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Technical Note
The “Bony Bankart Bridge” Procedure: A New Arthroscopic
Technique for Reduction and Internal Fixation of a Bony
Bankart Lesion
Peter J. Millett, M.D., M.Sc., and Sepp Braun, M.D.
Abstract: Arthroscopic treatment of bony Bankart lesions can be challenging. We present a new easy
and reproducible technique for arthroscopic reduction and suture anchor fixation of bony Bankart
fragments. A suture anchor is placed medially to the fracture on the glenoid neck, and its sutures are
passed around the bony fragment through the soft tissue including the inferior glenohumeral ligament
complex. The sutures of this anchor are loaded in a second anchor that is placed on the glenoid face.
This creates a nontilting 2-point fixation that compresses the fragment into its bed. By use of the
standard technique, additional suture anchors are used superiorly and inferiorly to the bony Bankart
piece to repair the labrum and shift the joint capsule. We call this the “bony Bankart bridge”
procedure. Key Words: Arthroscopy—Bony Bankart lesion—Suture bridge—Instability—Shoulder.
Avulsion fractures of the anterior glenoid rim, so-
called bony Bankart lesions, are associated with
anteroinferior glenohumeral instability.1,2 These frac-
tures typically occur when the glenohumeral joint
dislocates. The incidence ranges from 4% to 70% in
the literature, with an increased prevalence in male
patients.3 Because these fractures can easily be missed
on plain radiographs, computed tomography scans are
an important means for correct diagnosis and estima-
tion of the size of the fragment.4,5
Early surgical treatment of acute injuries is recom-
mended for better outcomes.3 Arthroscopic techniques
can be used to address bony Bankart lesions. The
techniques that have been described include the Ban-
kart repair technique with suture anchors placed at the
glenoid rim6 with or without additional sutures for
augmentation passed around or through the fragment.7
In case of larger fragments, fixation with cannulated
screws can be used.8 There are some limitations with
these techniques. For example, the suture anchor tech-
nique does not provide compression of the fracture
fragment, and the bony piece may tilt because of the
single point of fixation. When trying to penetrate the
fragment to pass a suture, the fragment may split.
Placing cannulated screws can be very challenging
technically and can also result in splitting of the bony
fragment.
Most recently, techniques for arthroscopic internal
reduction and fixation of greater tuberosity fractures
with double-row or suture-bridge techniques have
been described.9-11
We present an arthroscopic technique to fixate and
compress the bony fragment that is based on the same
principles of 2-point fixation and compression. The
procedure is reproducible and can provide for stable,
reliable fixation of the fragment.
From the Steadman Hawkins Clinic (P.J.M.) and Steadman
Hawkins Research Foundation (S.B.), Vail, Colorado, U.S.A.
S.B. is currently a research fellow sponsored by Arthrex, Naples,
Florida. P.J.M. has financial interests in Arthrex. There was no
financial support for this study.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Peter J. Millett,
M.D., M.Sc., Steadman Hawkins Clinic, Suite 1000, 181 W Meadow
Dr, Vail, CO 81657, U.S.A. E-mail: drmillett@steadman-hawkin-
s.com
© 2009 by the Arthroscopy Association of North America
0749-8063/09/2501-8277$36.00/0
doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2008.07.005
102 Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 25, No 1 (January), 2009: pp 102-105
TECHNIQUE
The patient is placed in the beach-chair position
with the index arm in a pneumatic arm holder (Spider;
Tenet Medical Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada).
After an examination under anesthesia to assess the
grade of instability, a standard posterior portal for
arthroscopy is established. The diagnostic arthroscopy
evaluates all aspects of the glenohumeral joint to
ensure all pathologies will be diagnosed.
A high anterosuperior portal is established with a
5.0-mm cannula (Arthrex, Naples, FL) in the rotator
interval, and the bony Bankart lesion is assessed with
a probe. Subsequently, an accessory anteroinferior
portal is established, entering the joint just superior to
the subscapularis tendon. An 8.25-mm cannula (Ar-
threx) is used in this portal to assist with suture man-
agement. A 70° arthroscope is used to visualize the
neck of the glenoid, medial to the fracture. Typica-
lly, the labrum and inferior glenohumeral ligament
(IGHL) complex are attached to the bony fragment.
These attachments should be preserved. Instruments
are placed through both anterior portals to mobilize
the bony Bankart and the entire IGHL as a sleeve of
continuous tissue, inferiorly to the 6-o’clock position.
The glenoid neck and the fractured surface of the bony
fragment are prepared by use of an elevator and a
shaver to create bleeding surfaces to enhance bone-to-
bone healing.
An elevator is introduced from the anterosuperior
portal to lift the bony fracture piece off the glenoid
neck so that the first anchor can be placed medially on
the glenoid neck. This will form the medial fixation
point for the Bankart bridge. Depending on the size of
the fragment, 1 or 2 anchors can be used. If 1 anchor
is to be used, it is placed medial (axial plane) to the
donor site on the glenoid neck and in the midportion
(sagittal plane) of the fracture. A 3.0-mm Bio-SutureTak
anchor (Arthrex) loaded with FiberWire (Arthrex)
is used. Both limbs of the suture are passed through
the soft tissues, medial to the bony piece, by use of a
shuttling technique with a 45° curved SutureLasso
(Arthrex). The sutures are then parked outside the
anteroinferior cannula.
The next step is to place a suture anchor inferior to
the bony fracture piece on the glenoid rim. This an-
chor will secure the labrum and IGHL complex, infe-
rior to the bony fragment. As for a typical arthroscopic
repair, the medial suture limb is passed through the
IGHL complex, shifting the IGHL complex and la-
brum superiorly and medially tightening the axillary
pouch. Pulling the tissue superiorly and medially from
the anterosuperior portal with a grasper, before secur-
ing the knot, helps control the size of the shift. The
FIGURE 1. Arthroscopic view of a left shoulder from posterior
standard portal. The anchor on the glenoid face is placed through
a cannula in a standard anterosuperior portal to reduce the bony
Bankart piece. The anchor is loaded with the 2 suture limbs of the
anchor, which had been placed medially to the fragment on the
glenoid neck previously.
FIGURE 2. Cross-section: anchor position relative to fracture.
103BONY BANKART BRIDGE PROCEDURE
sutures are then tied by use of a sliding-locking
Weston knot that is backed up with 2 alternating
half-hitches. The free limbs are cut. Typically, 1 an-
chor is placed inferior to the bony fragment; however,
depending on the size of the bony piece and its posi-
tion on the glenoid face, 2 inferior anchors may be
used on occasion.
The bony Bankart is now fixed with a bridging
technique. The sutures will span the bony fragment
and provide 2-point fixation of the fragment. The
sutures from the medial anchor are retrieved out the
anteroinferior cannula, and the tension can be assessed
to test the fracture reduction and to evaluate the opti-
mal position for the lateral fixation anchor on the
glenoid face before drilling. The drill hole should be
placed on the glenoid face at the cartilage-fracture
margin. The 2 free limbs of the medial suture anchor
are fed into a 3.5-mm Bio-PushLock anchor (Arthrex),
which is then pushed into the drill hole on the glenoid
face (Fig 1). The suture limbs are tensioned before
final fixation of the anchor. By these means, the bony
fragment is reduced and compressed back into its
donor bed, and an arthroscopic osteosynthesis is
achieved (Fig 2). This “bony Bankart bridge” provides
secure 2-point fixation and compression of the frac-
ture, without tilting of the bony piece. The security of
the construct can be tested with a probe. The free
limbs are cut flush with the Bio-PushLock anchor.
Additional repair of the superior capsule, labrum,
and middle glenohumeral ligament should then be
performed superior to the Bankart bridge. We recom-
mend placing at least 1 anchor superior to the Bankart
bridge because this will provide additional rotational
stability. Depending on the size of the bony Bankart
lesion, 1 or more bony Bankart bridges can be used to
secure the fragment. Figure 3 illustrates the final re-
pair.
DISCUSSION
In acute cases or when radiographic and arthro-
scopic assessment show a mobile bony Bankart frag-
ment, the technique presented can be used to treat
these lesions arthroscopically. In cases of older frac-
FIGURE 3. Final repair with reduced bony Bankart piece, repaired labrum, and shifted capsule and IGHL complex.
104 P. J. MILLETT AND S. BRAUN
tures or bone loss with fragments that cannot be re-
duced or when there has been resorption of the bone
fragment, other techniques such as an open or arthro-
scopic Latarjet procedure or iliac crest bone graft
reconstruction should be considered.12-15
The bony Bankart bridge technique can restore the
glenoid cavity by reducing the Bankart fracture under
direct visual control while at the same time restoring
tension in the IGHL complex. The anchors placed
superior and inferior to the Bankart bridge provide
additional rotational control, whereas the Bankart
bridge itself compresses the fracture down onto the
glenoid with 2-point fixation, creating a large surface
area for bony healing. Compression and rotational
stability comprise the main difference between our
technique and previously published arthroscopic tech-
niques with 1-point fixation.6 Our technique uses the
same principles as recently published techniques for
arthroscopic approaches to fractures of the greater
tuberosity.9-11 Thus the described technique combines
the advantages of the arthroscopic Bankart repair with
its ability to selectively shift the capsule and repair the
labrum while at the same time restoring the bony
anatomy with stable, compressing, nontilting fracture
fixation. The bony Bankart bridge technique is repro-
ducible and easy to perform and is an excellent way of
arthroscopically treating bony Bankart lesions.
REFERENCES
1. Bigliani LU, Newton PM, Steinmann SP, Connor PM, McIl-
veen SJ. Glenoid rim lesions associated with recurrent anterior
dislocation of the shoulder. Am J Sports Med 1998;26:41-45.
2. Bankart AS, Cantab MC. Recurrent or habitual dislocation of
the shoulder-joint. 1923. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993:3-6.
3. Porcellini G, Paladini P, Campi F, Paganelli M. Long-term
outcome of acute versus chronic bony Bankart lesions man-
aged arthroscopically. Am J Sports Med 2007;35:2067-2072.
4. Chuang TY, Adams CR, Burkhart SS. Use of preoperative
three-dimensional computed tomography to quantify glenoid
bone loss in shoulder instability. Arthroscopy 2008;24:376-
382.
5. Griffith JF, Antonio GE, Tong CW, Ming CK. Anterior shoul-
der dislocation: Quantification of glenoid bone loss with CT.
AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;180:1423-1430.
6. Porcellini G, Campi F, Paladini P. Arthroscopic approach to
acute bony Bankart lesion. Arthroscopy 2002;18:764-769.
7. Sugaya H, Kon Y, Tsuchiya A. Arthroscopic repair of glenoid
fractures using suture anchors. Arthroscopy 2005;21:635.e1-
635.e5. Available online at www.arthroscopyjournal.org.
8. Cameron SE. Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of
an anterior glenoid fracture. Arthroscopy 1998;14:743-746.
9. Ji JH, Kim WY, Ra KH. Arthroscopic double-row suture
anchor fixation of minimally displaced greater tuberosity frac-
tures. Arthroscopy 2007;23:1133.e1-1133.e4. Available online
at www.arthroscopyjournal.org.
10. Kim KC, Rhee KJ, Shin HD, Kim YM. Arthroscopic fixation
for displaced greater tuberosity fracture using the suture-
bridge technique. Arthroscopy 2008;24:120.e1-120.e3. Avail-
able online at www.arthroscopyjournal.org.
11. Song HS, Williams GR. Arthroscopic reduction and fixation
with suture-bridge technique for displaced or comminuted
greater tuberosity fractures. Arthroscopy 2008;24:956-960.
12. Lafosse L, Lejeune E, Bouchard A, Kakuda C, Gobezie R,
Kochhar T. The arthroscopic Latarjet procedure for the treat-
ment of anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy 2007;23:
1242.e1-1242.e5. Available online at www.arthroscopyjournal.
org.
13. Latarjet M. Technic of coracoid preglenoid arthroereisis in the
treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder. Lyon Chir
1958;54:604-607 (in French).
14. Warner JJ, Gill TJ, O’Hollerhan JD, Pathare N, Millett PJ.
Anatomical glenoid reconstruction for recurrent anterior gle-
nohumeral instability with glenoid deficiency using an autog-
enous tricortical iliac crest bone graft. Am J Sports Med
2006;34:205-212.
15. Millett PJ, Clavert P, Warner JJ. Open operative treatment for
anterior shoulder instability: When and why? J Bone Joint
Surg Am 2005;87:419-432.
105BONY BANKART BRIDGE PROCEDURE

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The “Bony Bankart Bridge” Procedure Shoulder Instability | Shoudler Surgery | Greater Denver Area

  • 1. Technical Note The “Bony Bankart Bridge” Procedure: A New Arthroscopic Technique for Reduction and Internal Fixation of a Bony Bankart Lesion Peter J. Millett, M.D., M.Sc., and Sepp Braun, M.D. Abstract: Arthroscopic treatment of bony Bankart lesions can be challenging. We present a new easy and reproducible technique for arthroscopic reduction and suture anchor fixation of bony Bankart fragments. A suture anchor is placed medially to the fracture on the glenoid neck, and its sutures are passed around the bony fragment through the soft tissue including the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex. The sutures of this anchor are loaded in a second anchor that is placed on the glenoid face. This creates a nontilting 2-point fixation that compresses the fragment into its bed. By use of the standard technique, additional suture anchors are used superiorly and inferiorly to the bony Bankart piece to repair the labrum and shift the joint capsule. We call this the “bony Bankart bridge” procedure. Key Words: Arthroscopy—Bony Bankart lesion—Suture bridge—Instability—Shoulder. Avulsion fractures of the anterior glenoid rim, so- called bony Bankart lesions, are associated with anteroinferior glenohumeral instability.1,2 These frac- tures typically occur when the glenohumeral joint dislocates. The incidence ranges from 4% to 70% in the literature, with an increased prevalence in male patients.3 Because these fractures can easily be missed on plain radiographs, computed tomography scans are an important means for correct diagnosis and estima- tion of the size of the fragment.4,5 Early surgical treatment of acute injuries is recom- mended for better outcomes.3 Arthroscopic techniques can be used to address bony Bankart lesions. The techniques that have been described include the Ban- kart repair technique with suture anchors placed at the glenoid rim6 with or without additional sutures for augmentation passed around or through the fragment.7 In case of larger fragments, fixation with cannulated screws can be used.8 There are some limitations with these techniques. For example, the suture anchor tech- nique does not provide compression of the fracture fragment, and the bony piece may tilt because of the single point of fixation. When trying to penetrate the fragment to pass a suture, the fragment may split. Placing cannulated screws can be very challenging technically and can also result in splitting of the bony fragment. Most recently, techniques for arthroscopic internal reduction and fixation of greater tuberosity fractures with double-row or suture-bridge techniques have been described.9-11 We present an arthroscopic technique to fixate and compress the bony fragment that is based on the same principles of 2-point fixation and compression. The procedure is reproducible and can provide for stable, reliable fixation of the fragment. From the Steadman Hawkins Clinic (P.J.M.) and Steadman Hawkins Research Foundation (S.B.), Vail, Colorado, U.S.A. S.B. is currently a research fellow sponsored by Arthrex, Naples, Florida. P.J.M. has financial interests in Arthrex. There was no financial support for this study. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Peter J. Millett, M.D., M.Sc., Steadman Hawkins Clinic, Suite 1000, 181 W Meadow Dr, Vail, CO 81657, U.S.A. E-mail: drmillett@steadman-hawkin- s.com © 2009 by the Arthroscopy Association of North America 0749-8063/09/2501-8277$36.00/0 doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2008.07.005 102 Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 25, No 1 (January), 2009: pp 102-105
  • 2. TECHNIQUE The patient is placed in the beach-chair position with the index arm in a pneumatic arm holder (Spider; Tenet Medical Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada). After an examination under anesthesia to assess the grade of instability, a standard posterior portal for arthroscopy is established. The diagnostic arthroscopy evaluates all aspects of the glenohumeral joint to ensure all pathologies will be diagnosed. A high anterosuperior portal is established with a 5.0-mm cannula (Arthrex, Naples, FL) in the rotator interval, and the bony Bankart lesion is assessed with a probe. Subsequently, an accessory anteroinferior portal is established, entering the joint just superior to the subscapularis tendon. An 8.25-mm cannula (Ar- threx) is used in this portal to assist with suture man- agement. A 70° arthroscope is used to visualize the neck of the glenoid, medial to the fracture. Typica- lly, the labrum and inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) complex are attached to the bony fragment. These attachments should be preserved. Instruments are placed through both anterior portals to mobilize the bony Bankart and the entire IGHL as a sleeve of continuous tissue, inferiorly to the 6-o’clock position. The glenoid neck and the fractured surface of the bony fragment are prepared by use of an elevator and a shaver to create bleeding surfaces to enhance bone-to- bone healing. An elevator is introduced from the anterosuperior portal to lift the bony fracture piece off the glenoid neck so that the first anchor can be placed medially on the glenoid neck. This will form the medial fixation point for the Bankart bridge. Depending on the size of the fragment, 1 or 2 anchors can be used. If 1 anchor is to be used, it is placed medial (axial plane) to the donor site on the glenoid neck and in the midportion (sagittal plane) of the fracture. A 3.0-mm Bio-SutureTak anchor (Arthrex) loaded with FiberWire (Arthrex) is used. Both limbs of the suture are passed through the soft tissues, medial to the bony piece, by use of a shuttling technique with a 45° curved SutureLasso (Arthrex). The sutures are then parked outside the anteroinferior cannula. The next step is to place a suture anchor inferior to the bony fracture piece on the glenoid rim. This an- chor will secure the labrum and IGHL complex, infe- rior to the bony fragment. As for a typical arthroscopic repair, the medial suture limb is passed through the IGHL complex, shifting the IGHL complex and la- brum superiorly and medially tightening the axillary pouch. Pulling the tissue superiorly and medially from the anterosuperior portal with a grasper, before secur- ing the knot, helps control the size of the shift. The FIGURE 1. Arthroscopic view of a left shoulder from posterior standard portal. The anchor on the glenoid face is placed through a cannula in a standard anterosuperior portal to reduce the bony Bankart piece. The anchor is loaded with the 2 suture limbs of the anchor, which had been placed medially to the fragment on the glenoid neck previously. FIGURE 2. Cross-section: anchor position relative to fracture. 103BONY BANKART BRIDGE PROCEDURE
  • 3. sutures are then tied by use of a sliding-locking Weston knot that is backed up with 2 alternating half-hitches. The free limbs are cut. Typically, 1 an- chor is placed inferior to the bony fragment; however, depending on the size of the bony piece and its posi- tion on the glenoid face, 2 inferior anchors may be used on occasion. The bony Bankart is now fixed with a bridging technique. The sutures will span the bony fragment and provide 2-point fixation of the fragment. The sutures from the medial anchor are retrieved out the anteroinferior cannula, and the tension can be assessed to test the fracture reduction and to evaluate the opti- mal position for the lateral fixation anchor on the glenoid face before drilling. The drill hole should be placed on the glenoid face at the cartilage-fracture margin. The 2 free limbs of the medial suture anchor are fed into a 3.5-mm Bio-PushLock anchor (Arthrex), which is then pushed into the drill hole on the glenoid face (Fig 1). The suture limbs are tensioned before final fixation of the anchor. By these means, the bony fragment is reduced and compressed back into its donor bed, and an arthroscopic osteosynthesis is achieved (Fig 2). This “bony Bankart bridge” provides secure 2-point fixation and compression of the frac- ture, without tilting of the bony piece. The security of the construct can be tested with a probe. The free limbs are cut flush with the Bio-PushLock anchor. Additional repair of the superior capsule, labrum, and middle glenohumeral ligament should then be performed superior to the Bankart bridge. We recom- mend placing at least 1 anchor superior to the Bankart bridge because this will provide additional rotational stability. Depending on the size of the bony Bankart lesion, 1 or more bony Bankart bridges can be used to secure the fragment. Figure 3 illustrates the final re- pair. DISCUSSION In acute cases or when radiographic and arthro- scopic assessment show a mobile bony Bankart frag- ment, the technique presented can be used to treat these lesions arthroscopically. In cases of older frac- FIGURE 3. Final repair with reduced bony Bankart piece, repaired labrum, and shifted capsule and IGHL complex. 104 P. J. MILLETT AND S. BRAUN
  • 4. tures or bone loss with fragments that cannot be re- duced or when there has been resorption of the bone fragment, other techniques such as an open or arthro- scopic Latarjet procedure or iliac crest bone graft reconstruction should be considered.12-15 The bony Bankart bridge technique can restore the glenoid cavity by reducing the Bankart fracture under direct visual control while at the same time restoring tension in the IGHL complex. The anchors placed superior and inferior to the Bankart bridge provide additional rotational control, whereas the Bankart bridge itself compresses the fracture down onto the glenoid with 2-point fixation, creating a large surface area for bony healing. Compression and rotational stability comprise the main difference between our technique and previously published arthroscopic tech- niques with 1-point fixation.6 Our technique uses the same principles as recently published techniques for arthroscopic approaches to fractures of the greater tuberosity.9-11 Thus the described technique combines the advantages of the arthroscopic Bankart repair with its ability to selectively shift the capsule and repair the labrum while at the same time restoring the bony anatomy with stable, compressing, nontilting fracture fixation. The bony Bankart bridge technique is repro- ducible and easy to perform and is an excellent way of arthroscopically treating bony Bankart lesions. REFERENCES 1. Bigliani LU, Newton PM, Steinmann SP, Connor PM, McIl- veen SJ. Glenoid rim lesions associated with recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Am J Sports Med 1998;26:41-45. 2. Bankart AS, Cantab MC. Recurrent or habitual dislocation of the shoulder-joint. 1923. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993:3-6. 3. Porcellini G, Paladini P, Campi F, Paganelli M. Long-term outcome of acute versus chronic bony Bankart lesions man- aged arthroscopically. Am J Sports Med 2007;35:2067-2072. 4. Chuang TY, Adams CR, Burkhart SS. Use of preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography to quantify glenoid bone loss in shoulder instability. Arthroscopy 2008;24:376- 382. 5. Griffith JF, Antonio GE, Tong CW, Ming CK. Anterior shoul- der dislocation: Quantification of glenoid bone loss with CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;180:1423-1430. 6. Porcellini G, Campi F, Paladini P. Arthroscopic approach to acute bony Bankart lesion. Arthroscopy 2002;18:764-769. 7. Sugaya H, Kon Y, Tsuchiya A. Arthroscopic repair of glenoid fractures using suture anchors. Arthroscopy 2005;21:635.e1- 635.e5. Available online at www.arthroscopyjournal.org. 8. Cameron SE. Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of an anterior glenoid fracture. Arthroscopy 1998;14:743-746. 9. Ji JH, Kim WY, Ra KH. Arthroscopic double-row suture anchor fixation of minimally displaced greater tuberosity frac- tures. Arthroscopy 2007;23:1133.e1-1133.e4. Available online at www.arthroscopyjournal.org. 10. Kim KC, Rhee KJ, Shin HD, Kim YM. Arthroscopic fixation for displaced greater tuberosity fracture using the suture- bridge technique. Arthroscopy 2008;24:120.e1-120.e3. Avail- able online at www.arthroscopyjournal.org. 11. Song HS, Williams GR. Arthroscopic reduction and fixation with suture-bridge technique for displaced or comminuted greater tuberosity fractures. Arthroscopy 2008;24:956-960. 12. Lafosse L, Lejeune E, Bouchard A, Kakuda C, Gobezie R, Kochhar T. The arthroscopic Latarjet procedure for the treat- ment of anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy 2007;23: 1242.e1-1242.e5. Available online at www.arthroscopyjournal. org. 13. Latarjet M. Technic of coracoid preglenoid arthroereisis in the treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder. Lyon Chir 1958;54:604-607 (in French). 14. Warner JJ, Gill TJ, O’Hollerhan JD, Pathare N, Millett PJ. Anatomical glenoid reconstruction for recurrent anterior gle- nohumeral instability with glenoid deficiency using an autog- enous tricortical iliac crest bone graft. Am J Sports Med 2006;34:205-212. 15. Millett PJ, Clavert P, Warner JJ. Open operative treatment for anterior shoulder instability: When and why? J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:419-432. 105BONY BANKART BRIDGE PROCEDURE