Module 04 2004

Basic Maneuvering Tasks:Basic Maneuvering Tasks:
Moderate Risk Driving EnvironmentModerate Risk Driving Environment
Topic 1 --Topic 1 -- RiskRisk
Topic 2 --Topic 2 -- Space Management SystemSpace Management System
Topic 3 --Topic 3 -- Lane ChangesLane Changes
Topic 4 --Topic 4 -- TurnaboutsTurnabouts
Topic 5 --Topic 5 -- ParkingParking
Module Four TransparenciesModule Four Transparencies
VirginiaVirginia Department of EducationDepartment of Education
Provided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor VehiclesProvided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles

RiskRisk
• RiskRisk is theis the Chance ofChance of
Injury, Damage, or LossInjury, Damage, or Loss
• Injury, Damage, or LossInjury, Damage, or Loss
Usually Are theUsually Are the
Consequences of a CrashConsequences of a Crash
T – 4.1
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Every driver accepts aEvery driver accepts a
certain level of riskcertain level of risk
when driving a vehicle.when driving a vehicle.
A driver must manage riskA driver must manage risk
in order to avoid conflict.in order to avoid conflict.

Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment
• Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment
• Risk AcceptanceRisk Acceptance
• Risk CompensationRisk Compensation
T – 4.2
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Elements of RiskElements of Risk are:are:
Unfortunately, drivers oftenUnfortunately, drivers often
create high risk situations.create high risk situations.

RiskRisk
Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment Involves:Involves:
T – 4.3
Topic 1 Lesson 1
• Recognizing increased risk situationsRecognizing increased risk situations
-Speeding -Following Too Closely-Speeding -Following Too Closely
-Failure to Yield -Improper Turns-Failure to Yield -Improper Turns
-DUI -Lack of Safety belt use-DUI -Lack of Safety belt use
• Understanding the consequences ofUnderstanding the consequences of
increased risk situationsincreased risk situations
• Considering your options and theConsidering your options and the
consequences of your choicesconsequences of your choices

RiskRisk
Risk AcceptanceRisk Acceptance::
• There is always a certain amount of riskThere is always a certain amount of risk
involved in the driving task.involved in the driving task.
• How much risk is acceptable?How much risk is acceptable?
– Evaluate Consequences of TakingEvaluate Consequences of Taking
Risks (Risks (Penalty, Damage, Injury or Death)Penalty, Damage, Injury or Death)
T – 4.4
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Knowledge can help you reduce risk!Knowledge can help you reduce risk!
Having good seeing habits and your ability to manage space on the roadway
are essential ingredients for low-risk driving.
To minimize risk, drivers need time, space & visibility to execute a maneuver.

Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment
T – 4.5
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Example taken from Module 3 Topic 3 Lesson 1 --- RECOGNIZING high risk situations.
Risk CompensationRisk Compensation -- Recognizing potential risk or-- Recognizing potential risk or
limitations and making appropriate adjustmentslimitations and making appropriate adjustments
• Adjust Speed to Reduce Risk
• Adjust Lane Position to Reduce Risk
• Use Appropriate Communication to Reduce Risk

Reduced Risk DrivingReduced Risk Driving
• Three principles for reducing risks
–Never risk more than you can
afford to lose
–Do not risk large consequences for a
small reward
–Consider the odds and your situation
Topic 1 Lesson 1
T – 4.5a

Reducing Driving RiskReducing Driving Risk
• Good decision-making is essential to reducing
driving risks.
• A driver in city traffic makes 50-60 decisions per mile.
• Your hands and feet can only do what your brain tells
them to do.
• Developing good procedures for decision making:
• Observation skills
• Experiences
• Developing good habits
T – 4.6
Topic 1 Lesson 2

• Work towards developing the best risk-
reducing procedures and safe-driving habits.
• Habits are difficult to change.
• A space management system helps you
to develop good driving habits.
T – 4.7
Topic 1 Lesson 2

• Guided practice is key to developing sound habits and
judgments
• Get extensive practice on all basic driving procedures
• Use a space management and targeting system
• Good habits and judgment
often deteriorate over time
• Complacency
• Most novice drivers rate
themselves as “good” drivers
• There may be no negative results from negative behavior
T – 4.8
Topic 1 Lesson 2

Risk Reduction GoalsRisk Reduction Goals
• Make every driving sequenceMake every driving sequence
an efficient driving sequence.an efficient driving sequence.
• Use processing skills to makeUse processing skills to make
accurate judgments.accurate judgments.
• Develop sound procedures forDevelop sound procedures for
all maneuvers.all maneuvers.
T – 4.10
Topic 1 Lesson 2
PREVENTIO
N
PREVENTIO
N

Space Management SystemSpace Management System
 Space Management Steps:Space Management Steps:
• Search –Search – Search the entire scene for
anything that might cross your path of
travel.
• Evaluate --Evaluate -- Give meaning to what you
have observed.
• Determine an alternate path of travel
or change in vehicle position.
• Determine proper speed.
• Execute --Execute -- Carry out any alternative
action needed to minimize risk.
• In Time...In Time...
T – 4.11
Topic 2 Lesson 1

System ComponentsSystem Components
• Recognize ChangesRecognize Changes
in the Line of Sightin the Line of Sight
or Path of Travelor Path of Travel
• To Reduce RiskTo Reduce Risk
• Adjust SpeedAdjust Speed
• Adjust Lane PositionAdjust Lane Position
T – 4.12
Topic 2 Lesson 1

Vehicle Operating Space
There are seven basic areas of operating
space for a vehicle. Six of the space
areas (zones) are around your vehicle,
and the seventh, or central space, is the
space your vehicle occupies.
T – 4.12 a
Topic 2 Lesson 1

Vehicle Operating ZonesVehicle Operating Zones
Vehicle Operating SpaceVehicle Operating Space
Central Space Area
Direction of TravelDirection of Travel
T – 4.13
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Right-Front Zone
(Maroon)
Right-Rear Zone
(White)
Front Zone
(Yellow)
Rear Zone
(Blue)
Left-Front Zone
(Green)
Left-Rear Zone
(Red)
1
2
3
4
5
6
A zone refers to one of the six spaces around your vehicle. It is the
width of a traffic lane and extends as far as you can see. A zone has
three characteristics, it can be OPENOPEN,, CLOSEDCLOSED or CHANGINGCHANGING.
To assist you in learning zones and their purposes we have colored and numbered each for easy identification.

Managing ZonesManaging Zones
Direction of TravelDirection of Travel
T – 4.14
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Evaluating Your AlternativesEvaluating Your Alternatives
Move HereMove Here
Changing ZONEChanging ZONE
Closed
ZONE
Check RearCheck Rear
Check SideCheck Side
Central Space Area
Open
ZONE
OPEN —OPEN — a zone that has no restrictions to the line of sight or path of travel.
CLOSED —CLOSED — a zone not available for the vehicle’s path of travel or an area that
has a restriction to the driver's line of sight.
CHANGING —CHANGING — an open zone that may change to a closed zone.

Space Management BasicsSpace Management Basics
Searching :Searching :
• WhereWhere to Lookto Look
• WhatWhat to Look forto Look for
• HowHow to Evaluateto Evaluate
Evaluating Conditions:Evaluating Conditions:
• Risk PotentialRisk Potential of a Closed or Changing Areasof a Closed or Changing Areas
VersusVersus
• Risk PotentialRisk Potential of Alternative Areasof Alternative Areas
T – 4.15
Topic 2 Lesson 3

T – 4.15a
Topic 2 Lesson 3
WhereWhere to lookto look
The area outlined in blue represents your field of vision extendingThe area outlined in blue represents your field of vision extending
fromfrom THE DRIVERTHE DRIVER to the intended target area.to the intended target area.
Proper search and actions consists of the:Proper search and actions consists of the:
• 4 to 8-second range — Immediate Action Required
• 12 to 15-second range —Allows for Escape Routes
• 20 to 30 second range to the target area — Safe and open path of travel
Path of Travel

T – 4.15b
Topic 2 Lesson 3
WhatWhat to Look forto Look for
A driver must constantly search for potential risks andA driver must constantly search for potential risks and
determine consequencesdetermine consequences..
Path of Travel

T – 4.15c
Topic 2 Lesson 3
HowHow toto EvaluateEvaluate
Path of Travel
Will the motorcyclist enter your path of travel?
How can the driver of the red vehicle reduce
risks?

T – 4.16
Topic 2 Lesson 3
What is the best decision and action for the driver
of the RED car?
Executing DecisionsExecuting Decisions::
• Change speed while maintaining vehicle balance
• Change position while maintaining vehicle balance
Risk Reduction:Risk Reduction:
• Control the Target Area, Line of Sight
and Path of Travel by:
•speed changes;
•position changes; and
•effective communication.

Open, Closed, or Changing ZonesOpen, Closed, or Changing Zones
• AA redred traffic signal is …traffic signal is …
• A parked car to your right is …A parked car to your right is …
• A bicyclist to your right is …A bicyclist to your right is …
• A vehicle in your left mirror blind area is …A vehicle in your left mirror blind area is …
• A motorcycle in your right mirror blind area is …A motorcycle in your right mirror blind area is …
• A large truck following closely behind is …A large truck following closely behind is …
T – 4.17
Topic 2 Lesson 3

Turning at IntersectionsTurning at Intersections
• Right TurnRight Turn
• Approach to IntersectionApproach to Intersection
• CommunicationCommunication
• Target AreasTarget Areas
• Path of TravelPath of Travel
• Line of SightLine of Sight
• Speed AdjustmentSpeed Adjustment
• Lane PositionLane Position
• Turning Reference PointTurning Reference Point
• Courtesy ConsiderationsCourtesy Considerations
T – 4.18
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Target

Turning at IntersectionsTurning at Intersections
• Left TurnLeft Turn
• Approach to IntersectionApproach to Intersection
• Speed AdjustmentSpeed Adjustment
• Turning Reference PointTurning Reference Point
Topic 3 Lesson 1
T – 4.19

Lane ChangesLane Changes
Topic 3 Lesson 2
Visual checks for lane change to theVisual checks for lane change to the RIGHT.RIGHT.
Visual checks for lane change to theVisual checks for lane change to the LEFT.LEFT.• Traffic CheckTraffic Check
• EffectiveEffective
CommunicationCommunication
• Appropriate GapAppropriate Gap
• Reduced-RiskReduced-Risk
DecisionDecision
• CourtesyCourtesy
ConsiderationsConsiderations
• Steering InputSteering Input
• Recheck TrafficRecheck Traffic
• Establish SpaceEstablish Space
• check zones ahead (zones 1 and 2)
• check zones to the rear (zones 4 and 6)
• check zones ahead (zones 1 and 3)
• check zones to the rear (zones 5 and 6)
BLIND
SPOT
BLIND
SPOT
T – 4.20

Rear-View Mirror SettingRear-View Mirror Setting
Rear-View Mirror
T – 4.21
Topic 3 Lesson 2
Traditional and Contemporary (BGE) Mirror Setting

Rear Mirror View
Right Side Mirror View
Left Side Mirror View
Traditional Mirror SettingsTraditional Mirror Settings
T – 4.22
Topic 3 Lesson 3

Contemporary (BGE) Mirror SettingsContemporary (BGE) Mirror Settings
Rear Mirror View
Right Side Mirror View
Left Side Mirror View
15º
15º
T – 4.23
Topic 3 Lesson 3

Turning AroundTurning Around
Topic 4 Lesson 1
T – 4.24
• Check traffic flow.
• Signal and position the vehicle 2-3 feet from curb.
• Drive beyond the driveway and stop.
• Shift to Reverse, monitor intended path of travel.
• Back slowly, turning steering wheel rapidly to the
right as you enter driveway.
• Straighten wheels, centering car in driveway and
stop with the wheels straight.
• Signal left and exit driveway when the way is clear.
Back into driveway on rightBack into driveway on right
sideside
Two-Point TurnsTwo-Point Turns
• ApproachApproach
• Reference PointsReference Points
• Speed ControlSpeed Control
1
2
3

Topic 4 Lesson 1
T – 4.25
• Check traffic flow.
• Signal and position your vehicle 3-6 inches from
center yellow line.
• When traffic is clear, pull into the driveway and
stop.
• Shift to Reverse, monitor intended path.
• Back slowly, turning steering wheel rapidly to
the right as you exit driveway.
• Straighten wheels, centering car in proper lane.
• Shift into Drive. Check traffic and accelerate to
normal speed.
• Reference PointsReference Points
• Speed ControlSpeed Control
Two-Point TurnsTwo-Point Turns
Pull into driveway on leftPull into driveway on left
sideside
1
2
3

Topic 4 Lesson 1
T – 4.26
1
2
4
3
5
Three-point TurnThree-point Turn
NOTE: The safest way to change direction is to driveNOTE: The safest way to change direction is to drive
around the block!around the block!
•ReferencesReferences
•Speed ControlSpeed Control
•Lane PositionLane Position
•Courtesy ConsiderationsCourtesy Considerations

T – 4.27
Angle ParkingAngle Parking
Topic 5 Lesson 1
Parking at a 30 Degree Angle to the CurbParking at a 30 Degree Angle to the Curb
 Signal intention and positionSignal intention and position
vehicle 3-5 feet from the space invehicle 3-5 feet from the space in
which the vehicle is to be parked.which the vehicle is to be parked.
 Move forward until the steeringMove forward until the steering
wheel is aligned with the firstwheel is aligned with the first
pavement line.pavement line.
 Visually target the middle of theVisually target the middle of the
parking space and turn the wheelparking space and turn the wheel
sharply at a slow, controlled speed.sharply at a slow, controlled speed.
 Steer toward the target in theSteer toward the target in the
center of the space to straighten thecenter of the space to straighten the
wheels and stop when the frontwheels and stop when the front
bumper is 3-6 inches from the curb.bumper is 3-6 inches from the curb.

Perpendicular ParkingPerpendicular Parking
Topic 5 Lesson 1
Parking at a 90 Degree Angle to the CurbParking at a 90 Degree Angle to the Curb
T – 4.28
 Signal intention and position theSignal intention and position the
vehicle 5 – 6 feet away from thevehicle 5 – 6 feet away from the
space.space.
 Move forward until the driver’sMove forward until the driver’s
body is aligned with the firstbody is aligned with the first
pavement line.pavement line.
 Visually target the center of theVisually target the center of the
parking space and turn the wheelparking space and turn the wheel
rapidly while controlling speed.rapidly while controlling speed.
 Steer towards the target andSteer towards the target and
straighten the wheels.straighten the wheels.
 Position the front bumper 3 – 6Position the front bumper 3 – 6
inches from the curb.inches from the curb.

Parallel ParkingParallel Parking
Topic 5 Lesson 1
T – 4.29
Parking Parallel to the CurbParking Parallel to the Curb
 Select a space that is at least five feet longerSelect a space that is at least five feet longer
than your vehicle. Flash your brake lights and putthan your vehicle. Flash your brake lights and put
on your turn signal as you approach the space.on your turn signal as you approach the space.
 Monitor the traffic to the rear.Monitor the traffic to the rear.
 Place your vehicle 2 – 3 feet from the vehiclePlace your vehicle 2 – 3 feet from the vehicle
you want to park behind with back bumpers even.you want to park behind with back bumpers even.
 Put your vehicle in Reverse. Back slowly andPut your vehicle in Reverse. Back slowly and
turn the steering wheel sharply.turn the steering wheel sharply.
 Stop when your steering wheel is aligned withStop when your steering wheel is aligned with
the back bumper of the front vehicle.the back bumper of the front vehicle.
 Continue backing slowly while steering sharplyContinue backing slowly while steering sharply
in the opposite direction. Use quick glances to thein the opposite direction. Use quick glances to the
front and rear.front and rear.
 Center the vehicle in the space. Wheels shouldCenter the vehicle in the space. Wheels should
be 6 – 12 inches from the curb.be 6 – 12 inches from the curb.

Hill ParkingHill Parking
DownDown
HillHill
T – 4.30
Topic 5 Lesson 1
When parking on a hill, you need to take special precautions to ensureWhen parking on a hill, you need to take special precautions to ensure
your vehicle will not roll into the street and into traffic.your vehicle will not roll into the street and into traffic.
UpUp Hill +Hill +
CurbCurb
UpUp Hill -Hill -
CurbCurb
•Approach
•Communication
•Target Areas
•Path of Travel
•Line of Sight
•Speed Adjustment
•Lane Position
•Reference Points
•Courtesy
Considerations

Module 04 2004

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Module 04 2004