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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is the system of
glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone directly
into the bloodstream to regulate the body. The endocrine
system is in contrast to the exocrine system, which
secretes its chemicals using ducts. It derives from the
Greek words "endo" meaning inside, within, and "crinis" for
secrete. The endocrine system is an information signal
system like the nervous system, yet its effects and
mechanism are classifiably different. The endocrine
system's effects are slow to initiate, and prolonged in their
response, lasting from a few hours up to weeks. The
nervous system sends information very quickly, and
responses are generally short lived. Hormones are
substances (chemical mediators) released from endocrine
tissue into the bloodstream where they travel to target
tissue and generate a response. Hormones regulate
various human functions, including metabolism, growth and
development, tissue function, and mood. The field of study
dealing with the endocrine system and its disorders
is endocrinology, a branch of internal medicine.
Features of endocrine glands are, in general,their
ductless nature, their vascularity, and usually the
presence of intracellular vacuoles or granules storing
their hormones. In contrast, exocrine glands, such
as salivary glands, sweat glands, and glands within the
gastrointestinal tract, tend to be much less vascular and
have ducts or a hollow lumen.
       In addition to the specialized endocrine organs
mentioned above, many other organs that are part of
other body systems, such as the
kidney, liver, heart and gonads, have secondary
endocrine functions. For example the kidney secretes
endocrine hormones such as erythropoietin and renin.
       The endocrine system is made of a series of
glands that produce chemicals called hormones. A
number of glands that signal each other in sequence are
usually referred to as an axis, for
example, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
The Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
                           Abbr
   Secreted hormone        eviati    Produced by                                Effect
                            on



  Thyrotropin-releasing              Parvocellular    Stimulate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released from
        hormone            TRH      neurosecretory                   anterior pituitary (primarily)
                                       neurons



        Dopamine           DA or       Dopamine
   (Prolactin-inhibiting    PIH     neurons of the         Inhibit prolactin released from anterior pituitary
        hormone)                    arcuate nucleus



Growth hormone-releasing GHRH Neuroendocrine
                               neurons of the           Stimulate Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior
        hormone               Arcuate nucleus
                                                                             pituitary




       Somatostatin          SS, Neuroendocrine
                                       cells of          Inhibit Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior
    (growth hormone-       GHIH,                                               pituitary
                             or  the              P       Inhibit thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release
   inhibiting hormone)             eriventricular
                            SRIF      nucleus                            from anterior pituitary
GnRH Neuroendocrine c         Stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release from
Gonadotropin-releasing     or        ells of                                  anterior pituitary
      hormone                                           Stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) release from anterior
                          LHRH the Preoptic area
                                                                                  pituitary



                                     Parvocellular
                                    neurosecretory
Corticotropin-releasing    CRH      neurons of the       Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release
       hormone            or CRF                                        from anterior pituitary
                                    Paraventricular
                                       Nucleus
                                     Magnocellular
                                    neurosecretory
                                     neurons of the
       Oxytocin           OT or        Supraoptic                         Uterine contraction
                          OXT            nucleus                       Lactation (letdown reflex)
                                   and Paraventricula
                                        r nucleus
                                      Parvocellular
                                    neurosecretory
                                   neurons,Magnoce
                           ADH            llular          Increases water permeability in the distal convoluted
      Vasopressin         or AVP    neurosecretory       tubule and collecting duct of nephrons, thus promoting
(antidiuretic hormone)               neurons of the
                           or VP                            water reabsorption and increasing blood volume
                                    Paraventricular
                                      nucleus and
                                       Supraoptic
                                         nucleus
Pineal body (epiphysis)
  Secreted hormone               From cells                                   Effect

                                                                         Antioxidant
                                                     Monitors the circadian rhythm including inducement
      Melatonin                 Pinealocytes           of drowsiness and lowering of the middle body
                                                                   temperature sleep cycle


Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Anterior pituitary lobe (adenohypophysis)
   Secreted hormone      Abbrevi      From cells                             Effect
                          ation

    Growth hormone         GH       Somatotrophs           Stimulates growth and cell reproduction
     (somatotropin)                                 Stimulates Insulin-like growth factor 1 release from liver

   Thyroid-stimulating                                Stimulates thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
        hormone           TSH        Thyrotrophs            synthesis and release from thyroid gland
      (thyrotropin)                                      Stimulates iodine absorption by thyroid gland

   Adrenocorticotropic                                     Stimulates corticosteroid (glucocorticoid
        hormone           ACTH      Corticotrophs      and mineralcorticoid) and androgen synthesis and
     (corticotropin)                                           release from adrenocortical cells

     Beta-endorphin         -       Corticotrophs                  Inhibits perception of pain
In females: Stimulates
                                                             maturation of ovarian
                                                                 follicles in ovary
                                                              In males: Stimulates
                                                          maturation of seminiferous
                                                                       tubules
  Follicle-stimulating   FSH        Gonadotrophs                      In males:
        hormone                                           Stimulates spermatogenesi
                                                                          s
                                                              In males: Stimulates
                                                           production of androgen-
                                                                 binding protein
                                                               from Sertoli cells of
                                                                     the testes

                                                                  In females:
                                                             Stimulates ovulation
                                                            In females: Stimulates
 Luteinizing hormone     LH         Gonadotrophs         formation of corpus luteum
                                                                   In males:
                                                          Stimulates testosterone sy
                                                           nthesis from Leydig cells
                                                               (interstitial cells)

                                                           Stimulates milk synthesis
                                                                 and release
       Prolactin         PRL         Lactotrophs            from mammary glands
                                                               Mediates sexual
                                                                 gratification

Melanocyte-stimulating          Melanotropes in the Pars      Stimulates melanin
      hormone            MSH   intermedia of the Anterior synthesis and release from
                                       Pituitary            skin/hair melanocytes
Posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)
                  Abbr
 Secreted hormone eviati From cells                       Effect
                   on

                           Magnocellul             Uterine contraction
     Oxytocin                   ar
                           neurosecret
                             ory cells          Lactation (letdown reflex)

    Vasopressin                         Increases water permeability in the
                     ADH Parvocellula distal convoluted tubule and collecting
                              r
                      or neurosecret     duct of nephrons, thus promoting
   (antidiuretic     AVP ory neurons water reabsorption and increasing
    hormone)                                       blood volume

          Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are not secreted in the posterior lobe,
 merely stored.
Thyroid
 Secreted hormone Abbreviatio From cells
                      n                                      Effect


                                             (More potent form of thyroid hormone)
                                Thyroid         Stimulates body oxygen and energy
 Triiodothyronine     T3       epithelial   consumption, thereby increasing the basal
                                  cell                    metabolic rate
                                                Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II,
                                               thereby promoting protein synthesis



                                              (Less active form of thyroid hormone)
                                                              (Acts as
      Thyroxine                 Thyroid         a prohormone to triiodothyronine)
 (tetraiodothyronin   T4       epithelial       Stimulates body oxygen and energy
          e)                     cells      consumption, thereby increasing the basal
                                                          metabolic rate
                                                Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II,
                                               thereby promoting protein synthesis


                                              Stimulates osteoblasts and thus bone
     Calcitonin               Parafollicula                 construction
                                                        2+ release from bone, thereby
                                 r cells    Inhibits Ca
                                                       reducing blood Ca2+
Liver
                  Abbre
 Secreted hormone viatio      From cells                    Effect
                    n



 Insulin-like growth                                  insulin-like effects
      factor (or       IGF   Hepatocytes
   somatomedin)
     (Primarily)                            regulate cell growth and development




                                                       vasoconstriction
  Angiotensinogen            Hepatocytes release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
  and angiotensin
                                                          dipsogen.


  Thrombopoietin             Hepatocytes        stimulates megakaryocytes to
                                                      produce platelets.
Pancreas
 Secreted hormone      From cells                         Effect

                                                          Intake
                                       of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liv
                                                er and muscle from blood
 Insulin (Primarily)   β Islet cells          Intake of lipids and synthesis
                                              of triglycerides in adipocytes .
                                                 Other anabolic effects.


  Glucagon (Also                       Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver
    Primarily)         α Islet cells
                                             increases blood glucose level

                                                 Inhibit release of insulin
   Somatostatin        δ Islet cells    Inhibit release of glucagon. Suppress the
                                         exocrine secretory action of pancreas.

     Pancreatic                           Self regulate the pancreas secretion
    polypeptide          PP cells       activities and effect the hepatic glycogen
                                                           levels.
Kidney
 Secreted hormone        From cells                         Effect

      Renin
                    Juxtaglomerular cells producing the renin-angiotensin system by
                                           Activates
                                                     angiotensin I of angiotensinogen
    (Primarily)

  Erythropoietin
                      Extraglomerular         Stimulate erythrocyte production
                      mesangial cells
      (EPO)




     Calcitriol                                    Active form of vitamin D3

       (1,25-                                         Increase absorption
 dihydroxyvitamin                        of calcium and phosphate from gastrointest
        D 3)                             inal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH



 Thrombopoietin                                 stimulates megakaryocytes to
                                                      produce platelets
Adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex
   Secreted hormone              From cells                             Effect


                                                               Stimulates gluconeogenesis
                                                      Stimulates fat breakdown in adipose tissue
                                                                Inhibits protein synthesis
 Glucocorticoids (chiefly            zona                   Inhibits glucose uptake in muscle
        cortisol)            fasciculata and zona                    and adipose tissue
                                reticularis cells          Inhibits immunological responses
                                                                   (immunosuppressive)
                                                         Inhibits inflammatory responses (anti-
                                                                       inflammatory)



                                                   Stimulates active sodium reabsorption in kidneys
                                                        Stimulates passive water reabsorption in
   Mineralocorticoids
  (chiefly aldosterone)     Zona glomerulosa cells kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood
                                                                        pressure
                                                         Stimulates potassium and H+ secretion
                                                   into nephron of kidney and subsequent excretion


 Androgens (including D              Zona            In males: Relatively small effect compared to
 HEA and testosterone)       fasciculata and Zona               androgens from testes
                                reticularis cells          In females: masculinizing effects
Adrenal medulla
   Secreted hormone         From cells                             Effect

                                             Fight-or-flight response:
                                                Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to
                                                 the brain and muscles (by increasing heart
                                                 rate and stroke volume, vasodilation,
 Adrenaline (epinephrin   Chromaffin cells       increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver,
     e) (Primarily)                              breakdown of lipids in fat cells)
                                                Dilate the pupils
                                                Suppress non-emergency bodily processes
                                                 (e.g., digestion)
                                                Suppress immune system

                                             Fight-or-flight response:
                                                Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to
                                                 the brain and muscles (by increasing heart
    Noradrenaline         Chromaffin cells       rate and stroke volume, vasoconstriction and
   (norepinephrine)
                                                 increased blood pressure, breakdown of
                                                 lipids in fat cells)
                                                Increase skeletal muscle readiness.

       Dopamine           Chromaffin cells        Increase heart rate and blood pressure
      Enkephalin          Chromaffin cells                     Regulate pain
Reproductive
Testes
  Secreted hormone     From cells                          Effect




                                       Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength,
                                        increased bone density, growth and strength,
  Androgens (chiefly   Leydig cells
    testosterone)                      Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation
                                           of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth
                                                   of beard and axillary hair.




      Estradiol        Sertoli cells          Prevent apoptosis of germ cells.


       Inhibin         Sertoli cells             Inhibit production of FSH.
Ovarian follicle and corpus luteum
Secreted hormone           From cells                                                 Effect
                                                  Support pregnancy:

                                                      Convert endometrium to secretory stage
                                                      Make cervical mucus thick and impenetrable to sperm.
                                                      Inhibit immune response, e.g., towards the human embryo
                                                      Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility
                                                      Inhibit lactation
                                                      Inhibit onset of labor.

                                                  Other:
                                                      Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels
                                                      Increase core temperature during ovulation
  Progesterone     Granulosa cells, theca cells       Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and
                                                       regulate mucus)

                                                  Anti-inflammatory:

                                                      Reduce gall-bladder activity
                                                      Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper
                                                       levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy
                                                      Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts
                                                      Increase resilience in bone, teeth, gums, joint, tendon, ligament, and skin
                                                      Promote healing by regulating collagen
                                                      Provide nerve function and healing by regulating myelin
                                                      Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen
Androstenedione      Theca cells    Substrate for estrogen

                                   Structural:
                                     Promote formation of
                                      female secondary sex
                                      characteristics
                                     Accelerate height gro
                                      wth
                                     Accelerate metabolis
   Estrogens                          m (burn fat)
                                     Reduce muscle mass
(mainly estradiol)                   Stimulate endometrial
                                       growth
                                     Increase uterine growt
                                      h
                                     Maintain blood
                                      vessels and skin
                                     Reduce bone
                                      resorption, increase
                                      bone formation
Protein synthesis:
                                         Increase hepatic
                                          production of binding
                                          proteins
                                       Coagulation:
   Estrogens                             Increase circulating level
                     Granulosa cells      of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, anti
(mainly estradiol)                        thrombin III,
                                          plasminogen
                                         Increase platelet adhesiv
                                          eness
                                         Increase HDL, triglycerid
                                          e, height growth
                                         Decrease LDL, fat deposi
                                          tion
Fluid balance:
Regulate salt (sodium) and water retention
Increase growth hormone
Increase cortisol, SHBG
Gastrointestinal tract:
Reduce bowel motility
Increase cholesterol in bile
Melanin:
Increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin
Cancer:
Support hormone-sensitive breast cancers (Suppression of
production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these
cancers.)
Lung function:
Promote lung function by supporting alveoli.

                                                    Inhibit production
       Inhibin               Granulosa cells       of FSH from anterior
                                                         pituitary.
Placenta (when pregnant)
    Secreted hormone          Abbrevi       From cells                                   Effect
                               ation
                                                             Support pregnancy:

                                                                   Inhibit immune response, towards the fetus.
                                                                   Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility
                                                                   Inhibit lactation
 Progesterone (Primarily)                                          Inhibit onset of labor.
                                                                   Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and
                                                                    glucosteroids.
                                                             Other effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle-
                                                             progesterone

 Estrogens (mainly Estriol)                                      Effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle estrogen.
      (Also Primarily)
                                                                    Promote maintenance of corpus luteum during
     Human chorionic          HCG       Syncytiotrophobla                    beginning of pregnancy.
      gonadotropin                      st
                                                             Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo.
                                                                       increase production of insulin and IGF-1
 Human placental lactogen HPL           Syncytiotrophobla
                                        st                                         increase insulin
                                                                       resistance and carbohydrate intolerance
          Inhibin                       Fetal Trophoblasts                           suppress FSH
Uterus (when pregnant)
   Secreted hormone     Abbrevi      From cells                               Effect
                         ation
       Prolactin          PRL      Decidual cells                milk production in mammary glands
        Relaxin                    Decidual cells                  Unclear in humans and animals



Parathyroid                Calcium regulation
   Secreted hormone     Abbrevi      From cells                               Effect
                         ation
                                                      Calcium:

                                                         Stimulates Ca2+ release from bone, thereby
                                                          increasing blood Ca2+
                                                         Stimulates osteoclasts, thus breaking down bone
                                                         Stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney
                                                         Stimulates activated vitamin D production in
                                  Parathyroid chief       kidney
  Parathyroid hormone    PTH            cell
                                                      Phosphate:
                                                         Stimulates PO3-4 release from bones, thereby
                                                          increasing blood PO3-4.
                                                         Inhibits PO3-4 reabsorption in kidney, so more PO3-
                                                          4 is excreted
                                                         Overall, small net drop in serum PO3-4.
Skin
    Secreted hormone                    From cells                                  Effect
       Calcidiol (25-                                                     Inactive form of vitamin D3
    hydroxyvitamin D3)


Heart                                Miscellaneous
    Secreted hormone          Abbrevi       From cells                              Effect
                               ation
                                                           Reduce blood pressure by:
 Atrial-natriuretic peptide    ANP      Cardiac myocytes
                                                           reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood
                                                           water, sodium and fats
                                                           (To a lesser degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:
 Brain natriuretic peptide     BNP      Cardiac myocytes reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood
                                                         water, sodium and fats

Bone marrow
    Secreted hormone                   From cells                                  Effect
     Thrombopoietin              liver and kidney cells    stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets

Estrogens (mainly estradiol)
    Secreted hormone                    From cells                                 Effect
    Leptin (Primarily)                  Adipocytes            Decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism.
Estrogens (mainly Estrone)              Adipocytes
Major endocrine systems
      The human endocrine system consists of several
systems that operate via feedback loops. Several
important feedback systems are mediated via the
hypothalamus and pituitary.
TRH - TSH - T3/T4
GnRH - LH/FSH - sex hormones
CRH - ACTH – cortisol
Renin - angiotensin - aldosterone
List of endocrine diseases
  Adrenal disorders:                          Glucose homeostasis disorders:

Adrenal hormone excess                    Diabetes mellitus
    Conn's syndrome                           Type 1 Diabetes
    Cushing's syndrome                        Type 2 Diabetes
    Glucocorticoid remediable                 Gestational Diabetes
    aldosteronism (GRA)                       Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young
    Pheochromocytoma                      Hypoglycemia
    Congenital adrenal                        Idiopathic hypoglycemia
     hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome)     Insulinoma
     Adrenocortical carcinoma             Glucagonoma
                                          Thyroiditis
                                              Hashimoto's thyroiditis
                                          Thyroid cancer
Calcium homeostasis disorders
 and Metabolic bone disease
 Parathyroid gland disorders
     Primary hyperparathyroidism
     Secondary hyperparathyroidism
     Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
     Hypoparathyroidism
         -Pseudohypoparathyroidism
 Osteoporosis
 Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone)
 Rickets and osteomalacia
Members:
Cerera, Rizhabyl C.
 Guiates, Nikki R.
 Eladro, Rojean Q.
Delizo, Reynalyn S.
 Bornillo, Julius E.
Patindol, Francis A.
Ocenar, Marcneil R.
1. Guidelines
                                   2. Endocrine System
                           3. Definition of Endocrine System
                            4. Features of Endocrine Glands
                            5. Diagram of Endocrine System
                                     6. Hypothalamus
                                    7. Hypothalamus 2
                                8. Pineal Body (Epiphysis)
                               Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
                       Anterior Pituitary Lobe (Adenohypophysis)
9. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) and Anterior Pituitary Lobe (Adenohypophysis) 2
                   10. Posterior Pituitary Lobe (Neurohypophysis)
                                         11. Thyroid
                                           12. Liver
                                        13. Pancreas
                                         14. Kidney
                        15. Adrenal glands and Adrenal Cortex
                                   16. Adrenal Medulla
                                          17. Testes
                        18. Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum
                       19. Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum 2
                       20. Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum 3
                       21. Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum 4
                             22. Placenta (when pregnant)
                    23. Uterus (when pregnant) and Parathyroid
             24. Skin, Heart, Bone Marrow, Estrogens (mainly estradiol)
                              25. Major Endocrine System
                             26. List of Endocrine Diseases
          27. Calcium Homeostasis Disorders and Metabolic Bone Disease
                                   28. Group Members

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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  • 1. This PowerPoint presentation uses hyperlink for fastest and comfortable way of reporting.  If you click this button , automatically it will lead you to the last slide that contains the lists of different subtopic.  If you want to go to your desired subtopic for the purpose of recalling its content, just click whatever subtopic you like in the lists of subtopic and it will automatically lead you to that slide or subtopic you desired.
  • 3. The endocrine system is the system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body. The endocrine system is in contrast to the exocrine system, which secretes its chemicals using ducts. It derives from the Greek words "endo" meaning inside, within, and "crinis" for secrete. The endocrine system is an information signal system like the nervous system, yet its effects and mechanism are classifiably different. The endocrine system's effects are slow to initiate, and prolonged in their response, lasting from a few hours up to weeks. The nervous system sends information very quickly, and responses are generally short lived. Hormones are substances (chemical mediators) released from endocrine tissue into the bloodstream where they travel to target tissue and generate a response. Hormones regulate various human functions, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, and mood. The field of study dealing with the endocrine system and its disorders is endocrinology, a branch of internal medicine.
  • 4. Features of endocrine glands are, in general,their ductless nature, their vascularity, and usually the presence of intracellular vacuoles or granules storing their hormones. In contrast, exocrine glands, such as salivary glands, sweat glands, and glands within the gastrointestinal tract, tend to be much less vascular and have ducts or a hollow lumen. In addition to the specialized endocrine organs mentioned above, many other organs that are part of other body systems, such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads, have secondary endocrine functions. For example the kidney secretes endocrine hormones such as erythropoietin and renin. The endocrine system is made of a series of glands that produce chemicals called hormones. A number of glands that signal each other in sequence are usually referred to as an axis, for example, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
  • 6. Hypothalamus Abbr Secreted hormone eviati Produced by Effect on Thyrotropin-releasing Parvocellular Stimulate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released from hormone TRH neurosecretory anterior pituitary (primarily) neurons Dopamine DA or Dopamine (Prolactin-inhibiting PIH neurons of the Inhibit prolactin released from anterior pituitary hormone) arcuate nucleus Growth hormone-releasing GHRH Neuroendocrine neurons of the Stimulate Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior hormone Arcuate nucleus pituitary Somatostatin SS, Neuroendocrine cells of Inhibit Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior (growth hormone- GHIH, pituitary or the P Inhibit thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release inhibiting hormone) eriventricular SRIF nucleus from anterior pituitary
  • 7. GnRH Neuroendocrine c Stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release from Gonadotropin-releasing or ells of anterior pituitary hormone Stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) release from anterior LHRH the Preoptic area pituitary Parvocellular neurosecretory Corticotropin-releasing CRH neurons of the Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release hormone or CRF from anterior pituitary Paraventricular Nucleus Magnocellular neurosecretory neurons of the Oxytocin OT or Supraoptic Uterine contraction OXT nucleus Lactation (letdown reflex) and Paraventricula r nucleus Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons,Magnoce ADH llular Increases water permeability in the distal convoluted Vasopressin or AVP neurosecretory tubule and collecting duct of nephrons, thus promoting (antidiuretic hormone) neurons of the or VP water reabsorption and increasing blood volume Paraventricular nucleus and Supraoptic nucleus
  • 8. Pineal body (epiphysis) Secreted hormone From cells Effect Antioxidant Monitors the circadian rhythm including inducement Melatonin Pinealocytes of drowsiness and lowering of the middle body temperature sleep cycle Pituitary gland (hypophysis) Anterior pituitary lobe (adenohypophysis) Secreted hormone Abbrevi From cells Effect ation Growth hormone GH Somatotrophs Stimulates growth and cell reproduction (somatotropin) Stimulates Insulin-like growth factor 1 release from liver Thyroid-stimulating Stimulates thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormone TSH Thyrotrophs synthesis and release from thyroid gland (thyrotropin) Stimulates iodine absorption by thyroid gland Adrenocorticotropic Stimulates corticosteroid (glucocorticoid hormone ACTH Corticotrophs and mineralcorticoid) and androgen synthesis and (corticotropin) release from adrenocortical cells Beta-endorphin - Corticotrophs Inhibits perception of pain
  • 9. In females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles in ovary In males: Stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules Follicle-stimulating FSH Gonadotrophs In males: hormone Stimulates spermatogenesi s In males: Stimulates production of androgen- binding protein from Sertoli cells of the testes In females: Stimulates ovulation In females: Stimulates Luteinizing hormone LH Gonadotrophs formation of corpus luteum In males: Stimulates testosterone sy nthesis from Leydig cells (interstitial cells) Stimulates milk synthesis and release Prolactin PRL Lactotrophs from mammary glands Mediates sexual gratification Melanocyte-stimulating Melanotropes in the Pars Stimulates melanin hormone MSH intermedia of the Anterior synthesis and release from Pituitary skin/hair melanocytes
  • 10. Posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis) Abbr Secreted hormone eviati From cells Effect on Magnocellul Uterine contraction Oxytocin ar neurosecret ory cells Lactation (letdown reflex) Vasopressin Increases water permeability in the ADH Parvocellula distal convoluted tubule and collecting r or neurosecret duct of nephrons, thus promoting (antidiuretic AVP ory neurons water reabsorption and increasing hormone) blood volume Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are not secreted in the posterior lobe, merely stored.
  • 11. Thyroid Secreted hormone Abbreviatio From cells n Effect (More potent form of thyroid hormone) Thyroid Stimulates body oxygen and energy Triiodothyronine T3 epithelial consumption, thereby increasing the basal cell metabolic rate Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II, thereby promoting protein synthesis (Less active form of thyroid hormone) (Acts as Thyroxine Thyroid a prohormone to triiodothyronine) (tetraiodothyronin T4 epithelial Stimulates body oxygen and energy e) cells consumption, thereby increasing the basal metabolic rate Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II, thereby promoting protein synthesis Stimulates osteoblasts and thus bone Calcitonin Parafollicula construction 2+ release from bone, thereby r cells Inhibits Ca reducing blood Ca2+
  • 12. Liver Abbre Secreted hormone viatio From cells Effect n Insulin-like growth insulin-like effects factor (or IGF Hepatocytes somatomedin) (Primarily) regulate cell growth and development vasoconstriction Angiotensinogen Hepatocytes release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex and angiotensin dipsogen. Thrombopoietin Hepatocytes stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets.
  • 13. Pancreas Secreted hormone From cells Effect Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liv er and muscle from blood Insulin (Primarily) β Islet cells Intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes . Other anabolic effects. Glucagon (Also Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver Primarily) α Islet cells increases blood glucose level Inhibit release of insulin Somatostatin δ Islet cells Inhibit release of glucagon. Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. Pancreatic Self regulate the pancreas secretion polypeptide PP cells activities and effect the hepatic glycogen levels.
  • 14. Kidney Secreted hormone From cells Effect Renin Juxtaglomerular cells producing the renin-angiotensin system by Activates angiotensin I of angiotensinogen (Primarily) Erythropoietin Extraglomerular Stimulate erythrocyte production mesangial cells (EPO) Calcitriol Active form of vitamin D3 (1,25- Increase absorption dihydroxyvitamin of calcium and phosphate from gastrointest D 3) inal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH Thrombopoietin stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets
  • 15. Adrenal glands Adrenal cortex Secreted hormone From cells Effect Stimulates gluconeogenesis Stimulates fat breakdown in adipose tissue Inhibits protein synthesis Glucocorticoids (chiefly zona Inhibits glucose uptake in muscle cortisol) fasciculata and zona and adipose tissue reticularis cells Inhibits immunological responses (immunosuppressive) Inhibits inflammatory responses (anti- inflammatory) Stimulates active sodium reabsorption in kidneys Stimulates passive water reabsorption in Mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone) Zona glomerulosa cells kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure Stimulates potassium and H+ secretion into nephron of kidney and subsequent excretion Androgens (including D Zona In males: Relatively small effect compared to HEA and testosterone) fasciculata and Zona androgens from testes reticularis cells In females: masculinizing effects
  • 16. Adrenal medulla Secreted hormone From cells Effect Fight-or-flight response:  Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasodilation, Adrenaline (epinephrin Chromaffin cells increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver, e) (Primarily) breakdown of lipids in fat cells)  Dilate the pupils  Suppress non-emergency bodily processes (e.g., digestion)  Suppress immune system Fight-or-flight response:  Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart Noradrenaline Chromaffin cells rate and stroke volume, vasoconstriction and (norepinephrine) increased blood pressure, breakdown of lipids in fat cells)  Increase skeletal muscle readiness. Dopamine Chromaffin cells Increase heart rate and blood pressure Enkephalin Chromaffin cells Regulate pain
  • 17. Reproductive Testes Secreted hormone From cells Effect Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength, Androgens (chiefly Leydig cells testosterone) Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair. Estradiol Sertoli cells Prevent apoptosis of germ cells. Inhibin Sertoli cells Inhibit production of FSH.
  • 18. Ovarian follicle and corpus luteum Secreted hormone From cells Effect Support pregnancy:  Convert endometrium to secretory stage  Make cervical mucus thick and impenetrable to sperm.  Inhibit immune response, e.g., towards the human embryo  Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility  Inhibit lactation  Inhibit onset of labor. Other:  Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels  Increase core temperature during ovulation Progesterone Granulosa cells, theca cells  Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and regulate mucus) Anti-inflammatory:  Reduce gall-bladder activity  Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy  Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts  Increase resilience in bone, teeth, gums, joint, tendon, ligament, and skin  Promote healing by regulating collagen  Provide nerve function and healing by regulating myelin  Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen
  • 19. Androstenedione Theca cells Substrate for estrogen Structural:  Promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics  Accelerate height gro wth  Accelerate metabolis Estrogens m (burn fat)  Reduce muscle mass (mainly estradiol)  Stimulate endometrial growth  Increase uterine growt h  Maintain blood vessels and skin  Reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation
  • 20. Protein synthesis:  Increase hepatic production of binding proteins Coagulation: Estrogens  Increase circulating level Granulosa cells of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, anti (mainly estradiol) thrombin III, plasminogen  Increase platelet adhesiv eness  Increase HDL, triglycerid e, height growth  Decrease LDL, fat deposi tion
  • 21. Fluid balance: Regulate salt (sodium) and water retention Increase growth hormone Increase cortisol, SHBG Gastrointestinal tract: Reduce bowel motility Increase cholesterol in bile Melanin: Increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin Cancer: Support hormone-sensitive breast cancers (Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers.) Lung function: Promote lung function by supporting alveoli. Inhibit production Inhibin Granulosa cells of FSH from anterior pituitary.
  • 22. Placenta (when pregnant) Secreted hormone Abbrevi From cells Effect ation Support pregnancy:  Inhibit immune response, towards the fetus.  Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility  Inhibit lactation Progesterone (Primarily)  Inhibit onset of labor.  Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids. Other effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle- progesterone Estrogens (mainly Estriol) Effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle estrogen. (Also Primarily) Promote maintenance of corpus luteum during Human chorionic HCG Syncytiotrophobla beginning of pregnancy. gonadotropin st Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo. increase production of insulin and IGF-1 Human placental lactogen HPL Syncytiotrophobla st increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance Inhibin Fetal Trophoblasts suppress FSH
  • 23. Uterus (when pregnant) Secreted hormone Abbrevi From cells Effect ation Prolactin PRL Decidual cells milk production in mammary glands Relaxin Decidual cells Unclear in humans and animals Parathyroid Calcium regulation Secreted hormone Abbrevi From cells Effect ation Calcium:  Stimulates Ca2+ release from bone, thereby increasing blood Ca2+  Stimulates osteoclasts, thus breaking down bone  Stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney  Stimulates activated vitamin D production in Parathyroid chief kidney Parathyroid hormone PTH cell Phosphate:  Stimulates PO3-4 release from bones, thereby increasing blood PO3-4.  Inhibits PO3-4 reabsorption in kidney, so more PO3- 4 is excreted  Overall, small net drop in serum PO3-4.
  • 24. Skin Secreted hormone From cells Effect Calcidiol (25- Inactive form of vitamin D3 hydroxyvitamin D3) Heart Miscellaneous Secreted hormone Abbrevi From cells Effect ation Reduce blood pressure by: Atrial-natriuretic peptide ANP Cardiac myocytes reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats (To a lesser degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by: Brain natriuretic peptide BNP Cardiac myocytes reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats Bone marrow Secreted hormone From cells Effect Thrombopoietin liver and kidney cells stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets Estrogens (mainly estradiol) Secreted hormone From cells Effect Leptin (Primarily) Adipocytes Decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism. Estrogens (mainly Estrone) Adipocytes
  • 25. Major endocrine systems The human endocrine system consists of several systems that operate via feedback loops. Several important feedback systems are mediated via the hypothalamus and pituitary. TRH - TSH - T3/T4 GnRH - LH/FSH - sex hormones CRH - ACTH – cortisol Renin - angiotensin - aldosterone
  • 26. List of endocrine diseases Adrenal disorders: Glucose homeostasis disorders: Adrenal hormone excess Diabetes mellitus Conn's syndrome Type 1 Diabetes Cushing's syndrome Type 2 Diabetes Glucocorticoid remediable Gestational Diabetes aldosteronism (GRA) Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young Pheochromocytoma Hypoglycemia Congenital adrenal Idiopathic hypoglycemia hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) Insulinoma Adrenocortical carcinoma Glucagonoma Thyroiditis Hashimoto's thyroiditis Thyroid cancer
  • 27. Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease Parathyroid gland disorders Primary hyperparathyroidism Secondary hyperparathyroidism Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism -Pseudohypoparathyroidism Osteoporosis Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone) Rickets and osteomalacia
  • 28. Members: Cerera, Rizhabyl C. Guiates, Nikki R. Eladro, Rojean Q. Delizo, Reynalyn S. Bornillo, Julius E. Patindol, Francis A. Ocenar, Marcneil R.
  • 29. 1. Guidelines 2. Endocrine System 3. Definition of Endocrine System 4. Features of Endocrine Glands 5. Diagram of Endocrine System 6. Hypothalamus 7. Hypothalamus 2 8. Pineal Body (Epiphysis) Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) Anterior Pituitary Lobe (Adenohypophysis) 9. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) and Anterior Pituitary Lobe (Adenohypophysis) 2 10. Posterior Pituitary Lobe (Neurohypophysis) 11. Thyroid 12. Liver 13. Pancreas 14. Kidney 15. Adrenal glands and Adrenal Cortex 16. Adrenal Medulla 17. Testes 18. Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum 19. Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum 2 20. Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum 3 21. Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum 4 22. Placenta (when pregnant) 23. Uterus (when pregnant) and Parathyroid 24. Skin, Heart, Bone Marrow, Estrogens (mainly estradiol) 25. Major Endocrine System 26. List of Endocrine Diseases 27. Calcium Homeostasis Disorders and Metabolic Bone Disease 28. Group Members