Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a condition in which blood clots form throughout the body, blocking small blood vessels. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, leg pain, problems speaking, or problems moving parts of the body.

1. PRESENTATION ON
EMERGENCY, TRAUMA
AND
MULTI-SYSTEM ORGAN
FAILURE
Presented to:
Dr. Pallavi Pathania
Associate Professor
Medical Surgical Nursing
Shimla Nursing College
Presented by:
Reena Sharma
M.sc.(Nursing) 1st year
Shimla Nursing College
Annandale, Shimla

2. INDEX
SR. NO. CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. DIC
3. Trauma
4. Burn
5. Poising
6. Conclusion
7. Summarization
8 Recapitalization
9 Assignment
10 Bibliography

3. INTRODUCTION:
• Emergencies can happen anywhere at any time.
Small-scale incidents occur frequently and are
dealt with effectively by the emergency
services. A Trauma service provides care for
people who have sustained physical injuries.
These injuries are often the result of an accident
but can be sustained in other circumstances.

4. CONT…
MODS(MULTI-ORGAN DYSFUNCTIONING
SYNDROME)
It is progressive dysfunction of two or more major
organ systems in a critically ill patient that makes it
impossible to maintain homeostasis without medical
intervention and that is typically a complication of
sepsis and is a major factor in predicting mortality
.

5. Or
It is also known as multiple organ failure
(MOF), total organ failure (TOF) or
multisystem organ failure (MSOF), is
altered organ function in an acutely ill
patient requiring medical intervention to
achieve homeostasis
Cont…

6. DEFINITIONS:
EMERGENCY:
something dangerous or serious, such as an
accident, that happens suddenly or unexpectedly and
needs fast action in order to avoid harmful results.
OR
• An emergency is a situation that poses an immediate
risk to health, life, property, or environment.

7. MOST COMMON MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
• Bleeding
• Trauma
• Burn
• Poising
• Breathing difficulties

8. Cont…
• Someone collapses
• Fit and/or epileptic seizure
• Severe pain
• Heart attack
• A stroke

9. (DIC)
DISSEMINATED
INTRAVASCULAR
COGULOPATHY

10. INTRODUCTION
• In disseminated intravascular coagulation,
abnormal clumps of thickened blood (clots)
form inside blood vessels. These abnormal
clots use up the blood's clotting factors,
which can lead to massive bleeding in other
places. Causes include inflammation,
infection and cancer.

11. DEFINITION:
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation
(DIC) is a serious disorder in which the
proteins that control blood clotting
become overactive.

12. OR
• Disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC) is a condition in
which blood clots form throughout
the body, blocking small blood
vessels.
Cont…

13. RISK FACTORS:
• Blood transfusion reaction
• Cancer, especially certain types of leukemia
• Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)
• Infection in the blood, especially by bacteria
or fungus

14. • Liver disease
• Pregnancy complications (such as
placenta that is left behind after
delivery)
Cont…

15. CLASSIFICATION
ACUTE
• It happened rapidly, the coagulopathy is dominant and
major symptoms are bleeding and shock, mainly seen
in severe infection, amniotic fluid embolism
CHRONIC
• it happened slowly and last several weeks, thrombosis
and clotting may predominate
• mainly seen in cancer.

16. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:

17. Clinical findings
Bleeding
Bruising
Deep vein thrombosis
Purpura
Petechiae
Oliguria
Acute renal failure

18. Dyspnea
cyanosis
Respiratory failure
Convulsion
Coma
Progressive cardiac failure
shock
Cont…

19. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:
• History taking
• Physical examination

20. LABORATORY TEST FINDINGS
Platelet count Markedly decreased
Prothrombin time Increased
Activated partial thromboplastin time Increased
Fibrin degradation products Markedly Increased
Fibrinogen Normal or decreased
D-dimer Markedly increased
Cont…

21. TREATMENT
Replacement therapy
Other Treatment
Heparin therapy
Treatment of the
underlying disorder

22. Treatment of the underlying disorder:
• Avoid of either acute or chronic DIC.
• Avoid delay treat vigorously (e.g. shock,
delay treat vigorously (e.g., shock, sepsis,
obstetrical problems
Cont…

23. Cont…
Replacement therapy:
• Coagulation factor deficiency require
replacement with FFP (fresh frozen plasma).
• Platelet transfusion should be used to
maintain a platelet count greater than
30000/μl, and 50000/μl.

24. Cont….
Heparin therapy:
• In some cases heparin therapy is contraindicated,
but when DIC is producing serious clinical
consequences Dose:500~750u/h is necessary.
• Heparin therapy must be used in combination with
replacement therapy, it can lead to severe bleeding

25. Cont….
Other treatment:
• Aminocaproic acid, 1g/h iv Aminocaproic acid, 1g/h
iv
• Tranexamic acid, 10mg/kg, iv,q8h,
Aminocaproic acid can never be used without heparin in
DIC because of the risk of thrombosis

26. ACUTE DIC:
Without bleeding or evidence of ischemia: No
treatment
With bleeding :
• Blood components as needed
• Fresh frozen plasma
• Cryoprecipitate
• Platelet transfusions
With ischemia:
Anticoagulants after bleeding risk is corrected
with blood products

27. Chronic DIC:
Without thromboembolism :No specific therapy
needed
But prophylactic drugs: eg, (low dose heparin, low
molecular weight heparin)
May be used for patients at high risk of thrombosis.

28. CONT..
With thromboembolism :Heparin or low-molecular-
weight heparin, trial of warfarin sodium (Coumadin).
(If warfarin is unsuccessful, long-term use of low –
molecular weight heparin may be helpful.)

29. COMPLICATION OF DIC:
Severe bleeding
Stroke
Ischemia of extremities or organs
Waterhouse-Friderichse syndrome
Sheehan’s syndrome
Kasabach-merritt syndrome

30. TRAUMA

31. TRAUMA
DEFINITION:
Trauma is the response to a deeply distressing
or disturbing event that overwhelms an
individual’s ability to cope, causes feelings of
helplessness, diminishes their sense of self and
their ability to feel the full range of emotions
and experiences.

32. OR
Severe emotional shock and pain caused by
an extremely upsetting experience.
Cont…

33. TYPES OF TRAUMA :
• BLUNT TRAUMA
• PENETRATING TRAUMA
• DECELERATION INJURIES
• EXTERNAL FORCE INJURIES

34. ETIOLOGY OF TRAUMA :
UN-HELMETED MOTORCYCLES OR BICYCLE CRASH
MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH
FALL
ASSULT

35. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
All trauma leads to
Decreased organ perfusion,
Cellular ischemia,
Edema and inflammation. Once begun,
Inflammation becomes a disease process independent of its origin,
Multiple organ failure and
Death even after a patient has been completely resuscitated.

36. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
• Fractures
• Contusions
• Open wound
• Vomiting or nausea
• Dizziness
• Edema

37. Cont..
• Increased heart rate
• Low blood pressure
• Fever
• Disorientation or confusion
• Loss of consciousness
• Feeling of coldness as temperature
drops
• Increased metabolism

38. Diagnostic evaluation:
• History taking
• Physical examination
• X-ray

39. • CT Scan
• Ultrasonography
• Echocardiography
• MRI Scan
Cont…

40. MANAGEMENET:
The primary survey consists of the following
steps:
●Airway assessment and protection (maintain
cervical spine stabilization when appropriate)
●Breathing and ventilation assessment (maintain
adequate oxygenation)
●Circulation assessment (control hemorrhage and
maintain adequate end-organ perfusion)

41. ●Disability assessment (perform
basic neurologic evaluation)
●Exposure, with environmental
control (undress patient and search
everywhere for possible injury,
while preventing hypothermia)
Cont…

42. 1) AIRWAY:
• Severely injured patients can develop airway
obstruction or inadequate ventilation leading to
hypoxia and death within minutes.
• Assessment — In a conscious patient, initial airway
assessment can be performed as fellow:
• Inspect and palpate the anterior neck for lacerations,
hemorrhage, crepitus, swelling, or other signs of
injury.

43. ASSESSMENT IS DONE BY LEMON
mnemonic
L: LOOK: Facial and neck injuries can distort
external and internal structures making it
difficult to visualize the glottis or insert an
endotracheal tube.
E: EVALUATE : This refers to the intraoral,
mandibular, and hyoid-to-thyroid notch
distances.
Cont…

44. Cont..
• M: MALLAMPATI: A standard
calculation of the mallampati score
cannot be performed in many
trauma patients; injured patients
requiring emergency intubation
often cannot open their mouths
spontaneously

45. CONT..
O: OBSTRUCTION/OBESITY: Any number of
injuries can obstruct the airway including internal
or external hematomas or soft tissue edema from
smoke inhalation.
N: NECK MOBILITY: Neck stabilization is
necessary in most trauma patients. It is important
to note that the risk of neurologic injury from
hypoxemia is much greater than the risk of spinal
injury due to neck extension during intubation.

46. Intubation :
• Tracheal intubation of the injured patient is often
complicated by the need to maintain cervical
immobilization, the presence of obstructions
such as blood, vomitus, and debris, and possibly
by direct trauma to the airway.
• Intubation improves oxygenation, thereby
helping to meet increased physiologic demands

47. • Cricothyrotomy — Clinicians who
manage trauma must be prepared to
perform a cricothyrotomy when
orotracheal intubation cannot be
accomplished
Cont…

48. • Breathing and ventilation — Once airway
patency is ensured, assess the adequacy of
oxygenation and ventilation.
• Chest trauma accounts for 20 to 25 percent of
trauma-related deaths, in large part due to its
harmful effects on oxygenation and ventilation
2) Breathing and ventilation

49. 3) CIRCULATION:
• Recognition and management of hemorrhage —
Once the airway and breathing are stabilized, perform
an initial evaluation of the patient's circulatory status by
palpating central pulses
• While circulation is assessed, two large-bore (16 gauge
or larger) intravenous (IV) catheters are placed, most
often in the antecubital fossa of each arm

50. 4) Disability assessment:
Once problems related to the airway,
breathing, and circulation are addressed,
perform a focused neurologic examination.
This should include a description of the
patient’s
Level of consciousness using the
glass-cow coma scale (GCS) score,

51. assessments of pupillary size and
reactivity,
 Gross motor function,
 sensation
Cont…

52. 5) Exposure and environmental control:
• Emergency department (ED) and
operating room (OR) temperatures of
at least 29.4°C (85°F) during the
treatment of these patients .

53. • Rapidly remove wet clothing, make
liberal use of warm blankets and active
external warming devices, and warm IV
fluids and blood.
• Hypothermia should be prevented if
possible and treated immediately once
identified.
Cont…

54. LEVEL OF TRAUMA CARE:
• Level I: Provides every aspect of trauma care from
prevention through rehabilitation
• Level II: Provides initial definitive care
• Level III: Provides assessment, resuscitation,
emergency care, stabilization
• Level IV: Provides advanced trauma life support prior to
transfer

55. TRIAGE:
• Four common triage categories:
IMMEDIATE (RED)
DELAYED (YELLOW)
MINIMAL (GREEN)
EXPECTANT (BLACK)

57. INTRODUCTION:
• A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other
tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity,
chemicals, friction, or radiation.
Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids,
solids, or fire. Burns are generally
preventable. Treatment depends on the
severity of the burn

58. DEFINITION:
• Damage to the skin or deeper tissues
caused by sun, hot liquids, fire, electricity
or chemicals.
OR
• A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other
tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity,
chemicals, friction, or radiation

59. ETIOLOGY OF BURN:
DRY HEAT CHEMICAL
FLAME
FROSTIBITE
ELECTRICAL
CONTACT
IONIZING
RADIATION

60. CLASSIFICATION OF BURN:
DEPENDING UPON THE
PERCENTAGE OF BURN:
1.MILD
2.MODERATE
3.SEVERE
DEPENDING UPON THE THIKNESS OF
SKIN INVOLVED :
1. FIRST DEGREE
2. SECOND DEGREE
3. THIRD DEGREE
4. FOURTH DEGREE

61. 1.Depending on the percentage of burns:
• MILD:
• Partial thickness burns:
<15% in adults and
<10% In children
• Full thickness burns:
<2% it Can be treated on outpatient
department

62. Cont…
• MODERATE:
• Second degree burn of 15-25% burns
• Third degree burn between 2-10% burns
• Burns which are not involving eyes, ears
Face, hand, feet and perineum

63. Cont…
• SEVERE:
• Second degree burns more then 25% in adults
and More then 20% in children
• All third degree burns more then10%
• All electrical burns and inhalation burns
• Burns with fracture
• Burns involving eyes, ears, feet, hands and
perineum

64. 2.Depending on thickness of skin involved:
1ST First Degree(superficial) burn:
• It affect only the outer layer of skin. The
epidermis
• Epidermis looks red and painful
• No blisters formation
• Heals rapidly In 5-7 days by
epithelialization Without scarring

65. Cont…
2nd degree burns( Partial thickness)
• It involve the epidermis and part of the lower
layer of skin , the dermis.
• Affected area is red, mottled, painful
• Blister formation
• Heals in 14-21 days by epithelialization With
scaring

66. Cont…
3rd degree(full thickness) burns:
• It destroy the epidermis and dermis.
• They may go to the innermost layer of
skin, the subcutaneous tissue.
• Affected area is painless and insensitive
with Thrombosis of superficial vessels
• It requires grafting

67. Cont..
4th degree burns:
• It involves underlying Tissues,
Muscles, bones
• There is no feeling in the area since
the nerve ending are destroyed..

69. Lack son's thermal wound theory:
Zone of coagulation—
 This occurs at the point of maximum damage.
 In this zone there is irreversible tissue loss due to
coagulation of the constituent proteins.
Zone of stasis—
 The surrounding zone of stasis is characterised by decreased
tissue perfusion.
 The tissue in this zone is potentially salvageable.

70. Cont…
Zone of hyperemia—
In this outermost zone tissue
perfusion is increased.
The tissue here will invariably
recover unless there is severe
sepsis or prolonged hypoperfusion.

71. Sign and symptoms:
• Cardiovascular changes—
• Capillary permeability is increased,
• leading to loss of intravascular proteins and fluids into
the interstitial compartment.
• Peripheral and splanchnic vasoconstriction occurs.
• Myocardial contractility is decreased,
• organ hypoperfusion.

72. • Respiratory changes—
• Inflammatory
mediators cause
bronchoconstriction,
• in severe burns adult
respiratory distress
syndrome can occur.

73. Cont…
• Metabolic changes—
• The basal metabolic rate increases up
to three times its original rate.
• This, coupled with splanchnic
hypoperfusion, necessitates early and
aggressive enteral feeding to decrease
catabolism and maintain gut integrity.

74. Cont..
• Immunological changes—
• Non-specific down regulation of
the immune response occurs,
• affecting both cell mediated and
humoral pathways

75. Cont…
• GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM:
• mucosal atrophy
• decreased absorption & increased intestinal
permeability
• Increased bacterial translocation
• Septicemia
• Curling;s ulcer.
• Abdominal compartment syndrome

76. Cont…
Renal system:
• Diminished blood flow and cardiac output leads to
decreased renal blood flow and GFR
• Toxins released from the wound along with sepsis causes
acute tubular necrosis.
• Myoglobin released from muscles (in case of electric
injury or often from eschar) is most injurious to kidneys.
• Earlier resuscitation decreases renal failure and
improves associated mortality

77. Pathophysiology
Heat
causes
coagulation necrosis of skin and subcutaneous tissue
Release of vasoactive peptides
Altered capillary permeability
Loss of fluid Severe hypovolaemia

78. Cont…
Decreased cardiac Decreased myocardial output
function
Decreased renal blood Oliguria flow (Renal failure)
Altered pulmonary resistance causing pulmonary edema
Infection
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS).

79. Assessment of burn:
• 1) Wallace`s rules of nine
• It is used for early assessment

80. 2) The Lund and Browder chart:
• Better method for assessing the burns wound.
• Here each part of the body is individually assessed

81. 3) Rule of palm:
• Patient’s entire hand area is 1%.
• Clean piece of paper is cut to
the size of hand and through that
percentage of burns is assessed.

82. Management of burn at home:

83. Management of burn:
• Management of burn is depend upon the severity of burn:
 Airway:
Breathing: beware of inhalation and rapid airway compromise
Circulation:
Fluid replacement:
Disability: compartment syndrome
 Exposure: percentage area of burn.

84. 1) Establishment of adequate airway:
• Administer oxygen therapy.
• Arterial blood gas analysis.
• Endotracheal intubation is done.
• Use of pressure ventilators.
• Secretion from respiratory passage.

85. 2) Fluids management:
• Initiate fluids for ongoing resuscitation and fluid losses
using the Parkland formula with half of this total given
in the first 8 hours after injury
4ml of crystalloid solution (kg of body weight)
×(burn)=ml in first 24 hours
• Example: In the case of a patient weighing 70 kg with a
50% TBSA burn, (4 × 70 × 50) = 14 000 mL needed in
the first 24 hours. Half is needed in the first 8 hours after
injury and remaining is giving after 16 hours.

86. • Consensus formula:
• RL (2-4) ml× kg body weight ×% total
body surface area (TBSA burn)
• First 8 hours- half solution
• Next 16 hours – remaining half to be given.
Cont…

87. • Even formula:
• Colloids: 1ml × kg body weight ×% TBSA burn
• Electrolytes: 1ml × kg body weight ×% TBSA burn
• Glucose (5% in water):2000 ml for insensible loss
Cont…

88. • Brooke army formula:
• Collides: 0.5ml × kg body weight ×% TBSA burn
• Electrolytes (RL) 1.5ml × kg body weight ×% TBSA
burn
• Glucose (5% in water):2000 ml for insensible loss
Cont…

89. 3) Pain and anxiety medications:
• Penicillin prophylaxis
• Healing burns can be incredibly painful
• E.g. – Morphine sulphate

90. 4) Burn creams and Ointments:
E.g. –
Bacitracin
Silver sulfadiazine
 Providine-iodine ointment
 0.5% silver nitrate solution

91. 5) Dressing:

92. 6) Tetanus shot:
• If you have not had a tetanus shot in the past
five years and your burn is superficial partial-
thickness or deeper, you need a tetanus
booster vaccine

93. Surgical treatment:
• Skin grafts – a skin grafts is a
surgical procedure in which a
sections of your own healthy skin
are used to replace the scar tissue
caused by deep burns .
• Donor skin from deceased donors or
pigs can be used as a temporary
solution .

94. Plastic surgery:
• Plastic surgery(reconstruction)
can improve the appearance of
burn scars and increase the
flexibility of joints affected by
scarring.

95. Causes of death:
• Hypovolaemia (refractory and uncontrolled) and shock
• Renal failure
• Pulmonary oedema and ARDS
• Septicaemia
• Multiorgan failure
• Acute airway block in head and neck burns

96. POISONING

97. INTRODUCTION:
• Poisoning is when a person is exposed to a substance that
can damage their health or endanger their life. In 2013-14,
almost 150,000 people were admitted to hospital with
poisoning in England. Most cases of poisoning happen at
home and children under five have the highest risk of
accidental poisoning.
• In around one in four reported cases, the person
intentionally poisoned themselves as a deliberate act
of Self-harm .

98. Definition of Poisoning:
• Poisoning is a condition or a process in which
an organism becomes chemically harmed severely (poisoned) by
a toxic substance or venom of an animal.
OR
• A Poison is any chemical that harms the body. It can be:
 Accidental
 Occupational
 Recreational
 Intentional(killing)
 Natural or manufactured toxins

99. Mode of absorption:
• Ingestion
• Inhalation
• Injection
• Splashing in to the eye
• Absorbed through the skin (inuction)
• Insufflation ( the act of blowing gas or a
powder in to a body cavity)

100. Route of poisoning:
• Inhalation
• Absorption
• Injections
• ingestion

101. TYPES OF POISIOING:
1) ACIDS
2) ALKALIES
3) MEDICATION
4) METAL POISIONING
5) ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS POISONING
6) PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
7) OILS

102. 1)ACIDS:
NITRIC ACIDS
H2SO4
HCL
CARBOLIC ACID
ACETIC ACID

103. 2)ALKALIES:
DRAIN CLEARNERS
DISHWASHING:
-DETERGENTS
-AMMONIA
BLEACHERS

104. 3)MEDICATION:
ASPIRIN & ASPIRIN CONTAINING
MEDICATIONS
NSAIDS
HALLUCINOGEN
BARBITURATES
ALCOHOL

105. 4)METAL POISONING:
IRON
COPPER
CYANIDE
LEAD
ETHYLENE GLYCOL

106. LEAD POISONING:

107. 5)OP POISONING:
INSECTICIDES NAPHALENE
PESTICIDES
OPIUM
CASTOR OIL
MUSHROOM
TOBACCO
CANNABIS

108. ORGANOPHOSPHATE & CARBAMATE POISIONG:
• It is state of Acetylcholine excess
• It is a combination of:
Muscarinic receptor
Nicotinic receptor
Nicotinic receptor
CNS(unspecified)

109. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
Muscarinic effects
Nicotinic effects
General symptoms

110. Muscarinic effects ( antidote: atropine)
• Miosis
• Salivation
• Bradycardia
• Diarrhea
• Sweating
• pulmonary edema
• hypersecretion

111. Nicotinic effects:
• Fasciculation ( brief spontaneous
contraction of a few muscle fibers)
• Muscle paralysis
• CNS symptoms
• Coma
• Bradycardia
• Hypotension
• Respiratory depression

112. General sign and symptoms of poisoning:
• The symptoms of poisoning will depends on the type
of poison and the amount taken in, but general things
to look out for include:
vomiting
stomach pains
confusion
drowsiness and fainting fits

113. • Convulsions
• Crepitations in the chest for evidence of
aspiration ( soft-fine crackling sound heard in
the lungs through the stethoscope)
• Hypotension
• Bradycardia
• bradypnoea
Cont…

114. Diagnosis:
• History taking
• Physical examination
• Respiration and cyanosis
• Condition of skin
• Size of the pupil- small in OP Poisoning and
large in cocaine
• Small near the patient and gastric content

115. Management:
• Catherization, RT, establish patent airway
• IV line vascular access, gastric lavage
• Administration of activated charcoal orally
or via gastric tube within 60 minutes of
poison ingestion.
• Many toxins adhere to charcoal and
excreted through GI tract rather than
absorption in to the circulation

116. Skin and outer decontamination:
• It involves the removal of toxins from eyes and skin
using copious amount of water or saline
• Dry substances should be brushed from the skin.
• Remove the clothes before water is used.
• ((Personal protective devices should be used like
goggles gowns respirators etc.)

117. Bowel management:
• Cathartics (Sorbitol) are given
together with the first dose of charcoal
to stimulate intestinal motility.
• Whole bowel irrigation involves the
administration of bowel evacuant
solution(eg: golytely).

118. • This solution is administered every 4-5
hrs. until stool are clear.
• It is effective for swallowed objects foe
cocaine filled balloon or condoms, and
heavy metals such as lead and mercury

119. ANTIDOTES

120. List of antidots:
 Poison  Antidotes
 Organophosphate  Atropine
 Cyanide  Amyl nitrite
 Digoxin  Anti digoxin
 Paracetamol  Acetylcysteine
 Irritant gases  Budesonide
 Lead  Calcium disodium edetate
 Benzodiazepine  flumazenil
 Methanol  Ethanole

121. Cont…
 Poison  Antidotes
 insulin  Glucose
 Opioids analgesics  naloxone
 Carbon monoxide  Oxygen
 copper  Penicillamine
 Warfarin  Clotting factors
 Isoniazid  Vita 6
 Caffeine  Esmolol
 penicillin  Epinephrine

122.  Poison  Antidotes
 Curare  Tensilon
 Vincristine  Hyaluronidase
 Mistinon  Atropine sulphate
 Meyaproterenol  Esmolol
 Narcotics  Naloxone
 Chlorates  Methylene blue
 Thallium  Prussian blue
 Formaldehyde  Folic acid
Cont…

123. Promotion of poison excretion:
• Increase fluid intake
• Hemodialysis
• Hemoperfusion
• Peritoneal diaylsis

124. Supportive therapy:

125. Nurses responsibility:
• Inform police
• Report MLC
• Collect information from the surrounding
persons
• Preserve the suspending material like bottle
containing pills or liquid
• Preserve the vomited material.

126. REHABILITATION

127. INTRODUCTION:
• Rehabilitation is care that can help you get back,
keep, or improve abilities that you need for daily
life. These abilities may be physical, mental, and/or
cognitive (thinking and learning). You may have
lost them because of a disease or injury, or as a side
effect from a medical treatment. Rehabilitation can
improve your daily life and functioning.

128. DEFINITION
• Rehabilitation is “a set of
measures that assist individuals
who experience, or are likely to
experience, disability to achieve
and maintain optimal functioning
in interaction with their
environments”

129. TYPES OF REHABILITAION:
There are many type of rehabilitation. In poison depend upon which organ is affected
according to that we provide rehabilitation to the patient:
Neurological rehabilitation
Stroke rehabilitation
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Drug rehabilitation
Alcohol rehabilitation

130. CONT…
Medical rehabilitation
Physical rehabilitation
Vocational rehabilitation
Vestibular rehabilitation

131. NEED REHABILATION:
• Injuries and trauma: burns, fractures (broken bones), traumatic
brain injury, and spinal cord injuries , poison .
• Stroke
• Severe infections
• Major surgery

132. • Side effects from medical treatments, such as
from cancer treatments
• Certain birth defects and genetic disorders
• Developmental disabilities
• Chronic pain, including back and neck pain
CONT…

133. FELLOW-UP:
The follow-up clinic or cardiac rehab appointment is
successful if:
• Patient arrives at appointment within 7 days of
discharge from hospital.
• Discharge summary (including summary of
hospitalization, updated medication list) available to
follow-up provider.
• Patient brings his/her medications or a medication list to
clinic visit.

134. Reason for referral available to cardiac rehab
center and patient brings referral letter or
provider prescription
Rates of physician follow-up within 1 week of
discharge were low and varied substantially
across hospitals.
CONT…

135. Patients discharged from hospitals with more
consistent early follow-up with 7 days have
lower risk of 30-day readmission.
Enhanced transition planning and ensuring
that patients are evaluated within a week of
discharge represents an achievable target for
hospital quality improvement.
CONT…

136. Conclusion:
• I conclude that emergency is a situation
which can be occur anywhere at any time
which can cause severe trauma to the
patient and their family member.
immediate treatment should be required
otherwise it will lead to a death.

137. Summarization:
Today we discussed about:
Emergency
MODS
DIC
Trauma
Burn
Poising
Conclusion
Recapitalization
Bibliography

138. Recapitalization:
1) Define the common emergency ?
2) Define the classification of burn?
3) Define the antidot of paracetamol?

139. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
• Suddharth’s & brunner Textbook of medical surgical nursing published by Wolters
Kluwer edition south Asian page no. 1250-1255
• Black M. joyce Textbook of medical surgical nursing published by elsvier edition 1st page
no.. 1780-1800
• www.slideshare.net › shisha_sk › burn-ppt-Shashi Viewed on 02/04.2020
• www.slideshare.net › AseemBadarudeen › poisoning-49486135 viewed on 3/04/2020
• www.slideshare.net › haifa12 › rehabilitation-54792687 viewed on 5/04/2020

140. Write down the nursing management of burn