2. Size and ShapesSize and Shapes
Size:Size:
Unit for measurementUnit for measurement ::
Micron orMicron or micrometer, μm: 1μm=10micrometer, μm: 1μm=10-3-3
mmmm
8. Basic structures
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nuclear material
Special structures
Capsule
Spore
Flagella
Pili
Structure of bacteriaStructure of bacteria
10. 1. Chemical composition :
A. Common component—— peptidoglycan
Also called mucopeptide or glycopeptide or
murein
Cell wallCell wall
11. • A backbone of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-A backbone of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-
acetyl muramic acid: Both discovered inacetyl muramic acid: Both discovered in
GG++
and Gand G--
bacteria.bacteria.
• A set of identical tetrapeptide side chainA set of identical tetrapeptide side chain
attached to N-acetyl-muramic acid: differentattached to N-acetyl-muramic acid: different
components and binding modes in Gcomponents and binding modes in G++
and Gand G--
bacteria.bacteria.
• A set of identical peptide cross bridges: onlyA set of identical peptide cross bridges: only
in Gin G++
bacteriabacteria
peptidoglycan
12. N – acetyl-gulcosamine
N – acetyl-muramic acid
β-1,4 glucosidic bond
① Polysaccharide backbone
PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan
STRUCTURESTRUCTURE ::
13. ② Tetrapeptide side chain
③ Peptide cross-bridges
Bond to N – acetyl-muramic acid
Bond to Tetrapeptide side chain and
only found in GG++
bacteria
19. Function and medical significance of peptidoglycanFunction and medical significance of peptidoglycan ::
①① Constructure of tenacious cell wall architectureConstructure of tenacious cell wall architecture
Gram positive bacteria—Gram positive bacteria—threethree-dimensional structure-dimensional structure
Gram negative bacteria—Gram negative bacteria— twotwo-dimensional structure-dimensional structure
②② Target of some antibioticsTarget of some antibiotics ::
For exampleFor example ::
Penicilin can inhibit the binding between tetrapeptide
side chain and peptide cross-bridges, while lysozyme can
hydrolyze the β-1,4 glucosidic bond
21. Cell wallCell wall
1.1. Chemical composition ::
A.A. Common component—— peptidoglycan
B. Special componentB. Special component
Gram positive bacteria——teichoic acidGram positive bacteria——teichoic acid
Special surface proteinsSpecial surface proteins
23. Classfication
According to bonding site on the bacteria,
teichoic acid can be classified into two types
Membrane teichoic acid,
also called lipoteichoic acid (LTA)
Wall teichoic acid
25. Function and medical significance of teichoicFunction and medical significance of teichoic
acidacid ::
① Bearing a strong negative charge.
② Adhesive attraction, relating to pathogenicity
③ They are strongly antigenic, helpful to identify
and type a bacterium
30. ①① Adsorption and excretionAdsorption and excretion
②② Barrier function
③③ Pathogenicity
④④ AntigenicityAntigenicity
⑤⑤ Receptor: F pilusReceptor: F pilus, phage, bacteriocin
Function and medical significance ofFunction and medical significance of
outer membraneouter membrane ::
35. • Countering the effects of high intracellular osmoticCountering the effects of high intracellular osmotic
pressure and maintaining the cell’s characteristicpressure and maintaining the cell’s characteristic
shapeshape
• Barrier and protection
• Participate in substance exchange of bacterial cellParticipate in substance exchange of bacterial cell
Function and medical significance of cell wall
• Determinate some important characters of bacteriaDeterminate some important characters of bacteria
pathogenicitypathogenicity
immunogenicityimmunogenicity
antibiotics sensitivity
chromaticity : Differentiate bacteria: G +
/ G
36. 2. Wall-less forms of BacteriaWall-less forms of Bacteria
(bacteria L form)
Causes : lysozyme, penicilin, antibody, complements,
macrophage, neutrophile granulocyte, bile, UV, etc.
Definition : bacteria that the cell wall was impaired
but maintain the competence of growth and cell
division
L form of Gram positive bacteria —— protoplast
L form of Gram negative bacteria —— spheroplast
37. Characteristics :
• Appearance : polymorph
• Chromaticity : Gram negative
• Characteristic of cultivate : hyperosmotic
pressure, low concentrated agar with
serum,
and it grows very slow
42. Fried egg (L) type
Granular (G) type
Filamentous (F) type
43. • Reversion: L-form bacteria can revert to its
normal bacteria when the cause was removed at the
early time of formation, the determinant condition is
whether there is peptidoglycan remaining in the cell
wall. And if it is subcultivated for many times in
vitro, it can never be reverted.
•Pathogenicity : L-form bacteria bearing virulence
( diagnosis )
• Antibiotic sensitivity : changed ( cure )
44. Basic structure
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nuclear material
Special structure
Capsule
Spore
Flagella
Pili
Structure of bacteriaStructure of bacteria
45. No cholesterol
Important sturctures :
Cell membraneCell membrane
MesosomesMesosomes
Mesosomes are specialized structures formed by
retractable, folded and curled cytoplasmic membrane,
and divided into septal and lateral mesosome. also
called chondroid.
48. Basic structures
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nuclear material
Special structures
Capsule
Spore
Flagella
Pili
Structure of bacteria
49. Ribosomes: numerous,
15 - 20nm in diameter with
70S; distributed throughout
the cytoplasm; site of protein
synthesis ;sensitive to
streptomycin and
erythromycin
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Composed largely of water, together with proteins,
nucleic acid, lipids and small amount of sugars and salts
50. Plasmids: extrachromosomal genetic elements
Plasmids are small, circular , extra-
chromosomal , double-stranded DNA
molecules. They are capable of self-replication
and contain genes that confer some important
properties, such as antibiotic
resistance , virulence factors. Plasmids are not
essential for cellular survival.
51. Inclusions: sources of stored energy, e,g volutin
Inclusions are aggregates of various compounds
that are normally involved in storing energy reserves
or building blocks for the cell.
Inclusions accumilate
when a cell is grown in
the presence of excess
nutrients and they are
often observed under
laboratory conditions.
52. Basic structures
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nuclear material
Special structures
Capsule
Spore
Flagella
Pili
Structure of bacteria
53. Lacking nuclear membrane, absence of
nucleoli, hence known as nucleic material
or nucleoid, one to several per bacterium.
Nuclear material
55. Basic structures
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nuclear material
Special structures
Capsule
Spore
Flagella
Pili
Structure of bacteria
56. CapsulesCapsules
These are structures surrounding the
outside of the cell wall.
They are not essential to cell
viability and some strains within a
species will produce a capsule, whilst
others do not. Capsules are often
produce in vivo or on a eutrophic
medium and lost during in vitro
culture.
58. Basic structures
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nuclear material
Special structures
Capsule
Spore
Flagella
Pili
Structure of bacteria
59. FlagellaFlagella
• Some bacterial species are mobile and possess
locomotory organelles - flagella. Flagella consist of
a number of proteins including flagellin
•The diameter of a flagellum is thin, 20 nm, and long
with some having a length 10 times the diameter of
cell. Due to their small diameter, flagella cannot be
seen in the light microscope unless a special stain is
applied. Bacteria can have one or more flagella
arranged in clumps or spread all over the cell.
60.
61. Classification
According to the number and distribution of Flagella,Flagella,
Flagella bacteria canFlagella bacteria can be classified into four types:
Monotrichate
Lophotrichate
Amphitrichate
Peritrichate
63. Basic structures
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nuclear material
Special structures
Capsule
Spore
Flagella
Pilus
Structure of bacteria
64. Pili are hair-like
projections of the cell ,
They are known to be
receptors for certain
bacterial viruses.
Chemical nature is pilin
Pilus
65. Classification:
Ordinary pili or fimbriae: fine, rigid
numerous, related to bacterial adhesion
Sex pili: longer and coarser, only 1-4,
related to bacterial conjugation
70. Formation and germination
In vitro or malnutrition
In vivo or eutrophic
Bacteria (vegetative form)
spore ( only one )
Bacteria (vegetative form, also only one)
Form conditions
(Dormant cell)(Dormant cell)
71. Multiple layers of resistant coats
Dipicolinic acid or calcium dipicolinate
Low content of water
• Contains a complete nucleus material, ribosomes
and energy-generating components
• Highly resistant to heat, dessication, and chemicals
Reasons
High-pressure steam sterilization is the
most effective way to kill the spores
Characteristics:
72. Coats of sporeCoats of spore
Spore coat
Exosporium
Spore
wallCore Cortex
Endomembrane
Exomembrane
73. Medical significance
• Identification of a bacteria: size, appearance
and site
• Standard of sterilization
•Important source of infection —— anthrax,
tetanus, etc.
76. Products of anabolic processes and itsProducts of anabolic processes and its
medical significancemedical significance
Pyrogen : a fever-producing substance mainly
synthesized by gram negative bacteria, it is highly
resistant to heat and it has the property of
pyrogenicity. It is a very important microbial
contamination evaluation index of biological products.
Toxins and Invasive Enzymes :
Toxins: endotoxin, exotoxin
Invasive Enzymes: hyaluronidase, streptokinase,
streptodornase, and so on.
77. Pigments
Classification—lipo solubility, water solubility
Observation the pigments is helpful to the
identification of a bacteria.
Antibiotics
Substance produced by some microbes
and bearing the property of inhibition or
killing effect to some other microbe or
tumor cells.
78. Bactericin
Substances produced by some strains of
bacteria and bearing the antibacterial activity to
the bacteria that related to bactericin-produce
one.
Vitamins