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ELECTRODEPOSITED GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE IN FeCoNiCu/Cu AND CrFeCoNiCu/Cu,[object Object], MULTILAYERED NANOWIRES,[object Object],PRAJON RAJ SHAKYA, B.E.,[object Object],M.S. in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,[object Object],ADVISOR: Dr. DESPINA DAVIS,[object Object],16th December, 2010,[object Object]
Overview,[object Object],Motivation of the Research,[object Object],Discovery and Historical perspective,[object Object],Introduction,[object Object],Related Research,[object Object],Experimental Details,[object Object],Results and Discussions,[object Object],Conclusion and Future Work,[object Object],References,[object Object],Acknowledgements,[object Object]
1. Motivation,[object Object],[object Object]
 The increase of storage density of 0.132Gb/inch2 in 1991 to 500Gb/inch2 as of today.[1]
 Small size with high storage capacity demands the fabrication in nanostructures.
Electrodeposition is an economical method and can fabricate the nanowires with high aspect ratio.
 Sensing devices require high sensitivity (low coercivity), high speed and low magnetic saturation field.Project Goal,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ferromagnetism
 Electrons spin are aligned parallel to each other.
 Magnetization is intact even after removal of external magnetic field.
 Anti ferromagnetism
 Electrons are arranged in antiparallel to each other.
 Magnetoresistance (MR) ratio is defined as the ratio of  the change in resistivity (due to change in configuration of electrons from antiparallel to parallel) to the resistivity in parallel configuration of electrons.
 MR is due to spin of electrons and was first observed in ferromagnetic materials as AMR (Anisotropic Magnetoresistance).
AMR  shows increase in resistance along and decrease in resistance across the lines of magnetization. [2],[object Object]
 Fert et al. and Grunberg et al. were first to observe GMR in Fe/Cr multilayers with the method of MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy). [1, 3, 4 ]Figure 1: Giant Magnetoresistance in (a) Fe/Cr multilayers by Fert et al. (left) [1, 3] and,[object Object], (b) Fe/Cr/Fe tri layers by Grunberg et al. (right) [1, 4],[object Object]
3. Introduction,[object Object],[object Object],Figure 2: Schematic diagram of GMR Effect (left) and schematic representation of GMR using simple resistor model (right) [1],[object Object]
GMR Effect,[object Object],[object Object],Spin-dependent scattering of electrons ,[object Object],Antiferromagnetic Interlayer exchange coupling,[object Object],Figure 3: Schematic of spin-dependent scattering of electrons explaining GMR effect[2],[object Object]
Measurement Geometries,[object Object],[object Object]
 Characteristic length = mean free path of electrons (λ) (CIP GMR)
 Characteristic length = spin diffusion length (L)(CPP GMR)
 L>> λFigure 4: Schematic Diagram of CIP and CPP GMR (left) with measurement techniques(right) [1],[object Object]
4. Related Research ,[object Object],[object Object]
Piraux et al. was first to study GMR in electrodeposited multilayered nanowires. They observed around 15% GMR at room temperature in Co/Cu layers. [5]
Blondel et al. observed GMR of 14% for Co/Cu and 10% for  FeNi/Cu multilayered nanowires. [6]
Liu et al. investigated Co/Cu multilayerand observed GMR of 11% at room temperature and 22% at 5K . [7]
CoFeCu/Cu multilayered nanowires were studied by Seyama et al. and observed CPPGMR  was twice that of CIP GMR on thin film for the same elements.[8]
Kakuno et al. also studied CoFeCu/Cu but with compositionally modulated alloys and observed 8% GMR at room temperature with polycrystalline deposit of face centered cubic and hexagonal close packed structures. [9],[object Object]
Blondel et al. studied CoNi/Cu multilayered nanowires by pulsed potential technique and observed 20% GMR at room temperature with same ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layer thickness. [10]
Schwarzacher et al. and Heydon et al. investigated CoNiCu/Cu in polycarbonate membranes and observed 22% GMR at room temperature. The reduction in the dissolution of Co was observed in the deposition of Cu with the addition of Ni.[11]
Evans et al. reported 55% GMR at room temperature and 115% GMR at low temperature on AAO with CoNiCu/Cu multilayers. They also reported that better GMR was observed with AAO template than with PC membranes. [12]
FeCoNiCu/Cu multilayers
 Huang and Podlaha investigated quaternary system of FeCoNiCu and observed 4% GMR at 300K and 18% at 4K with a Cu layer thickness of 1.8nm. Anodic dissolution during multilayer deposition at low potential pulse was observed and galvanostatic triple pulses with relaxation period were introduced to reduce it. [13]
J. Gong et al. studied sensitivity of FeCoNiCu/Cu multilayers and observed decrease in coercivity with increase Fe concentration. They reported 9% GMR saturated at less than 0.5KOe and sensitivity of over 0.11% Oe. [14],[object Object]
Dolati et al. studied FeCrNiMo alloys  using chloride electrolyte and reported increase in Cr content increased the current density. They also observed fine-grain, smooth and compact deposits of FeCrNiMo. [15]
Xin-Quai et al. investigated pulse electrodeposition of Cr from trivalent bath and reported that thicker coatings and finer grains were observed with lower temperature and current density. [16 ]

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Masters Thesis Defense Presentation

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4. The increase of storage density of 0.132Gb/inch2 in 1991 to 500Gb/inch2 as of today.[1]
  • 5. Small size with high storage capacity demands the fabrication in nanostructures.
  • 6. Electrodeposition is an economical method and can fabricate the nanowires with high aspect ratio.
  • 7.
  • 9. Electrons spin are aligned parallel to each other.
  • 10. Magnetization is intact even after removal of external magnetic field.
  • 12. Electrons are arranged in antiparallel to each other.
  • 13. Magnetoresistance (MR) ratio is defined as the ratio of the change in resistivity (due to change in configuration of electrons from antiparallel to parallel) to the resistivity in parallel configuration of electrons.
  • 14. MR is due to spin of electrons and was first observed in ferromagnetic materials as AMR (Anisotropic Magnetoresistance).
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. Characteristic length = mean free path of electrons (λ) (CIP GMR)
  • 21. Characteristic length = spin diffusion length (L)(CPP GMR)
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. Piraux et al. was first to study GMR in electrodeposited multilayered nanowires. They observed around 15% GMR at room temperature in Co/Cu layers. [5]
  • 25. Blondel et al. observed GMR of 14% for Co/Cu and 10% for FeNi/Cu multilayered nanowires. [6]
  • 26. Liu et al. investigated Co/Cu multilayerand observed GMR of 11% at room temperature and 22% at 5K . [7]
  • 27. CoFeCu/Cu multilayered nanowires were studied by Seyama et al. and observed CPPGMR was twice that of CIP GMR on thin film for the same elements.[8]
  • 28.
  • 29. Blondel et al. studied CoNi/Cu multilayered nanowires by pulsed potential technique and observed 20% GMR at room temperature with same ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layer thickness. [10]
  • 30. Schwarzacher et al. and Heydon et al. investigated CoNiCu/Cu in polycarbonate membranes and observed 22% GMR at room temperature. The reduction in the dissolution of Co was observed in the deposition of Cu with the addition of Ni.[11]
  • 31. Evans et al. reported 55% GMR at room temperature and 115% GMR at low temperature on AAO with CoNiCu/Cu multilayers. They also reported that better GMR was observed with AAO template than with PC membranes. [12]
  • 33. Huang and Podlaha investigated quaternary system of FeCoNiCu and observed 4% GMR at 300K and 18% at 4K with a Cu layer thickness of 1.8nm. Anodic dissolution during multilayer deposition at low potential pulse was observed and galvanostatic triple pulses with relaxation period were introduced to reduce it. [13]
  • 34.
  • 35. Dolati et al. studied FeCrNiMo alloys using chloride electrolyte and reported increase in Cr content increased the current density. They also observed fine-grain, smooth and compact deposits of FeCrNiMo. [15]
  • 36. Xin-Quai et al. investigated pulse electrodeposition of Cr from trivalent bath and reported that thicker coatings and finer grains were observed with lower temperature and current density. [16 ]
  • 37. Lallemandet al. studied electrodeposition of soft CoFeCr films and reported that the addition of Cr increases the resistivity of the alloy. [17]
  • 38. Ericksson et al. investigated the effect of addition of chromium in FeNi alloy. They observed the improvement in crystal anisotropy with improved texture and small grain size that resulted in the decrease of saturation magnetization. [18]
  • 39.
  • 40. Cathode: Gold sputtered AAO membrane
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44. Two distinct mechanism:
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52. Cu deposition range is identified as -0.25V to -0.4V and alloy deposition range as -1.4V to -2.6V.
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55. Range of Cu potentials from -0.25V to -0.4V were investigated.
  • 56.
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60. Co composition was found highest at all potentials.
  • 61.
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64. Beside alloy potential time all other parameters were kept constant.
  • 65.
  • 66.
  • 67.
  • 68.
  • 69.
  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72.
  • 73.
  • 74. Cu pulsing time was kept for 100secs and alloy pulsing time for 20secs.
  • 75. 20nm pore size AAO and 200nm pore size PC were used as substrate.
  • 76. Dichloromethane was used for dissolving membrane and liberating nanowires in case of PC template.
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79.
  • 80. Highest GMR was observed at -2.2V, 1sec and 2500 layers.
  • 81.
  • 82.
  • 83.
  • 84.
  • 85. Increase in number of bilayers increased GMR percentage with highest GMR obtained as 14.56% for FeCoNiCu/Cu and 5.82% for CrFeCoNiCu/Cu nanowires at 2500 layers.
  • 86. Highest GMR curves tended to saturate faster which is desirable for read sensors.
  • 87. Addition of Cr on the alloy region tended to decrease the GMR because Cr being non magnetic and its presence in ferromagnetic region deteriorated interlayer exchange coupling phenomena.
  • 88.
  • 89.
  • 90.
  • 91.
  • 96.