1. Ancient Egypt: “The Gift of the Nile” (Herodotus)

4. A View of Egypt by Satellite

5. The Fertile Nile Valley

6. The Annual Flooding of the Nile

7. Nile Irrigation

10. Great Sahara Desert

11. Ancient Egyptian History Periods Time Frame Nile Culture Begins 3900 B. C. E. Archaic 3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom 2575 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom 1532 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period 750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

13. Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt Powerful pharaohs created a large empire that reached the Euphrates River. Hatshepsut encouraged trade. Tutankhamen: boy-king Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria. Egyptian power declined. Large drainage project created arable farmland. Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete. Corruption and rebellions were common. Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta region. Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods. Khufu and others built pyramids at Giza. Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom. NEW KINGDOM (1532-1070 BCE) MIDDLE KINGDOM (2040-1640 BCE) OLD KINGDOM (2575-2134 BCE)

18. Pharaohs organized centralized state Built enormous tombs, the pyramids Power struggles, crop failures and cost of pyramids caused collapse Corrupt government suffered frequent rebellions Land drained for farming Hittites invaded and conquered Pharaohs created a large empire Traded with lands along eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea Nubians, then others invaded Old Middle New Government Decline Achievements

19. Egyptian Social Hierarchy

20. Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Thutmose III 1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. Tutankhamon 1336-1327 B. C. E.

21. Egyptian Priestly Class

22. Egyptian Nobility

23. Egyptian Scribe

24. Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

26. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves” Perfume Whigs Mirror

27. Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

28. Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

29. Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

31. Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship What number is this? 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

32. Papyrus  Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece

33. Champollion & the Rosetta Stone 1822- French scholar Jean Chapollion cracked the code of hieroglyphics because he could read Greek

34. Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

35. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

36. Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

39. Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

40. Preparation for the Afterlife

41. Journey to the Underworld A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

42. Egyptian Book of the Dead

43. The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

44. Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

45. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

46. “ Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

47. Giza Pyramid Complex

48. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

49. The Valley of the Kings

50. Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

51. Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

52. King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask 1336-1327 B. C. E.

53. King Tutankhamon

54. King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

55. Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

56. The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut 1473-1458 B. C. E.

57. Ankhenaton: First Monotheist? 1353-1335 B. C. E.

58. The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

59. Queen Nefertiti (Wife of Ankhenaton)

60. Abu Simbel: Monument to Ramses II 1279-1213 B. C. E.

61. Who Are These Strange People?

62. Routes of the “Sea Peoples” The end of the Bronze Age!

63. Comparison of Mesopotamia and Egypt Mesopotamia Egypt Agriculture +“Land between the rivers” (Tigris and Euphrates forms Fertile Crescent +Artificial irrigation +”Gift of the Nile” +Artificial irrigation Specialization +Pottery, textiles, woodworking, leather, brick making, stonecutting, masonry +Pottery, textiles, woodworking, leather production, stonecutting, masonry Cities -Numerous, densely populated city-states (Ur and Babylon) -Fewer cities with high centralization (Memphis and Thebes) Social Hierarchy -Noble class -Patriarchal +Slaves -Absolute authority of the pharaoh made a noble class unnecessary (had bureaucrats instead) -Patriarchal, but the presence of Queen Hatsheput may indicate greater opportunities for women +Slaves

64. Comparison of Mesopotamia and Egypt (cont.) Mesopotamia Egypt Religion and Education -Polytheism -afterlife was bad -Polytheism, but brief period of monotheism under Akhentan -Afterlife and judgment - could be good or bad (mummification) New Technologies -Superior in metallurgy -Papyrus, shipbuilding, pyramids Economic exchange -Trade by land and water -Trade principally by water along the Nile -Trade more important because Egypt lacked natural resources beside the Nile Art and Writing -Cuneiform -Hieroglyphs (more pictorial than cuneiform)