2. Introduction to Mass Transfer
Mass transfer is the net movement of
mass from one location, usually
meaning stream, phase, fraction or
component, to another. Mass transfer
occurs in many processes, such as
absorption, evaporation, drying,
precipitation, membrane filtration, and
distillation. Mass transfer is used by
different scientific disciplines for
different processes and mechanisms.
4. Distillation:-
Distillation is the process of separating
the components or substances from a
liquid mixture by selective evaporation
and condensation. Distillation may
result in essentially complete separation
(nearly pure components), or it may be
a partial separation that increases the
concentration of selected components
of the mixture. In either case the
process exploits differences in the
5. Types of distillations
Simple distillations
Steam distillation
Fractional distillation
Vacuum distillation
Zone distillation
6.
7. Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is the separation of
a mixture into its component parts, or
fractions. Chemical compounds are
separated by heating them to a
temperature at which one or more
fractions of the compound will vaporize.
It uses distillation to fractionate.
Generally the component parts have
boiling points that differ by less than 25
°C from each other under a pressure of
8.
9.
10. Simple distillation:-
Simple distillation may be used when
the boiling points of two liquid are
signficantly different from eachother or
to seprate liquid from solid or non
volatilecomponents.in simple
distillation,a mixture is heated to change
the most volatile component from a
liquid into vapour.the vapour rises and
passesinto condenser.usually
condenser is colled to promote
11. Crystallization
( )Crystallization is the natural or artificial process
,by which a solid forms where the atoms or
molecules are highly organized into a
.structure known as a crystal Some of the
ways by which crystals form are precipitating
, ,from a solution melting or more rarely
.deposition directly from a gas Attributes of
the resulting crystal depend largely on factors
, ,such as temperature air pressure and in the
,case of liquid crystals time of fluid
.evaporation
13. Application of crystallisation
Purification of salt from sea water
In the pharmaceutical industry,
a purification and separation process for
the isolation and synthesis of pure
active pharmaceutical ingredients (API)
Sepration of crysatal of Alum(fitkari)
from impure samples
14. Absorption
In chemistry, absorption is a physical or
chemical phenomenon or a process in
which atoms, molecules or ions enter
some bulk phase – liquid or solid material.
This is a different process from adsorption,
since molecules undergoing absorption are
taken up by the volume, not by the surface
(as in the case for adsorption). A more
general term is sorption, which covers
absorption, adsorption, and ion exchange.
Absorption is a condition in which
15.
16. Applications
It is used in purification of organic
compound specially in chromotography
In removal of CO2
using membrane gas
absorption
It is used in Gas detectors,for safe
operation of plant
17. .
Extraction
Extraction in chemistry is a separation process
consisting in the separation of a substance from
a matrix. It includes Liquid-liquid extraction, and
Solid phase extraction. The distribution of a
solute between two phases is an equilibrium
condition described by partition theory. This is
based on exactly how the analyte move from the
water into an organic layer.
There exist several types of extraction,
including: liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase
extraction, acid-base extraction
