram showing Zone H.
Figure 55: Side sectional diagram showing the artificial lighting located at Zone H.

× 100%
Calculation :
𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
=
220.9 𝑙𝑢𝑥
20000 𝑙𝑢𝑥
× 100%
=
≈ 1.1 %
e at 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
3pm Clear Sky 92 - 360 201.1 122 - 385 240.7
9pm Dark 7 - 21 10.7 6 - 20 10.3
1m 201.1 10.7
1.5m 240.7 10.3
Figure 1 Table: Lux Reading at Zone H
Table 34: Average Lux Value at Zone H

the average lux value is 10.5 lux. This is because the entrance area is an open space
which receive direct sunlight during 12pm to 3pm. Hence the main source of the light
is sunlight which affect the average lux value of night drops distinctively.
under the average category. It has good daylight distribution which is a bright space
for walking during afternoon.
DF, % Distribution
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
Discussion

Location Zone H - Entrance
Area, m² 26.2
Height of work
level, m
1.0
Type of light Fluorescent Light tube
Average luminous
lm
1650
Height of
luminaries, m
2.5
Vertical distance
from work place to
luminaries, m
1.5
Number of existing
light bulb / n x N
2
Luminance factors,
%
paint (grey)
20-25
paint (medium grey)
25-30
paint (medium grey)
25-30
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(4.1 𝑋 6.4)
4.1 + 6.4 𝑋 1.5
= 1.67
UF (refer to UF
table)
0.39

Maintenance
Factor/ MF
0.76 X 0.85 X 0.8 X 0.86 = 0.44
Illuminance level
required / E, lx
E=
=
𝐴
2 𝑋 1650 𝑋 0.39 𝑋 0.44
26.2
= 21.6 lux
MS 1525
recommended
Illuminance, lx
150 – 300 lux
150 (min. requirement) – 21.6 = 128.4 lux
Therefore, the entrance on ground floor (Zone H) lacks of
Number of light
required/ N
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 26.2
1650 𝑋 0.39𝑋 0.44
= 14
are 2.
14 - 2 = 12

• Dining Area 4 (Zone I)
Figure 56: Dining Area 4 on first floor (Zone I).

Figure 57: Sectional diagram showing Zone I.
Figure 58: Side sectional diagram showing the artificial lighting located at Zone I.

× 100%
Calculation :
𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
=
49.1 𝑙𝑢𝑥
20000 𝑙𝑢𝑥
× 100%
=
≈ 0.25 %
e at 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
3pm Clear Sky 41 - 68 52.4 37 - 57 45.7
9pm Dark 30 – 62 42.3 30 - 51 36.8
1m 52.4 42.3
1.5m 45.7 36.8
Table 37: Lux Reading at Zone I
Table 38: Average Lux Value at Zone I

the average lux value is 45.7 lux. This is because the entrance area is an open space
which receive direct sunlight during 12pm to 3pm. Hence the main source of the light
is sunlight which affect the average lux value of night drops distinctively.
under the average category. It has good daylight distribution which is a bright space
for walking during afternoon.
DF, % Distribution
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
Discussion

Location Zone I - Dining Area 4
Dimension, m L= 4.9, W= 6.4 , L=5.2 , W=4
Area, m² 31.4 + 20.8 = 52.2
Height of work
level, m
1.0
Average luminous
lm
370
Height of
luminaries, m
2.5
Vertical distance
from work place to
luminaries, m
1.5
Number of existing
light bulb / n x N
12
Luminance factors,
%
paint (grey)
20-25
paint (medium grey)
25-30
paint (medium grey)
25-30
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊 𝑋 𝐻
=
(10.1 𝑋 10.4)
52.2 𝑋 1.5
= 1.34
UF (refer to UF
table)
0.35

Maintenance
Factor/ MF
0.8
Illuminance level
required / E, lx
E=
=
𝐴
12 𝑋 370 𝑋 0.35𝑋 0.3
52.2
= 8.93 lux
MS 1525
recommended
Illuminance, lx
Recommended average illumination levels by MS 1525
: 150 – 300 lux
Therefore, the dining area on first floor (Zone I) lacks
of average illuminance levels of 141.07 lux before
reaching the recommended standard by MS 1525.
Number of light
required/ N
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 52.2
370 𝑋 0.35𝑋 0.8
= 76
76 lamps are required to achieve recommended
average illuminance levels by MS 1525. Existing
76 - 12 = 64
Therefore, 64 lamps more required to fulfill the
requirement.

• Toilet (Zone J)
Figure 59: Toilet on first floor (Zone J).

Figure 60: Sectional diagram showing Zone J.
Figure 61: Side sectional diagram showing the artificial lighting located at Zone J.

× 100%
Calculation :
𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
=
38.9 𝑙𝑢𝑥
20000 𝑙𝑢𝑥
× 100%
=
≈ 0.19 %
e at 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
3pm Clear Sky 41 - 68 45.5 37 - 57 32.2
9pm Dark 30 – 62 41 30 - 51 27.8
1m 45.5 41
1.5m 32.2 27.8
Table 41: Lux Reading at Zone J
Table 42: Average Lux Value at Zone J

under the average category. This zone has a minimum amount of light distribution
which does not fulfill the requirement for a space of toilet. Light luminance should be
added in the space to provide a bright area to use.
DF, % Distribution
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
Discussion

Location Zone J - Toilet
Dimension, m L= 4, W= 2.85
Area, m² 11.4
Height of work
level, m
1.0
Type of light EcoClassic Halogen bulb
Average luminous
lm
370
Height of
luminaries, m
2.5
Vertical distance
from work place to
luminaries, m
1.5
Number of existing
light bulb / n x N
2
Luminance factors,
%
paint (grey)
20-25
paint (medium grey)
25-30
paint (medium grey)
25-30
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(4 𝑋 2.85)
4 + 2.85 𝑋 1.5
= 1.1
UF (refer to UF
table)
0.33

Maintenance
Factor/ MF
0.8
Illuminance level
required / E, lx
E=
=
𝐴
2 𝑋 370 𝑋 0.33 𝑋 0.8
11.4
= 17.14 lux
MS 1525
recommended
Illuminance, lx
Recommended average illumination levels by MS
1525 : 150 – 300 lux
Therefore, the toilet on first floor (Zone I) lacks of
average illuminance levels of 132.86 lux before
Number of light
required/ N
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 11.4
370 𝑋 0.33𝑋 0.8
= 18
18 - 2 = 16
requirement.

• Dining Area 5 (Zone K)
Figure 62: Dining Area 5 on first floor (Zone K).

Figure 63: Sectional diagram showing Zone K.
Figure 64: Side sectional diagram showing the artificial lighting located at Zone K.

Average lux value : 103
× 100%
Calculation :
𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
=
103 𝑙𝑢𝑥
20000 𝑙𝑢𝑥
× 100%
=
≈ 0.52 %
e at 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
3pm Clear Sky 60 - 187 95.7 61 - 239 110.2
9pm Dark 10 - 47 23.5 12 - 39 22.8
1m 95.7 23.5
1.5m 110.2 22.8
Average lux value 103 23.2
Table 45: Lux Reading at Zone K
Table 46: Average Lux Value at Zone K

The average lux value during the afternoon, 3pm is 103 lux, whereas at night, 9pm,
which does not fulfill the requirement for a space of dining. Light luminance should be
DF, % Distribution
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
Discussion

Location Zone K - Dining Area 5
Dimension, m L= 4, W= 5.35 , L= 6.4, W =4.9
Area, m² 21.4 + 31.4 = 52.8
m
1.0
Type of light EcoClassic Halogen bulb
Average luminous
lm
370
Height of
luminaries, m
2.5
Vertical distance
from work place to
luminaries, m
1.5
Number of existing
light bulb / n x N
12
Luminance factors,
%
paint (grey)
20-25
Wall Brick Wall with paint
(white)
30-35
paint (medium grey)
25-30
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(52.8)
10.4 + 10.25 𝑋 1.5
= 1.7
UF (refer to UF
table)
0.4

Maintenance
Factor/ MF
0.8
Illuminance level
required / E, lx
E=
=
𝐴
12 𝑋 370 𝑋 0.4 𝑋 0.8
52.8
= 26.9 lux
MS 1525
recommended
Illuminance, lx
Recommended average illumination levels by MS
1525 : 150 – 300 lux
Therefore, the dining area on first floor (Zone J) lacks
of average illuminance levels of 123.1 lux before
Number of light
required/ N
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 52.8
370 𝑋 0.4𝑋 0.8
= 67
67 - 12 = 55
requirement.

• Staircase (Zone L)
Figure 65: Staircase on first floor (Zone L).

Figure 66: Sectional diagram showing Zone K.
Figure 67: Side sectional diagram showing the artificial lighting located at Zone K.

× 100%
Calculation :
𝐷𝐹 =
× 100%
=
38.3 𝑙𝑢𝑥
20000 𝑙𝑢𝑥
× 100%
=
≈ 0.19 %
e at 1m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminanc
e at 1.5m
(1x)
Average
(1x)
3pm Clear Sky 26 - 58 38.3 28 - 40 38.3
9pm Dark 10 - 47 34.3 12 - 39 34.3
1m 38.3 34.3
1.5m 38.3 34.3
Table 49: Lux Reading at Zone K
Table 50: Average Lux Value at Zone K

which does not fulfill the requirement for a space of staircase. Light luminance should
be added in the space to provide a bright area to walk.
DF, % Distribution
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
Discussion

Location Zone L - Staircase
Area, m² 10.4
m
1.0
Type of light Tungsten Halogen Reflector-Mounted Lamps
Average luminous
315
m
2.2
Vertical distance
from work place to
luminaries, m
1.2
Number of existing
light bulb / n x N
2
Luminance factors,
%
paint (grey)
20-25
paint (medium grey)
25-30
paint (medium grey)
25-30
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
=
(4.35 𝑋 2.4)
4.35 𝑋 2.4 𝑋 1.2
= 1.28
UF (refer to UF
table)
0.35

Maintenance
Factor/ MF
0.8
Illuminance level
required / E, lx
E=
=
𝐴
2 𝑋 315 𝑋 0.35 𝑋 0.8
10.4
= 16.96 lux
MS 1525
recommended
Illuminance, lx
Recommended average illumination levels by MS 1525
: 150 – 300 lux
Therefore, the staircase on first floor (Zone L) lacks of
average illuminance levels of 133.04 lux before
Number of light
required/ N
N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 10.4
315 𝑋 0.35𝑋 0.8
= 18
18 - 2 = 16
requirement.

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