The document discusses limb salvage surgery for both trauma and tumor cases. For traumatic injuries, it discusses the decision making process around whether to attempt limb salvage or perform amputation. It presents several scoring systems used to evaluate the likelihood of successful salvage. For tumors, it discusses options for reconstruction after limb salvaging resections, including allografts, endoprostheses, and allograft-prosthetic composites. It also outlines techniques for resections and reconstructions of various parts of the upper and lower extremities.
3. Limb salvage and trauma
Starts at E.R. when a mangled
extremity arrives – series of
decisions
1. If life in danger, should the mangled
limb be amputated
2. If stable, should an attempt be made to
salvage the mangled limb
3. If salvage, what is the sequence of
repairs
4. If salvage fails, when should
amputation be performed.
4. Most difficult decision
Whether to attempt salvage or not
5 Scoring systems published
Author / Year Name Criteria
Gregory et al.1985 Mangled Extremity
Syndrome Index
9
Seiler et al.1986 - 4
Howe et al.1987 Predictive Salvage Index PSI 4
Johansen et al.1990 Mangled Extremity Severity
Score (MESS)- Prospective
4
Russell et al.1991 Limb Salvage Index (LSI) 7
6. Two major criteria
Immediate amputation Vs attempted
salvage, if either present- amputation
better choice.
1. Loss of arterial inflow
>6 hrs., esp. in
presence of a crush
injury which disrupts
collateral vessels.
2. Disruption of
posterior
tibial nerve.
7. Relative indications of amputation in
Gustilo III-C tibial #s Lange & Hansen et al.
1. Serious associated polytrauma.
2. Severe ipsilateral foot trauma.
3. Anticipated protracted course for
soft tissue coverage and tibial
reconstruction.
If 2 of these
present
immediate
amputation is
recommended.
8. Heroic techniques to save a limb
If vascular repair satisfactory on
arteriogram, but distal extremity
borderline viability because of
– vascular spasm,
– extreme destruction of collateral vessels
in soft tissues or
– prolonged ischaemia.
1. Sympathetic blocks or
sympathectomy of the involved limb.
9. 2. Proximal arterial infusion with
Heparin – Tolazoline – Saline
Solution (1000 U heparin + 500mg
tolazoline in 1000ml saline) @ 30ml/
hr.
3. Venous infusion with
L.M.W.Dextran @ 500ml/ 12hrs.
11. Tumor and limb salvage
Advances in imaging, chemotherapy,
radiotherapy & surgical technique
Treatment of choice in most bone
and soft tissue sarcomas
– Preoperative radiation – soft tissue
sarcomas
– Neoadjuvant chemotherapy – bone
sarcomas
12. Rarely L. S. not possible e.g.
Neurovascular structures
involvement,
Displaced pathological fracture,
Complications sec to poorly
performed biopsy.
13. Limb salvage / Amputation
Expectations & desires of the
individual and his family.
Simon – 4 Issues
– Survival (Mortality)
– Morbidity – short & long term
– Function – compared to prosthesis
– Psychosocial consequences
14. Literature
Several studies of comparison of
– Multimodal treatment (Sx + CT)
– Amputation
– Disarticulation
Osteosarcoma
– Long term survival 20% to 70%
– Local recurrence distal femur lesions 5 –
10% equivalent to transfemoral
amputations.
– Very low in hip disarticulation.
15. Survival - No study has proved any
superiority of any surgical technique
comparing
– Limb salvage
– Transfemoral amputation or
– Hip disarticulation
Provided wide surgical margins
obtained.
16. Amputation
Technically demanding for
malignancy
– Non standard flaps
– Bone graft augmentation – better fxnal
limb
Complications
– Infection, wound dehiscence
– Chronic painful limb, phantom limb
– Appositional bone growth – revision.
17. Limb salvage
Greater perioperative and long term
morbidity.
– More extensive surgical procedure.
– Greater risk of infection & wound
dehiscence,
– Flap necrosis
– Blood loss
– DVT
18. Long term complications
– Periprosthetic fractures
– Prosthetic loosening or dislocation
– Non-union of graft-host junction
– Allograft #
– LLD & late infection
Multiple future operations.
1/3rd of long term survivors –
amputations.
19. Functional outcome:
Location of tumor most important issue.
Resection of upper extremity lesion with limb
salvage even sacrificing 1 or 2 major nerves –
better fxn – than amputation & prosthetic use.
Resection of proximal femoral or pelvic lesion
with local recurrence – better fxn – than
disarticulation or hemipelvectomy.
Ankle & foot – amputation + prosthetic fitting
better in large sarcomas.
Sarcomas around knee - individualized.
20. Osteosarcoma around knee
Usually three surgical procedures
1. Wide resection with prosthetic knee
replacement,
2. Wide resection with allograft
arthrodesis &
3. Trans femoral amputation.
Less commonly,
– Osteoarticular allograft reconstruction
– Rotationplasty
21. Compared to transfemoral amputees,
pts. having resection & prosthetic
knee replacement
– demonstrated higher self selected
walking velocities and
– a more efficient gait with regards to O2
consumption.
Otis,lane & kroll
22. Long term functions for tumors
about knee
Amputation-
– difficulty walking on steps, rough, slippery
surfaces but
– were active and
– least worried about damaging the effected
limb.
Arthrodesis-
– performed most demanding physical work &
recreational activities
– Difficulty in sitting esp. back seat.
Harris et al.
23. Arthroplasty-
– generally led more sedentary life & were
protective of their limb
– Little difficulty in ADL
– Least self concerned about their limb.
A successful arthrodesis is more
durable in long term than a mobile
joint reconstruction.
25. Leg length discrepancy
Future LLD
– Expandable prosthesis
– Limb lengthening procedures
Complication may out weigh benefits
esp. in children <10 yrs.
– Temporary osteoarticular allograft – to
spare the adjacent physis.
– Disarticulation and rotationplasty.
26. Psychological outcome
No evidence of any significant diff.
Pt must make the final decision
– Short & long term goals
– Lifestyle modifications.
27. Margins of tumor
Oncological surgical
procedures,
– margins should be
defined
– Amputation /
Resection.
29. Intralesional margins
Plane of dissection
is within the tumor,
Gross residual
tumor
Symptomatic
benign lesions
Debulking
Palliative
procedure in
metastatic disease.
30. Marginal margin
Closest plane of dissection passes
through the pseudocapsule.
Most benign lesions
Some low grade malignancies
Selective high grade malignancies
+ preop. radiotherapy and neoadjuvant
chemotherapy
32. Wide margins
Plane of dissection is
in normal tissue
No specific distance
defined.
Cuff of normal tissue
Goal of most
procedures for high
grade malignancies.
33. Radical margins
All compartments that
contain the tumor
removed en bloc
– Soft tissue sarcomas –
• removing entire
compartment (or multiple
compartments) of involved
muscles
– Bone tumors-
• removing entire bone and
the compartments of any
involved ms. *
34. Oncological standpoint of view:
8 different surgical procedures
– Resection - with 4 types of margins
– Amputations - with 4 types of margins
Amputations being usually
– wide or radical (high A K amputations)
– or may be marginal (Hemipelvectomy).
35. RESECTION & RECONSTRUCTION
Current treatment for most
musculoskeletal malignancies.
Aggressive benign neoplasms.
Goal of resection:
– Wide margin if possible and if not
– Marginal margin + C.T. / R.T.
• e.g: radiation for soft tissue sarcomas.
– Marginal margin - most benign lesions.
36. Reconstruction
Allograft arthrodesis still a role in
some circumstances.
3 options available for preserving a
mobile joint:
1. Osteoarticular allograft reconstruction
2. Endoprosthetic reconstruction
3. Allograft prosthesis composite
Sometimes rotationplasty.
37. Complications
Oncological procedures have higher
complications due to
– Extensive nature of operations
– Extensive tissue loss
– Side effects of radiation and
chemotherapy
– Generally young pts. with high activity.
Wound necrosis and infection same.
38. Osteoarticular allografts
Adv:
– Ability to replace ligaments, tendons &
intraarticular structures.
– As a temporary measure to preserve adjacent
physis till skeletal maturity e.g. Prox tibia
Disadv:
– nonunion at graft host jxn.
– fatigue #, articular collapse, dislocation,
degenerative jt. dis. & failure of ligament &
tendon attachments.
39. Allograft prosthesis composites
Long term soln. for some pts.
Adv:
– Avoid deg. jt disorders and articular collapse
– Preserving ability to directly attach soft tissue
structures.
Disadv:
– fatigue #, infection and non union at graft host
jxn.
40. Endoprosthetic Reconstruction
Long term fxn for some pts.
Adv:
– Predictable immediate stability
– Quicker rehab with immediate FWB
– Increased durability – better implants.
– Incremental limb lengthening
Disadv:
– Long term compl. if pt. is cured of disease.
– polyetheylene wear – inserts replaced.
– Fatigue # common at yoke of a rotating hinge –
replaceable.
– Fatigue # at base of stem – difficult to remove.
41. Segmental bone and joint prosthesis
Usually secured through composite
fixation
Intramedullary stem - fixed with cement –
immediate stability quicker rehab.
Shoulder region of prosthesis – porous
coating –
– promoting late extramedullary cortical
bridging
– also protecting cement- bone interface &
– additional structural support.
Bonegrafting at shoulder region to
promote extracortical bridging.
43. Upper Extremity:
Even the best artificial limbs fail to provide
comparable fxn, unlike lower ext.
Even with sacrifice of 3 major nerves, limb
salvage is better functional than artificial.
– Prox. humeral resection– Axillary N. sacrificed.
– Humeral shaft- Radial N.
If median & ulnar Ns sacrificed – L.S. is
better if functioning ms. are available for
transfers.
44. Resection of shoulder girdle
Scapular tumors-
– extend to glenohumeral jt.
– Extra-articular resection of humeral
head en bloc with scapula
Proximal humeral tumors-
– Extend into the joint through biceps
tendon
– Extra-articular partial scapulectomy
45. Classification: 6 types.
TYPE I – Intra-articular prox. humeral
resection.
TYPE II – Partial scapular resection.
Type III – Intra-articular total
scapulectomy.
TYPE IV – Extra-articular total
scapulectomy and humeral head
resection (Classical Tickhoff Linberg)
Malawer et al.
46. TYPE V –Extra-articular humeral
head resection.
TYPE VI - Extra-articular humeral
and total scapular resection.
Subtypes:
– A - Abductor mech. intact.
– B - Partial or complete resection.
47.
48. Tikhoff- Linberg procedure:
Total scapulectomy
Partial/complete excision of clavicle
Excision of prox. humerus.
Use:
– Malignant tumors about shoulder joint.
– Usually sacrificing Axillary N. and
sometimes Radial N.
49. Resection of clavicle:
Subcutaneous – early detection.
Either end resection.
Entire bone excision.
Little loss of function.
eg. solitary myelomas, ABC, non
specific granulomatous lesions.
50. Subtotal resection of scapula
Tumors of scapular body wihout joint
involvement is rare.
E.g. Extraabdominal desmoids, GCT,
Low grade Chondrosarcoma – Partial
scapulectomy
Subscapularis m. good margin
prevents chest wall invasion.
51. Partial resection of scapula
Parts of scapula to entire bone.
E.g. Benign tumors, TB, chronic
ostemyelitis.
Body alone resected – shoulder is
fairly stable and functional provided
ms. are attached in fxnal positions.
52. Resection of proximal humerus:
Biopsy - Anterior third of deltoid- no
contamination of delto-pectoral
interval.
Used in:
– Sarcomas- Resection of prox. humerus
with contiguous soft tissues-
satisfactory margins
– Aggressive benign neoplasms and
metastatic carcinomas of prox.
humerus.
53. Reconstructive alternatives:
1. Flial shoulder
2. Passive Spacer – Allograft or
autograft, fibular or prosthetic
implants ( better cosmesis / fxn).
3. Arthroplasty (implant or allograft).
4. Arthrodesis e.g. Enneking method
55. Resection of distal humerus
Lesions in elbow requiring limb salvage
are rare.
Occasional malignant/ aggressive benign
lesions like Chondroblastoma or GCT.
Reconstruction options-
– Flial elbow
– Osteaoarticular allograft
– Implant arthroplasty
– Arthrodesis
56. Resection of proximal radius / ulna
Considerable portion can be
resected without reconstruction in
radius.
57. Resection of distal radius:
E.g. GCT
Reconstruction by:
– Arthroplasty,
– Arthrodesis using allograft or auto graft.
Proximal fibular auto graft
reconstruction arthroplasty
– Maintain motion but light activities.
Arthrodesis
– Sacrifice motion but more stable.
58. Resection of distal ulna
No reconstruction needed.
Periosteum is excised with the
tumor.