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THE 18th CENTURY: THE FIRST BOURBONS AND ENLIGHTENMENT
- Enthroning of the Bourbon dynasty, after two
centuries of Habsburg monarchs. This was the
consequence of Charles II’s death without
direct succesors.
- After the War of Spanish Succession, Spain was
born as a unified State, with the same laws and
institutions for all the territory
- Consolidation of absolutism and a series of
reforms were made to centralize the
administration and make it more rational
and efficient.
- Transition period between the Ancien
Régime and the liberal revolutions. The influence
of the ideas of Enlightenment made the
contradictions of the Ancien Régime and the need
for change evident. However, in Spain, the ideas of
Enlightenment were limited by the Church and
the enlightened thinkers were more reformists
than revolutionaries.
GENERAL FEATURES OF THE 18th CENTURY
The Spanish Bourbons and their wives
in the 18th century
Charles II’s last testament designated
Philip of Anjou, Louis XIV’s grandson,
as the heir of the Hispanic Monarchy.
When Philip V arrived in the
Peninsula, the Cortes of Castile and
the Cortes of Aragón initially swore
allegiance to him and he started
ruling under his grandfather’s
influence. But several European
powers didn’t accept France’s
intervention in the Hispanic
Monarchy and supported an
alternative candidate, Archduke
Charles of Austria. Louis XIV’s
attitude and actions in Europe led to
the formation of the Grand Alliance
of The Hague in 1701, which included
the Austrian Empire, Great Britain,
Portugal and the Low Countries,
and the beginning of the War of
Spanish Succession ( 1701-1715)
Philip V in 1701
ENTHRONING OF THE BOURBON DYNASTY
Archduke Charles of Austria
WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION
It started with some confrontments in
Europe and it was both an international
and an internal conflict.
Initially the territories of the Crown of
Aragón had accepted Philip V as monarch,
but the memories of past wars with France
(especially in Catalonia) and the fear for
the French absolutism and the possible
loss of the fueros gave Archduke Charles
their support. This one had also
supporters in Castile, like part of the high
nobility and especially those damaged by
French trade. Archduke Charles’
supporters (austracistas) received
different names, like imperiales, carolistas
or carlistas, aguiluchos or maulets and
Philip V’s supporters were called felipistas
or botiflers. Forces were equal on both
sides and none was able to defeat the
other one.
In purple, Philip V’s supporters
In yellow, Archduke Charles’ supporters
Battle of Almansa (1707)
Capture of Gibraltar (1704)
Main military operations in the Peninsula
- In 1704 the British seized
Gibraltar and could access the
Mediterranean Sea.
- In 1705 war extended to the
Crown of Aragón, the Grand
Alliance troops took up some
ports and Archduke Charles
disembarked in Barcelona .
- In 1707 Philip V’s troops defeated
the Aragonese in the Battle of
Almansa (25th April) and occupied
Aragón and Valencia. After this,
he issued two Nueva Planta
Decrees, which suppressed the
laws and institutions of the
kingdoms of Aragón and Valencia
and replaced them for those of
Castile.
- In 1708 the British seized Minorca
- In 1710 Philip V won the battles
of Brihuega and Villaviciosa
Emperor Charles VI
- In 1711 the Austrian emperor Joseph I died and was
succeeded by his brother, Archduke Charles, who ruled
as Charles VI. His allies started looking for an
agreement, because they didn’t want the
reinforcement of the Habsburg power in Europe. Philip
V’s army continued to fight without France’s help.
- In 1713 the main European powers signed the Treaties
of Utrecht and Rastatt. Philip V was recognized as king
of the Hispanic Monarchy, but all the European
territories of the Monarchy were distributed among
other monarchs: Flanders, part of Milan, Naples and
Sardinia for Austria and Sicily for Savoy. Great Britain
kept Gibraltar and Minorca (until 1802) and got two
important rights in the Indies for the South Sea
Company: the assiento (right to sell black slaves in the
Indies) and the ship of permission (permission to send
a 500 ton ship with British products to the Indies once a
year). The Hispanic Monarchy would receive ¼ of the
profits of this trade.
The 18th century: the first Bourbons and Enlightenment
War continued in Catalonia and
Mallorca for some more time. In 1714
Philip V’s troops bombed Barcelona
and the city surrendered on the 11th
September (Diada). Finally, Mallorca
was occupied in 1715. Both Catalonia
and Mallorca received Nueva Planta
Decrees, which also eliminated their
fueros and specific institutions. Siege and bombing of Barcelona by the Duke of Berwick
11th September 1711, painted by Antoni Estruch
in 1909
In order to prevent future revolts, the Citadel of Montjuic
was built in Barcelona
The enthroning of the Bourbon dynasty
meant the establishment of absolutism,
following France’s model, with the
introduction of some changes in the
government, but most of the previous
institutions remained. Monarchs tried to
accumulate power in their hands and were
above all the institutions of the kingdom, but
they continued to consider the territory as
part of their patrimony and most of the time
they acted more as private owners of their
kingdoms than as administrators in favour of
their subjects.
The main reforms during Philip V and
Ferdinand VI’s reigns contributed to establish
an absolute and centralized State, following
France’s model.
Louis XIV, main example of absolute monarch and
Philip V’s grandfather
Spain after the Nueva Planta Decrees. The
only territories to keep their fueros were
Navarre and the Basque provinces
MAIN REFORMS
- Suppression of the fueros and institutions of the
Crown of Aragón (Generalitat, Justicia, vice-
royalties…) and submission of this territory to the
laws and institutions of Castile. This was done
through the Nueva Planta Decrees, immediately
after the conquest of the territories that had
supported Archduke Charles during the war. Only
Navarre and the Basque provinces kept their
fueros. The Cortes of Castile became Cortes of
Spain, customs were eliminated, provinces were
ruled by captain generals, with political and
economic powers, who also presided over the royal
courts of justice (Audiencias) and in the
municipalities corregidores and mayors, appointed
by the monarch, were also extended to Aragón.
- introduction of intendants, with military and tax
collection functions and the role of promoting the
economic development of the areas they
controlled.
MONARCH
INSTITUTIONS EXECUTIVE ORGANISMS
COUNCILS CORTES CENTRAL
ADMINISTRATION
PROVINCIAL
ADMINISTRATION
Consulting
functions,
but they lost
importance
in everyday
government
Only met
when the king
called them
and to swear
allegiance
to the heir
Secretaries. Initially
they were 5. In
charge of everyday
government:
- State
- Justice and
Ecclesiastical
Affairs
- War
- Navy and Indies
- Treasury
- Captain generals
- Royal Courts of
Justice (Audiencias)
- Corregidores and
mayors
- Intendants
Marquis of Ensenada
Ensenada’s Cadaster
- Attempts of reorganization of the Treasury.
Using the right of conquest in the former
Crown of Aragón, a unique contribution was
established there. This unique tax was charged
to everybody, including the privileged,
depending on their wealth. The administration
established an amount of money that had to
be paid by a certain territory and this quantity
was proportionally distributed among the
population, depending on their wealth. The
success of this unique tax was such that during
Ferdinand VI’s reign, the Marquis of Ensenada
proposed its introduction also in Castile. When
the survey was finished, the resistance of the
privileged to pay and the changes in the
administration finally frustrated the project.
However, all the data collected, known as
Ensenada’s Cadaster, are an extraordinary
source of information about the 18th century.
PHILIP V’s REIGN (1700-1746)
Philip V had serious mental problems. He was
bipolar and had euphoric episodes, followed by
depression periods. This complicated the
government, but the efficient bureaucracy
allowed continuity in government. The first
part of his reign was conditioned by France’s
influence, through Marie Anne de la Trémoille,
Princess of Ursins, sent by Louis XIV to advice
his grandson. But when Marie Louise of Savoy,
Philip V’s first wife, died in 1714 and Philip V
got married to Isabella of Farnese, the French
influence declined. Isabella of Farnese’s
interests to get territories for their children in
Italy conditioned the intervention of Spain in
several international conflicts, often against
Austria: War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718-
1720), War of the Polish Succession (1733-
1738) and War of the Austrian Succession
(1740-1748).
Princess of Ursins
Philip V and Isabella of Farnese
Marie Louise Gabrielle
of Savoy, 1st Philip V’s wife
Philip V and his nephew Louis XV of France ,
signatories of the First and Second Family
Compacts
The Spanish Bourbons also signed several Pactes de
Famille or Family Compacts with the French
Bourbons, defensive alliances which committed both
countries in the conflicts they participated in: the
first one was signed in 1733 and the second one in
1743. The Pactes de Famille involved Spain in
European and colonial wars on the side of the
French Bourbons. The results of these wars were the
kingdom of Naples for Charles, Philip V and Isabella
of Farnese’s first son, and the Duchy of Parma,
Piacenza and Guastalla for their second son Philip.
The defense of the Indies also led to the war against
Great Britain. In 1739 Spain suppressed the assiento
and the ship of permission and Great Britain
declared war on Spain. This was the War of Jenkins
Ear (1739-1748), which mixed with the War of the
Austrian Succession, and ended with the British
defeat in the Caribbean Sea and the preservation of
Spain’s supremacy in this ocean until the end of the
century.
British satire about the War of Jenkins Ear, with
Fandiño severing Jenkins’ ear in the background
In 1724 Philip V abdicated in his 16
year old son Louis, who only
reigned for six months as Louis I.
After his death by chicken pox,
Philip V assumed the government
again. He continued to rule until his
death in 1746 and was succeeded
by his son Ferdinand VI.
Louis I, king for 6 months
in 1724
Ferdinand VI
FERDINAND VI’s REIGN (1746-1759)
Ferdinand VI got married to Barbara of
Braganza and his mental problems appeared
when she died in 1745. His reign was
characterized by neutrality, partly due to the
intervention of the minister José de Carvajal y
Lancaster, a declared anglophile. The main
facts of this reign were the reform of the
navy, the Marquis of Ensenada’s project of
unique contribution and the Great Round-up
against the Gipsy (in 1749 around 10,000-
12,000 gipsy were chased and interned).
Ferdinand VI didn’t have children and was
succeeded by his half-brother Charles, who
had been king of Naples for 20 years.
Barbara of Braganza and Ferdinand VI
José de Carvajal y Lancaster,
anglophile Marquis of Ensenada
CHARLES III’s REIGN (1756-1788)
Charles III had been the king of Naples for
20 years and was influenced by the ideas
of reform of Enlightenment, but he
always acted as an absolute monarch. He
has been considered as an example of
enlightened despotism in Spain. He was
modest and austere, interested in public
affairs and the government and acted as a
real head of State.
At the beginning of his reign, his main
minister was the Italian Leopoldo di
Gregorio, Marquis of Esquilache, who
promoted some economic reforms to
modernize the economy, like the
liberalization of the price of wheat and
the authorization of free trade with the
Indies (for nine ports of the Peninsula in
1765 and progressively extended until
1789, when all the ports were allowed to
trade with the colonies, but Spain kept the
commercial monopoly)
Charles III as king of Naples
and Sicily Leopoldo di Gregorio, Marquis
of Esquilache
Decree allowing
free trade with the
Indies for nine ports
(1765)
Some of the reforms provoked the Esquilache Riots in
March 1766, whose main reasons were:
- the high cost of living, especially the price of bread
and staples
- the lack of work and the growth of poverty in
Madrid
- the irritation against the government for some
recent decisions, like the public ordinances on
hygiene, sanitation and clothing.
This last reason was the spark that produced the
outbreak. The rioters attacked the Walloon guard and
the houses of some members of the government,
including Esquilache’s house, and demanded to the
king Esquilache’s dismissal, the appointment of
Spanish ministers, the elimination of the ordinance on
clothing and the lowering of staples. Charles III
dismissed Esquilache and accepted all the petitions of
the rioters. Some days later other riots broke out in
other parts of the country, also due to high prices and
against speculation.
The privileged didn’t intervene . They were afraid of
the extension of the riot and the ability of the people
to organize themselves without the need of leaders.
Ordinance on clothing, which obliged the people
to cut cloaks and brims.
Esquilache Riots, painted by Goya
Expulsion of the Jesuits
One of the indirect consequences of
the riots was the expulsion of the
Jesuits. They were accused of having
intervened in the revolt and the
Society of Jesus was expelled from
Spain and the Indies in 1767 and their
properties were confiscated (although
they hadn’t intervened in the revolt
either). This was not exceptional,
because the Jesuits had previously
been expelled from Portugal and
France. The expulsion was an example
of regalist policy, the reinforcement of
the king’s power over the Church.
Order of expulsion of the Jesuits Jesuit reductions in the Indies
From the Esquilache Riots on, Charles III
appointed Spanish ministers. Most of them
were enlightened bureaucrats and agreed
on the need for reforms, but they didn’t
question the structure of the system, like
Campomanes and the counts of Aranda and
Floridablanca. They launched reforms that
reinforced the power of the monarch,
reorganized the administration, tried to
improve economy and education and
promoted the elaboration of reports on the
agrarian reform, but no decision was made
to make land accessible to most of the
population.
Campomanes Count of Aranda
Count of Floridablanca
Francisco Cabarrús
Colonization of Sierra Morena
Main reforms:
- Colonization project led by Campomanes
and Olavide (1767). The depopulated
lands around Sierra Morena were
populated with 6,000 German and Flemish
colonists. Villages like La Carolina (Jaén),
La Carlota and La Luisiana (Seville) were
created.
- Limitation of the privileges of the Mesta
- Reform of the university studies,
creation of professional schools and
promotion of compulsory primary school,
with the creation of public (state) schools
for children.
- Decree declaring the honesty of all
professions (1783) in order to improve the
consideration manual work had
Charles III giving the lands to
Sierra Morena colonists,
painting by José Andrés Rivero,
1805
- Support to industry, gradual liberalization of
production, with the reduction of the
privileges of guilds and public help to the
establishment of new workshops and private
manufactories
- Promotion of the Economic Societies of the
Friends of the Country, to launch projects of
economic improvement. Many of these
societies analyzed problems in agriculture.
- Creation of the Bank of San Carlos in 1782.
It was a private bank, but protected by the
crown and was used for the
- In the Indies, creation of the Viceroyalty of
Río de la Plata
Vice-Royalties in AmericaEmblem of the Economic Society of the Basque Provinces,
the first to be created in Spain in 1764
All these reforms contributed to the growth
of production, but didn’t solve the most
serious problems of the population. Most
of the people were poor peasants, didn’t
have enough resources to demand products
and tax burden was also unsustainable.
They were periodically affected by
subsistence crises and the obstacles of the
Ancien Régime and resistance of the
privileged to changes didn’t allow their
access to land and the improvement of
their lives.
Percentage of land
owners over the
total of peasants
at the end of the
18th century
Structure of the
property in the
19th century
Charles III’s foreign policy continued
the alliance with France. The Third
Pacte de Famille with France was
signed in 1761 and this meant the
intervention in the Seven Years’ War
(1756-1763) against Great Britain.
Spain also followed the French in the
intervention in the American
Revolutionary War which led to the
independence of the USA (1775-1783).
The participation in these conflicts was
justified for the need to preserve the
Indies, but seriously damaged trade
and cut the arrival of precious metals
and increased public deficit.
Seven Years’ War
(1756-1763)
Spain lost part of
Florida, but
received
Loiuisiana from
France
American
Revolutionary
War (1775-
1783)
Spain recovered
Minorca,
Florida, some
territories in
Honduras, but
not Gibraltar.
Wars obliged the monarchy to issue
public debt titles (vales reales) in 1780,
with 4% of yearly interest rate and which
could also be used as paper money. For
this purpose, the Bank of San Carlos was
created in 1782. Both initiatives came
from Francisco Cabarrús, an enlightened
financier.
Public debt title (vale real) issued
in 1783 Francisco Cabarrús
Charles III died in 1788 and was
succeeded by his son Charles IV.
Charles IV, painted by
Goya in 1789
CULTURE IN THE 18th CENTURY
The ideas of Enlightenment also arrived in
Spain, but later than in the rest of Europe.
The influence of religion and the control of
the Church over culture, through the
Inquisition, stopped the spread of the most
revolutionary ideas and censorship
prevented the appearance of a critical press.
Many important writings of the enlightened
philosophers were forbidden in Spain, like the
ones of Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau and
Diderot and D’Alembert’s Encyclopedia.
The first attempts of modern intellectual
thinking had appeared at the end of the 17th
century, with the so called novatores
(innovators), who promoted the study of
useful science and created aristocratic social
gatherings in some cities.
Work by mathematician José
Zaragoza i Vilanova, one of the
most outstanding novatores
The Inquisition Court, painted by Goya (1812-1819)
The Encyclopedia,
forbidden by the Inquisition
The first generation of enlightened thinkers
was represented by writers Gregorio Mayans
and Father Benito Feijoo, who were aware of
the cultural backwardness of the country and
the need to connect with Europe. The ideas of
renewal were supported by some bureaucrats
with responsibility posts in the government,
like José Patiño and José Campillo, who
worked for Philip V and José de Carvajal and
the Marquis of Ensenada, at Ferdinand VI’s
service. But the most important generation of
enlightened thinkers worked for Charles III:
Campomanes, Olavide, Aranda, Floridablanca,
Jovellanos, Cabarrús… Some of them had
problems with the Inquisition, although their
ideas were more in the line of reforming the
system in order to keep it than overthrowing it.
In 1784 Floridablanca tried to stop the arrival
of philosophic writings, closing the border with
France (Floridablanca’s sanitary cordon).
Father Benito Feijoo
Gregorio
Mayans
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, author of the Report on the
Agrarian Reform, with ideas to eliminate the obstacles that
stopped the development of agriculture

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The 18th century: the first Bourbons and Enlightenment

  • 1. THE 18th CENTURY: THE FIRST BOURBONS AND ENLIGHTENMENT
  • 2. - Enthroning of the Bourbon dynasty, after two centuries of Habsburg monarchs. This was the consequence of Charles II’s death without direct succesors. - After the War of Spanish Succession, Spain was born as a unified State, with the same laws and institutions for all the territory - Consolidation of absolutism and a series of reforms were made to centralize the administration and make it more rational and efficient. - Transition period between the Ancien Régime and the liberal revolutions. The influence of the ideas of Enlightenment made the contradictions of the Ancien Régime and the need for change evident. However, in Spain, the ideas of Enlightenment were limited by the Church and the enlightened thinkers were more reformists than revolutionaries. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE 18th CENTURY The Spanish Bourbons and their wives in the 18th century
  • 3. Charles II’s last testament designated Philip of Anjou, Louis XIV’s grandson, as the heir of the Hispanic Monarchy. When Philip V arrived in the Peninsula, the Cortes of Castile and the Cortes of Aragón initially swore allegiance to him and he started ruling under his grandfather’s influence. But several European powers didn’t accept France’s intervention in the Hispanic Monarchy and supported an alternative candidate, Archduke Charles of Austria. Louis XIV’s attitude and actions in Europe led to the formation of the Grand Alliance of The Hague in 1701, which included the Austrian Empire, Great Britain, Portugal and the Low Countries, and the beginning of the War of Spanish Succession ( 1701-1715) Philip V in 1701 ENTHRONING OF THE BOURBON DYNASTY Archduke Charles of Austria
  • 4. WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION It started with some confrontments in Europe and it was both an international and an internal conflict. Initially the territories of the Crown of Aragón had accepted Philip V as monarch, but the memories of past wars with France (especially in Catalonia) and the fear for the French absolutism and the possible loss of the fueros gave Archduke Charles their support. This one had also supporters in Castile, like part of the high nobility and especially those damaged by French trade. Archduke Charles’ supporters (austracistas) received different names, like imperiales, carolistas or carlistas, aguiluchos or maulets and Philip V’s supporters were called felipistas or botiflers. Forces were equal on both sides and none was able to defeat the other one. In purple, Philip V’s supporters In yellow, Archduke Charles’ supporters
  • 5. Battle of Almansa (1707) Capture of Gibraltar (1704) Main military operations in the Peninsula - In 1704 the British seized Gibraltar and could access the Mediterranean Sea. - In 1705 war extended to the Crown of Aragón, the Grand Alliance troops took up some ports and Archduke Charles disembarked in Barcelona . - In 1707 Philip V’s troops defeated the Aragonese in the Battle of Almansa (25th April) and occupied Aragón and Valencia. After this, he issued two Nueva Planta Decrees, which suppressed the laws and institutions of the kingdoms of Aragón and Valencia and replaced them for those of Castile. - In 1708 the British seized Minorca - In 1710 Philip V won the battles of Brihuega and Villaviciosa
  • 6. Emperor Charles VI - In 1711 the Austrian emperor Joseph I died and was succeeded by his brother, Archduke Charles, who ruled as Charles VI. His allies started looking for an agreement, because they didn’t want the reinforcement of the Habsburg power in Europe. Philip V’s army continued to fight without France’s help. - In 1713 the main European powers signed the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt. Philip V was recognized as king of the Hispanic Monarchy, but all the European territories of the Monarchy were distributed among other monarchs: Flanders, part of Milan, Naples and Sardinia for Austria and Sicily for Savoy. Great Britain kept Gibraltar and Minorca (until 1802) and got two important rights in the Indies for the South Sea Company: the assiento (right to sell black slaves in the Indies) and the ship of permission (permission to send a 500 ton ship with British products to the Indies once a year). The Hispanic Monarchy would receive ¼ of the profits of this trade.
  • 8. War continued in Catalonia and Mallorca for some more time. In 1714 Philip V’s troops bombed Barcelona and the city surrendered on the 11th September (Diada). Finally, Mallorca was occupied in 1715. Both Catalonia and Mallorca received Nueva Planta Decrees, which also eliminated their fueros and specific institutions. Siege and bombing of Barcelona by the Duke of Berwick 11th September 1711, painted by Antoni Estruch in 1909 In order to prevent future revolts, the Citadel of Montjuic was built in Barcelona
  • 9. The enthroning of the Bourbon dynasty meant the establishment of absolutism, following France’s model, with the introduction of some changes in the government, but most of the previous institutions remained. Monarchs tried to accumulate power in their hands and were above all the institutions of the kingdom, but they continued to consider the territory as part of their patrimony and most of the time they acted more as private owners of their kingdoms than as administrators in favour of their subjects. The main reforms during Philip V and Ferdinand VI’s reigns contributed to establish an absolute and centralized State, following France’s model. Louis XIV, main example of absolute monarch and Philip V’s grandfather
  • 10. Spain after the Nueva Planta Decrees. The only territories to keep their fueros were Navarre and the Basque provinces MAIN REFORMS - Suppression of the fueros and institutions of the Crown of Aragón (Generalitat, Justicia, vice- royalties…) and submission of this territory to the laws and institutions of Castile. This was done through the Nueva Planta Decrees, immediately after the conquest of the territories that had supported Archduke Charles during the war. Only Navarre and the Basque provinces kept their fueros. The Cortes of Castile became Cortes of Spain, customs were eliminated, provinces were ruled by captain generals, with political and economic powers, who also presided over the royal courts of justice (Audiencias) and in the municipalities corregidores and mayors, appointed by the monarch, were also extended to Aragón. - introduction of intendants, with military and tax collection functions and the role of promoting the economic development of the areas they controlled.
  • 11. MONARCH INSTITUTIONS EXECUTIVE ORGANISMS COUNCILS CORTES CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION Consulting functions, but they lost importance in everyday government Only met when the king called them and to swear allegiance to the heir Secretaries. Initially they were 5. In charge of everyday government: - State - Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs - War - Navy and Indies - Treasury - Captain generals - Royal Courts of Justice (Audiencias) - Corregidores and mayors - Intendants
  • 12. Marquis of Ensenada Ensenada’s Cadaster - Attempts of reorganization of the Treasury. Using the right of conquest in the former Crown of Aragón, a unique contribution was established there. This unique tax was charged to everybody, including the privileged, depending on their wealth. The administration established an amount of money that had to be paid by a certain territory and this quantity was proportionally distributed among the population, depending on their wealth. The success of this unique tax was such that during Ferdinand VI’s reign, the Marquis of Ensenada proposed its introduction also in Castile. When the survey was finished, the resistance of the privileged to pay and the changes in the administration finally frustrated the project. However, all the data collected, known as Ensenada’s Cadaster, are an extraordinary source of information about the 18th century.
  • 13. PHILIP V’s REIGN (1700-1746) Philip V had serious mental problems. He was bipolar and had euphoric episodes, followed by depression periods. This complicated the government, but the efficient bureaucracy allowed continuity in government. The first part of his reign was conditioned by France’s influence, through Marie Anne de la Trémoille, Princess of Ursins, sent by Louis XIV to advice his grandson. But when Marie Louise of Savoy, Philip V’s first wife, died in 1714 and Philip V got married to Isabella of Farnese, the French influence declined. Isabella of Farnese’s interests to get territories for their children in Italy conditioned the intervention of Spain in several international conflicts, often against Austria: War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718- 1720), War of the Polish Succession (1733- 1738) and War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). Princess of Ursins Philip V and Isabella of Farnese Marie Louise Gabrielle of Savoy, 1st Philip V’s wife
  • 14. Philip V and his nephew Louis XV of France , signatories of the First and Second Family Compacts The Spanish Bourbons also signed several Pactes de Famille or Family Compacts with the French Bourbons, defensive alliances which committed both countries in the conflicts they participated in: the first one was signed in 1733 and the second one in 1743. The Pactes de Famille involved Spain in European and colonial wars on the side of the French Bourbons. The results of these wars were the kingdom of Naples for Charles, Philip V and Isabella of Farnese’s first son, and the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla for their second son Philip. The defense of the Indies also led to the war against Great Britain. In 1739 Spain suppressed the assiento and the ship of permission and Great Britain declared war on Spain. This was the War of Jenkins Ear (1739-1748), which mixed with the War of the Austrian Succession, and ended with the British defeat in the Caribbean Sea and the preservation of Spain’s supremacy in this ocean until the end of the century. British satire about the War of Jenkins Ear, with Fandiño severing Jenkins’ ear in the background
  • 15. In 1724 Philip V abdicated in his 16 year old son Louis, who only reigned for six months as Louis I. After his death by chicken pox, Philip V assumed the government again. He continued to rule until his death in 1746 and was succeeded by his son Ferdinand VI. Louis I, king for 6 months in 1724 Ferdinand VI
  • 16. FERDINAND VI’s REIGN (1746-1759) Ferdinand VI got married to Barbara of Braganza and his mental problems appeared when she died in 1745. His reign was characterized by neutrality, partly due to the intervention of the minister José de Carvajal y Lancaster, a declared anglophile. The main facts of this reign were the reform of the navy, the Marquis of Ensenada’s project of unique contribution and the Great Round-up against the Gipsy (in 1749 around 10,000- 12,000 gipsy were chased and interned). Ferdinand VI didn’t have children and was succeeded by his half-brother Charles, who had been king of Naples for 20 years. Barbara of Braganza and Ferdinand VI José de Carvajal y Lancaster, anglophile Marquis of Ensenada
  • 17. CHARLES III’s REIGN (1756-1788) Charles III had been the king of Naples for 20 years and was influenced by the ideas of reform of Enlightenment, but he always acted as an absolute monarch. He has been considered as an example of enlightened despotism in Spain. He was modest and austere, interested in public affairs and the government and acted as a real head of State. At the beginning of his reign, his main minister was the Italian Leopoldo di Gregorio, Marquis of Esquilache, who promoted some economic reforms to modernize the economy, like the liberalization of the price of wheat and the authorization of free trade with the Indies (for nine ports of the Peninsula in 1765 and progressively extended until 1789, when all the ports were allowed to trade with the colonies, but Spain kept the commercial monopoly) Charles III as king of Naples and Sicily Leopoldo di Gregorio, Marquis of Esquilache Decree allowing free trade with the Indies for nine ports (1765)
  • 18. Some of the reforms provoked the Esquilache Riots in March 1766, whose main reasons were: - the high cost of living, especially the price of bread and staples - the lack of work and the growth of poverty in Madrid - the irritation against the government for some recent decisions, like the public ordinances on hygiene, sanitation and clothing. This last reason was the spark that produced the outbreak. The rioters attacked the Walloon guard and the houses of some members of the government, including Esquilache’s house, and demanded to the king Esquilache’s dismissal, the appointment of Spanish ministers, the elimination of the ordinance on clothing and the lowering of staples. Charles III dismissed Esquilache and accepted all the petitions of the rioters. Some days later other riots broke out in other parts of the country, also due to high prices and against speculation. The privileged didn’t intervene . They were afraid of the extension of the riot and the ability of the people to organize themselves without the need of leaders. Ordinance on clothing, which obliged the people to cut cloaks and brims. Esquilache Riots, painted by Goya
  • 19. Expulsion of the Jesuits One of the indirect consequences of the riots was the expulsion of the Jesuits. They were accused of having intervened in the revolt and the Society of Jesus was expelled from Spain and the Indies in 1767 and their properties were confiscated (although they hadn’t intervened in the revolt either). This was not exceptional, because the Jesuits had previously been expelled from Portugal and France. The expulsion was an example of regalist policy, the reinforcement of the king’s power over the Church. Order of expulsion of the Jesuits Jesuit reductions in the Indies
  • 20. From the Esquilache Riots on, Charles III appointed Spanish ministers. Most of them were enlightened bureaucrats and agreed on the need for reforms, but they didn’t question the structure of the system, like Campomanes and the counts of Aranda and Floridablanca. They launched reforms that reinforced the power of the monarch, reorganized the administration, tried to improve economy and education and promoted the elaboration of reports on the agrarian reform, but no decision was made to make land accessible to most of the population. Campomanes Count of Aranda Count of Floridablanca Francisco Cabarrús
  • 21. Colonization of Sierra Morena Main reforms: - Colonization project led by Campomanes and Olavide (1767). The depopulated lands around Sierra Morena were populated with 6,000 German and Flemish colonists. Villages like La Carolina (Jaén), La Carlota and La Luisiana (Seville) were created. - Limitation of the privileges of the Mesta - Reform of the university studies, creation of professional schools and promotion of compulsory primary school, with the creation of public (state) schools for children. - Decree declaring the honesty of all professions (1783) in order to improve the consideration manual work had Charles III giving the lands to Sierra Morena colonists, painting by José Andrés Rivero, 1805
  • 22. - Support to industry, gradual liberalization of production, with the reduction of the privileges of guilds and public help to the establishment of new workshops and private manufactories - Promotion of the Economic Societies of the Friends of the Country, to launch projects of economic improvement. Many of these societies analyzed problems in agriculture. - Creation of the Bank of San Carlos in 1782. It was a private bank, but protected by the crown and was used for the - In the Indies, creation of the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata Vice-Royalties in AmericaEmblem of the Economic Society of the Basque Provinces, the first to be created in Spain in 1764
  • 23. All these reforms contributed to the growth of production, but didn’t solve the most serious problems of the population. Most of the people were poor peasants, didn’t have enough resources to demand products and tax burden was also unsustainable. They were periodically affected by subsistence crises and the obstacles of the Ancien Régime and resistance of the privileged to changes didn’t allow their access to land and the improvement of their lives. Percentage of land owners over the total of peasants at the end of the 18th century Structure of the property in the 19th century
  • 24. Charles III’s foreign policy continued the alliance with France. The Third Pacte de Famille with France was signed in 1761 and this meant the intervention in the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) against Great Britain. Spain also followed the French in the intervention in the American Revolutionary War which led to the independence of the USA (1775-1783). The participation in these conflicts was justified for the need to preserve the Indies, but seriously damaged trade and cut the arrival of precious metals and increased public deficit. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) Spain lost part of Florida, but received Loiuisiana from France American Revolutionary War (1775- 1783) Spain recovered Minorca, Florida, some territories in Honduras, but not Gibraltar.
  • 25. Wars obliged the monarchy to issue public debt titles (vales reales) in 1780, with 4% of yearly interest rate and which could also be used as paper money. For this purpose, the Bank of San Carlos was created in 1782. Both initiatives came from Francisco Cabarrús, an enlightened financier. Public debt title (vale real) issued in 1783 Francisco Cabarrús Charles III died in 1788 and was succeeded by his son Charles IV. Charles IV, painted by Goya in 1789
  • 26. CULTURE IN THE 18th CENTURY The ideas of Enlightenment also arrived in Spain, but later than in the rest of Europe. The influence of religion and the control of the Church over culture, through the Inquisition, stopped the spread of the most revolutionary ideas and censorship prevented the appearance of a critical press. Many important writings of the enlightened philosophers were forbidden in Spain, like the ones of Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau and Diderot and D’Alembert’s Encyclopedia. The first attempts of modern intellectual thinking had appeared at the end of the 17th century, with the so called novatores (innovators), who promoted the study of useful science and created aristocratic social gatherings in some cities. Work by mathematician José Zaragoza i Vilanova, one of the most outstanding novatores The Inquisition Court, painted by Goya (1812-1819) The Encyclopedia, forbidden by the Inquisition
  • 27. The first generation of enlightened thinkers was represented by writers Gregorio Mayans and Father Benito Feijoo, who were aware of the cultural backwardness of the country and the need to connect with Europe. The ideas of renewal were supported by some bureaucrats with responsibility posts in the government, like José Patiño and José Campillo, who worked for Philip V and José de Carvajal and the Marquis of Ensenada, at Ferdinand VI’s service. But the most important generation of enlightened thinkers worked for Charles III: Campomanes, Olavide, Aranda, Floridablanca, Jovellanos, Cabarrús… Some of them had problems with the Inquisition, although their ideas were more in the line of reforming the system in order to keep it than overthrowing it. In 1784 Floridablanca tried to stop the arrival of philosophic writings, closing the border with France (Floridablanca’s sanitary cordon). Father Benito Feijoo Gregorio Mayans Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, author of the Report on the Agrarian Reform, with ideas to eliminate the obstacles that stopped the development of agriculture