This document discusses the evolution of mobile networks and increasing network capacity demands. It covers several topics:
- Mobile network traffic has increased 10x in 3 years, while revenue only increased 35%, highlighting the capacity challenge.
- More spectrum is needed to meet future demand, but obtaining sufficient low-frequency spectrum is important for coverage and reducing costs.
- Future networks will require more frequent upgrades than in the past to support rising traffic loads. Technologies like LTE can help increase network capacity at a lower cost per bit.
- Indoor coverage solutions like small cells will become more important as the majority of data traffic occurs indoors. Fixed broadband can also help offload mobile networks.
- Obtain
1. Submitted By
Name:- Manjot Singh Sandhu
Branch:- CSE N1
5 april 2012
Roll No.:- 115313
2. CONTENTS
Why use How can
indoor capacity be
antennas? increased?
How to avoid
interference?
What about
the future?
Why do we need
so much
spectrum?
How to build
a mobile
network?
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11. With boosting data traffic there is a need for more frequent
network updates than before
Network cost
LTE
HSPA+
HSPA
Basic 3G
= Resulting network cost
Traffic load
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12. Limited spectrum drives cost!
Example: Two operators with very different spectrum size
•Country 1: 8,8MHz band ->44 channels
– =>132 Erlang per base station
– => 40 base stations needed to handle
Area= 50km2 total traffic of 5190 Erlang
Population= 1 M • Country 2: 4,4 MHz band -> 22
Subscribers= 346k
15 mErl/sub (*)
channels
Tot. traffic= 5190 Erl – =>29 Erlang per base station
– => 179 base stations needed to
handle total traffic of 5190 Erlang
=> Having only half of the spectrum can
mean 4,5 times the cost.
(*) Meaning that the average customer calls for 1,5% of the most busy hour of the day
For illustration purpose only – the conclusions and calculations are simplified
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13. Getting more spectrum essential for
meeting future service demand
Frequency spectrum for mobile communication
Digital
Dividend 3G
(UMTS2100)
CDMA Mobile broadband
GSM900 GSM1800 extension band
500 MHz 1000 MHz 1500 MHz 2000 MHz 2500 MHz 3000 MHz
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14. 3G in new frequency bands -
refarming
(WCDMA = UMTS/HSPA = 3G)
(HSPA)
In-Building
coverage area for
suburban terrain
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(Source: Nokia Siemens Networks & Elisa)
15. Access to low frequency spectrum:
-High impact on mobile broadband
• Profitable coverage even
outside the urban areas
• Potential for saving 50-70%
of site costs
16. Digital Dividend band: A desire and a curse:
Too little of something good can be bad!
800 MHz
2600 MHz
11%
800 MHz:
Very attractive for coverage, but how to
avoid traffic congestion if 89% of all
users only have coverage from the 800
MHz system?
=> A fair amount of low-frequency
spectrum per operator is a prerequisite.
17. Network capacity is hard to predict Total
Capacity
10 Mbit/s
7.5 Mbit/s
5 Mbit/s
2.5 Mbit/s
10 Mbit/s
1 Mbit/s
0.5 Mbit/s
5 Mbit/s
0.2 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
0.05Mbit/s
0.5 Mbit/s
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18. Growing need for indoor coverage systems
• Urban building walls block 99% of
the outdoor signal
• Safe to re-use the same carriers
indoors
• Buildings with heavy data traffic:
Use indoor antenna systems, WiFi
or femtocells
• Need fixed broadband lines to
provide connection and offload
mobile network
21. -or will we need proper guidance?
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22. LTE is defined for all relevant frequency bands
Digital
Dividend 3G
(UMTS2100)
CDMA Mobile WiMAX/ Fixed
EDGE900 EDGE1800 Mob. 3G extension band WiMAX
WiMAX
500 MHz 1000 MHz 1500 MHz 2000 MHz 2500 MHz 3000 MHz 3500 MHz
LTE
LTE LTE LTE LTE LTE LTEAdv.
Low Frequency High Frequency
Long range Short range
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23. Evolution in site capacity from GSM to LTE
- Downlink, sum of voice and data
Disclaimer: Values should be taken as indicative. Performance will vary greatly with deployed solution,
surrounding environment, terminal penetration and size of frequency spectrum. HSPA assumes 14,4 Mbps
version. HSPA+ assumes 64QAM feature, not MIMO or Dual Carrier.
Source: CONTEST, Telenor.
24. Speed is not the motivation…
Lower production cost per bit
Cost per Mbyte
3G HSPA HSPA+ LTE …
4. april 2012 Source: NSN
25. Competitive power
-Determined by spectrum
10
2600
MHz
2600
20
800
MHz
Fakecom
LTE deployment strategy
must be tuned to our
relative ability to
compete.
27. Key take-aways
• Convergence: Usage and interactions between mobile and fixed networks will
continue to grow to ensure optimum service offerings
• Cost curves: Mobile technologies are much less suited for flat-rate subscriptions
than fixed broadband technologies
• Hybrid networks: Operators need to utilize more than one mobile technology to
secure cost-effective deployments
• Mobile Broadband: Mobile networks keep offering higher data rates but within
limited coverage range, especially indoor
• Indoor coverage: Indoor mobile broadband users represent majority of the traffic
and should to a larger extent be connected via indoor antenna solutions.
• New spectrum: Mobile Broadband at low frequencies is a cost-effective solution
for areas with lower population density, as long as a healthy traffic balance is
maintained.
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32. Abbreviations
BSC Base Station Controller IP Internet Protocol
BSS Base Station Subsystem ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
BTS Base Transceiver Station ITU International Telecommunication Union
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunication
CSD Circuit Switched Data MSC Mobile Switching Center
CN Core Network PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
D-AMPS Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone System PSK Phase Shift Keying (Modulation)
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
E-GPRS Enhanced - GPRS RNC Radio Network Controller
ERAN EDGE Radio Access Network SCP Service Control Point
ETSIEuropean Telecommunications SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
Standards Institute TDD Time Division Duplex
FDD Frequency Division Duplex TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
FDD-DS Frequency Division Duplex – UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications
Direct Spread System
FDD-MC Frequency Division Duplex - MultiCarrier UTRAN UMTS Terestrial Radio Access Network
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node VHE Virtual Home Environment
GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network VLR Visitor Location Register
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
(Modulation) WAP Wireless Application Protocol
GPRS General Packet Radio System W-CDMA Wideband -CDMA
GSM Global System for Mobile 2G 2nd Generation (mobile network)
communication (2,5G GPRS)
HLR april 2012
4. Home Location Register 3G 3rd Generation (mobile network)
HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership
33. Sites, BTSs and cells…
• A SITE is the physical location of which a base station is placed. Includes all
equipment put up by the operator (mast, antennas,cabin, base station
rack etc.)
• A BTS is the base transceiver station, normally just called base station, i.e.
the cabinet(s) containing the 1-3 cells belonging to a site.
• A NodeB is the term used for BTS in UMTS
• A CELL is each uniquely identified GSM or UMTS capacity source in a BTS
or NodeB, defined by its own coverage footprint (or coverage cell)
• A TRX is a single transmitter/receiver unit able to provide one single GSM
frequency to the cell’s coverage footprint. Each cell has 1-12 TRXs
depending on the capacity need.
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35. Target for the network evolution:
All IP broadband network
36. Basic network interfaces
Fixed
network
Authentication
Media Subscriber
Core Gateway profiles Charging Service Platform
Network
Intelligent Network
Core
Packet
Transport Switch Internet
Base Gateway
Statio Packet
n Switch
Contro Serving
Transport Backhaul l Node
Network
Base station
Radio / network domain
Access
Network user domain
Marie Anne
37. Cost distribution in mobile networks
Core & Backbone network Transport network Radio Access network
BTS
MSC BSC
ISP internet
connection BTS
Hub
Core
Backbone network Access network
m*E1 n*E1
E1 BTS
MGW
Backhaul
CAPEX share for
greenfield voice 30% 20% 50%
CAPEX share for
greenfield MBB 10% 45% 45%
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