4. Ecosystem- โThe ecosystem represents the basic
functional unit of ecology which comprises of the
biotic communities mutually related with their non-
living or abiotic environmentโ.
In other words, an ecosystem is a
biological environment consisting of all the
organisms living in a particular area, as well as all
the non-living (abiotic), physical components of the
environment, such as air, soil, water and sunlight.
The term โecosystemโ was proposed by
a British ecology A.G. Tansley in the year 1953.
INTRODUCTION:
5. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM:
There are two types of ecosystem they are,
1. Terrestrial Ecosystem,
2. Aquatic Ecosystem.
6. 1. Aquatic ecosystems are ecosystems
present in a body of water.
2. Communities of organisms that are
dependent on each other and on their
environment live in water is known as aquatic
ecosystem.
3.There are two types of ecosystem
they are,
freshwater ecosystem,
marine ecosystem.
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM:
7. 1.The freshwater ecosystem is an aquatic
ecosystem that includes lakes, ponds, rivers,
streams and wetlands. These have low level of salt
content when compared to marine ecosystem.
2.Freshwater habitats can be classified by
different factors, including temperature, light
penetration, nutrients, and vegetation.
3.Freshwater ecosystems can be divided
into
lentic ecosystems (still water),
lotic ecosystems (flowing water).
FRESH WATER ECOSYSTEM:
8. 1.Lake ecosystems are a prime example of
lentic ecosystems.
2.Lentic refers to stationary or relatively
still freshwater, from the Latin lentus, which means
"sluggishโ.
3.Which include ponds, lakes and wetlands,
and much of this article applies to lentic ecosystems
in general.
4.A lake ecosystem or lacustrine ecosystem
includes biotic (living) plants, animals and micro-
organisms, as well as abiotic (non-living) physical
and chemical interactions.
LENTIC ECOSYSTEM:
9. Examples for lentic ecosystem are
ponds, basin marshes, ditches, reservoirs, seeps,
lakes, and vernal / ephemeral pools.
10. 1.River ecosystems are prime examples of
lotic ecosystems.
2.Lotic refers to flowing water, from the
Latin lotus, meaning washed. Lotic waters range
from springs only a few centimeters wide to major
rivers kilo meters in width.
3.River ecosystems are flowing waters that
drain the landscape, and include the biotic (living)
interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-
organisms, as well as abiotic (non-living) physical
and chemical interactions of its many parts.
LOTIC ECOSYSTEM:
11. 4. River ecosystems are part of larger
watershed networks or catchments, where smaller
headwater streams drain into mid-size streams,
which progressively drain into larger river
networks.
Examples for lotic ecosystem are creeks,
streams, runs, rivers, springs, brooks and
channels.
12.
13. The two main components of fresh water
ecosystem are,
1. abiotic component
2. biotic component.
ABIOTIC COMPONENT:-
โข abiotic component of pond consists of
water, dissolved minerals, oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
โข Solar radiation are the main source of
energy.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF
FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM:
14. BIOTIC COMPONENT:-
The biotic components of
freshwater ecosystem are,
1. Producers.
2. Consumers.
3. Decomposers and
transformers.
15. PRODUCERS:-
1. The main producers in pond or lake
ecosystem are algae and other aquatic plants.
2.The green plants convers the radiant
energy into chemical energy through
photosynthesises.
3.The chemical energy stored in the form of
food.
Eg. for producers are azolla , hydrilla,
lemna, nymphaea ,etc., These are either floating
or rooted at the bottom.
16. CONSUMERS:-
1. In a pond ecosystem the primary
consumers are tadpole, larvae of frogs,
fishes and other and other aquatic animals
which consumer green plant and algae as
their food.
2.In the pond, besides the secondary
consumers of highest order, such as water
birds etc...
Eg. For consumers are frogs, big
fishes, water snakes, etc..
17. DECOMPOSERS AND
TRANSFORMERS:-
โข When aquatic plant and animals die, large
numbers of bacteria and fungi attach their dead
bodies and convert the complex arganic substance
into simple inorganic compounds and elements.
โข These micro organism are called
decomposers.
โข Eg. For decomposers are saprophytic
bacteria and fungi.
18. 1.Yet freshwater is essential for life.
Plants, animals, and humans all need
freshwater to survive.
2.We use for drinking water, to irrigate
crops, as part of sanitation systems, and in
industrial factories, to name a few.
3.Water used up from groundwater,
rivers and lakes is replenished by rain and
snowfall.
IMPORTANCE OF FRESH WATER
ECOSYSTEM
19. 1.Marine ecosystems are aquatic ecosystems
whose waters possess a high salt content.
2.Out of all of the types of ecosystems on
the planet, marine ecosystems are the most
prevalent.
3.They teem with life, providing nearly half
of the Earth's oxygen and a home for a wide array
of species.
Examples for marine ecosystem includes salt
marshes, intertidal zones, estuaries, lagoons,
mangroves, coral reefs, the deep sea, and the sea
floor.
MARINE ECOSYSTEM:
20. The two main components of marine ecosystem
are,
1. abiotic component
2. biotic component.
ABIOTIC COMPONENT:-
The abiotic features in the marine biome
is the sunlight the water/ocean ,salinity, acidity,
oxygen, light levels, depth, and temperature
MAIN COMPONENTS OF MARINE
ECOSYSTEM:
21. PRODUCERS:-
โข These are diatoms, dinoflagellates, few
microscopic and unicellular algae, weeds and
brown and red algae.
โข These form the basic of all other life found
in sea.
CONSUMERS:
Also known as the primary consumers of the sea
these are certain large sized fish.
โข Certain fish feed primary upon smaller members
of their own class and the growth of shark represent a
food chain of five or more links.
22. DECOMPOSERS AND
TRANSFORMERS:-
โข The decomposers of sea are marine
bacteria.
โข The soluble and decomposed material
is now attached by other type of bacteria,
the transformers, and converted to forms to
be reused by the green plants.
23.
24. 1.The oceans are a significant source of
oxygen for our planet and are instrumental in
the capture and storage of carbon dioxide.
2.Marine species provide important
ecosystem services such as the provision of
food, medicines, and livelihoods.
3.They also support tourism and
recreational activities around the world.
IMPORTANCE OF MARINE
ECOSYSTEM
25. Conclusion:
Ecology is a scientific approach to the study of the
biosphere.
Ecosystems are created by the interrelationships
between living organisms and the physical environments
they inhabit (land, water, air). Ecosystems require a source
of energy to make them work and for most, although not
all, this is light from the sun.
To study ecosystems we have to start to identify the
components involved and the interrelationships between
them. We can list the living organisms by identifying the
species involved.
26. Reference:
P.D SHARMA ecology and
environment.
M.P. FINGH & S.G.ABBAX effential of
plant taxonomy and ecology.
Chicago: World Book, 1998. Vol. 4,
โCoral Reefs.โ
http://kidscience.about.com/kids/kidscienc
e/cs/coralreefs/
