Science and Life DU Foundation Course PowerPoint Presentation made on the topic, "Integrated Circuit(IC),Light Emitting Diode(LED) and their applications "

2. Made By: NEON
Sonali Kalra11332560
Parth Nagpal11332576
Shobhit Agarwal11332579
Priya Raha11332615
Neha Kashyap11332620

5. Integrated Circuits are usually called
ICs and popularly known as a silicon
chip, computer chip or microchip.

6. • Integrated Circuit, tiny electronic circuit are used to
perform a specific electronic function, such as
amplification.
• It is usually combined with other components to
form a more complex system.

7. Electronic Components
Miniaturized Active Devices:
1. Transistors
2. Diodes
Miniaturized Passive Devices:
1. Capacitors
2. Resistors
-> It is formed as a single unit by diffusing impurities into single-crystal
silicon, which then serves as a semiconductor material.

8. • Several hundred identical integrated
circuits (ICs) are made at a time on a thin
wafer several centimeters wide, and the
wafer is subsequently sliced into individual
ICs called chips.

10. It seems that the integrated
circuit was destined to be
invented. Two separate
inventors, unaware of each
other's activities, invented almost
identical integrated circuits or
ICs at nearly the same time.

11. 1958: Invention of the Integrated Circuit
As with many inventions, two people had the idea for an
integrated circuit at almost the same time. Transistors had
become commonplace in everything from radios to phones to
computers, and now manufacturers wanted something even
better. Sure, transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes, but
for some of the newest electronics, they weren't small enough.

12. 1958: Invention of the Integrated Circuit
But there was a limit on how small you could make each
transistor, since after it was made it had to be connected to
wires and other electronics. The transistors were already at
the limit of what steady hands and tiny tweezers could
handle. So, scientists wanted to make a whole circuit -- the
transistors, the wires, everything else they needed -- in a
single blow. If they could create a miniature circuit in just one
step, all the parts could be made much smaller.

13. 1958: Invention of the Integrated Circuit
One day in late July, Jack Kilby was sitting alone at Texas
Instruments. He had been hired only a couple of months earlier
and so he wasn't able to take vacation time when practically
everyone else did. The halls were deserted, and he had lots of time
to think. It suddenly occurred to him that all parts of a circuit, not
just the transistor, could be made out of silicon. At the time, nobody
was making capacitors or resistors out of semiconductors. If it
could be done then the entire circuit could be built out of a single
crystal -- making it smaller and much easier to produce. Kilby's
boss liked the idea, and told him to get to work. By September 12,
Kilby had built a working model, and on February 6, Texas
Instruments filed a patent. Their first "Solid Circuit" the size of a
pencil point, was shown off for the first time in March.

15. But over in California, another
man had similar ideas…

16. 1958: Invention of the Integrated Circuit
In January of 1959, Robert Noyce was working at the small Fairchild
Semiconductor startup company. He also realized a whole circuit could be
made on a single chip. While Kilby had hammered out the details of
making individual components, Noyce thought of a much better way to
connect the parts. That spring, Fairchild began a push to build what they
called "unitary circuits" and they also applied for a patent on the idea.
Knowing that TI had already filed a patent on something similar, Fairchild
wrote out a highly detailed application, hoping that it wouldn't infringe on
TI 's similar device.

17. All that detail paid off. On April 25, 1961, the
patent office awarded the first patent for an
integrated circuit to Robert Noyce while Kilby's
application was still being analyzed. Today, both
men are acknowledged as having
independently conceived of the idea.

19. In the early days of integrated circuits, only a
few transistors could be placed on a chip, as
the scale used was large because of the
contemporary technology, and
manufacturing yields were low by today's
standards. As the degree of integration was
small, the design was done easily. Over time,
millions, and today billions, of transistors could
be placed on one chip, and to make a good
design became a task to be planned
thoroughly. This gave rise to new design
methods.

20. Integrated circuits are often classified by the number of transistors
and other electronic components they contain:
•
SSI (small-scale integration): Up to 100 electronic components per
chip
•
MSI (medium-scale integration): From 100 to 3,000 electronic
components per chip
•
LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic
components per chip
•
VLSI (very large-scale integration): From 100,000 to 1,000,000
electronic components per chip
•
ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 million electronic
components per chip

22. Integrated circuits can be classified
into analog, digital and mixed
signal (both analog and digital on
the same chip).

23. Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions
of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few
square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed,
low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared
with board-level integration. These digital ICs,
typically microprocessors, DSPs, and micro controllers, work using
binary mathematics to process "one" and "zero" signals.

24. Analog ICs, such as sensors, power management
circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by processing continuous
signals. They perform functions like amplification, active
filtering, demodulation, and mixing. Analog ICs ease the burden on
circuit designers by having expertly designed analog circuits available
instead of designing a difficult analog circuit from scratch.

25. ICs can also combine analog and digital circuits on a single chip to
create functions such as A/D converters and D/A converters. Such
circuits offer smaller size and lower cost, but must carefully account
for signal interference.

27. The integrated circuits offer a number of advantages over those made
by interconnecting discrete components. These are summarized as
follows:
1. Extremely small size—thousands times smaller than discrete
circuit. It is because of fabrication of various circuit elements in a
single chip of semi-conductor material.
2. Very small weight owing to miniaturized circuit.
3. Very low cost because of simultaneous production of hundreds
of similar circuits on a small semiconductor wafer. Owing to
mass production an IC costs as much as an individual transistor.
4. More reliable because of elimination of soldered joints and need
for fewer inter-connections.
5. Low power consumption because of their smaller size.
6. Easy replacement as it is more economical to replace them than
to repair them.

28. 7. Increased operating speeds because of absence of parasitic
capacitance effect.
8. Close matching of components and temperature coefficients
because of bulk production in batches.
9. Improved functional performance as more complex circuits can
be fabricated for achieving better characteristics.
10. Greater ability of operating at extreme temperatures.
11. Suitable for small signal operation because of no chance of stray
electrical pickup as various components of an IC are located very
close to each other on a silicon wafer.
12. No component project above the chip surface in an IC as all the
components are formed within the chip.

30. The integrated circuits have few limitations also, as listed
below :
1. In an IC the various components are part of a small semi-conductor
chip and the individual component or components cannot be removed
or replaced, therefore, if any component in an IC fails, the whole IC has
to be replaced by the new one.
2. Limited power rating as it is not possible to manufacture high power
(say greater than 10 Watt) ICs.
3. Need of connecting inductors and transformers exterior to the semiconductor chip as it is not possible to fabricate inductors and
transformers on the semi-conductor chip surface.
4. Operations at low voltage as ICs function at fairly low voltage.
5. Quite delicate in handling as these cannot withstand rough handling
or excessive heat.

31. 6. Need of connecting capacitor exterior to the semi-conductor chip
as it is neither convenient nor economical to fabricate capacitances
exceeding 30 pff. Therefore, for higher values of capacitance,
discrete components exterior to IC chip are connected.
7. High grade P-N-P assembly is not possible.
8. Low temperature coefficient is difficult to be achieved.
9. Difficult to fabricate an IC with low noise.
10. Large value of saturation resistance of transistors.
11. Voltage dependence of resistors and capacitors.
12. The diffusion processes and other related procedures used in the
fabrication process are not good enough to permit a precise control
of the parameter values for the circuit elements. However, control of
the ratios is at a sufficiently acceptable level.

32. APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
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Power amplifiers
Small-signal amplifiers
Operational amplifiers
Microwave amplifiers
Voltage comparators
Multipliers
Radio receivers
Voltage regulators

33. APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
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Logic gates
Timers
Counters
Multiplexers
Calculator chips
Memory chips
Clock chips
Microprocessors
Microcontrollers
Temperature sensors

36. A light emitting diode (LED)
is essentially a PN junction
semiconductor that emits a
monochromatic (single color)
light when operated in a
forward biased direction.
LEDs
convert
electrical
energy into light energy. They
are frequently used as "pilot"
lights in electronic appliances
to indicate whether the
circuit is closed or not.

37. How Does A LED Work? (1/2)
When sufficient voltage is applied to the
chip across the leads of the LED, electrons
can move easily in only one direction
across the junction between the p and n
regions.
In the p region there are many more
positive than negative charges.
When a voltage is applied and the current
starts to flow, electrons in the n region
have sufficient energy to move across the
junction into the p region.

38. How Does A LED Work? (2/2)
Each time an electron recombines with a
positive charge, electric potential energy
is converted into electromagnetic energy.
For each recombination of a negative and
a positive charge, a quantum of
electromagnetic energy is emitted in the
form of a photon of light with a frequency
characteristic of the semi-conductor
material (usually a combination of the
chemical elements gallium, arsenic and
phosphorus)..

39. Components Inside a Light Emitting
Diode
1. Transparent
Plastic Case
2. Terminal Pins
3. Diode

40. How Much Energy Does an LED Emit?
The energy (E) of the light emitted by an LED is related to
the electric charge (q) of an electron and the voltage (V)
required to light the LED by the expression: E = qV Joules.
This expression simply says that the voltage is proportional
to the electric energy, and is a general statement which
applies to any circuit, as well as to LED's. The constant q is
the electric charge of a single electron, -1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb.

41. Current uses of LED’s
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Status indicators on all sorts of equipment: your cell phone, computer,
monitor, stereo
Traffic lights
Architectural lighting
Exit signs
Motorcycle and bicycle lights
Railroad crossing signals
Flashlights
Emergency vehicle lighting
Message displays at airports, railways, bus stations, trams, trolleys and
ferries
Military and Tactical missions utilize red and/or yellow lights to retain night
vision.
Movement sensors
LCD backlighting in televisions
Christmas Lights
Lanterns

42. Merits and Demerits of LEDs
Merits
• Virtually indestructible
• 100,000 hour lifespan
• Low energy consumption
• Symmetrical beam with little-to-no artifacts
• Cheap to manufacture
• Available in a multitude of colors without requiring a filter.
• Pure white light means no color will be filtered out.
• Low functioning temperature
Demerits
• Less potential output (for now)
• Slightly more expensive to purchase

43. Potential uses in the future
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LED’s are already being used in tail-lights for cars, and some companies like
Lexus are experimenting with LED headlights
Home lighting: Imagine a “light-bulb” with 100,000 constant hours of use. In
other words:
100,000 hours/24 hours a day = 4,166 days
4,166 days/365 days a year = 11.4 years.
Not only will the light bulb last for 11.4 years, but it will also require much
less current than a traditional light-bulb. If one LED-light bulb requires half
the energy of one Incandescent light-bulb, we may not have to suffer through
rolling blackouts ever again!
LED’s are already getting brighter. Here is an example of one of the most
recent LED’s to hit the market titled the “Luxeon Rebel”. It is both twice as
bright, and uses half the current of it’s predecessor of only 2 years.
Technology will eventually dictate that LED’s are the light source of the
future.