Stabilization of soil using bitumenous emulsions

Stabilization of soil using
BITUMENOUS EMULSIONS
Presented by:
k.Prashanth kumar

Introduction:
For any land-based structure, the foundation is very important
and has to be strong to support the entire structure. in order for the
foundation to be strong, the soil around it plays a very critical role.
so, to work with soils, we need to have proper knowledge about their
properties and factors which affect their behavior. the process of soil
stabilization helps to achieve the required properties in a soil needed
for the construction work.

From the beginning of construction work, the necessity of
enhancing soil properties has come to the light. Ancient civilizations
of the Chinese, Romans and Incas utilized various methods to
improve soil strength etc., some of these methods were so effective
that their buildings and roads still exist.
Here, in this project, soil stabilization has been done with the help
of randomly distributed polypropylene fibers obtained from waste
materials. the improvement in the shear strength parameters has
been stressed upon and comparative studies have been carried out
using different methods of shear resistance measurement.

Definitions and Terminology:
SOIL
CLAY
LIME
CEMENT
ATTERBERG LIMITS
LL (LIQUID LIMIT)
PL (PLASTIC LIMIT)
SL (SHRINKAGE LIMIT)
DENSITY
PI (PLASTICITY INDEX OR IP)
STABILIZING ADDITIVE

Soil – soil is sediment or other unconsolidated accumulation of solid
particles produced by the physical and/or
chemical disintegration of rock, soil may or may not contain
organic material (ASTMD2487).
Clay – Clay is type of cohesive soil composed of very fine material
particles; clay is one of the fine-grained soils defined by the Unified
Soil Classification System.
Lime – Lime is a white or grayish-white, odorless, lumpy, very slightly
water soluble solid, CaO, that when combined with water forms
Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked Lime). Calcium Hydroxide is chiefly
used in mortars, plasters, and cements.
Cement – Portland cement is hydraulic cement made by heating
limestone and clay mixture in a kiln and pulverizing the resulting
material.

Atterberg Limits – The Atterberg Limits are a basic measure of the nature
of a fine – grained soil. Depending on the water content of the soil, it
may appear in four states: solid, semi-solid, plastic and liquid. In each
state the consistency and behavior of a soil is different and thus so, are
its engineering properties. Thus, the boundary between each state can
be defined based on soil behavior. These limits were put forward by
Albert Atterberg, a Swedish chemist, in the late 1800’s, and later
redefined by Arthur Casagrande.

ll (liquid limit) – The liquid limit of a fine-grained soil is a boundary
between the liquid and plastic state of that particular soil,
expressed as a moisture content percentage (by weight).
Pl (plastic limit) – The plastic limit of a fine-grained soil is the
boundary between the plastic and semi-solid states for that
particular soil, expressed as a moisture content percentage (by
weight).
SL (Shrinkage Limit) – The shrinkage limit of a fine grained soil is
defined as the moisture content at which no further volume
change occurs with further reduction in moisture content (SL
represents the amount of water required to fully saturated the soil
(100% of Saturation))

density – density is the measure of the relative weight of any material compared to its
occupied volume, expressed in kilograms per cubic meter (pounds per cubic foot).
the increase in density is limited only by the degree of solidity that can be achieved in
a material by total elimination of voids between the particles in the mass.
PI (plasticity index or ip) – PI is the numerical difference of liquid limit and plastic
limit of a fine grained soil.
Ip= wl - w p
Stabilizing additive – A stabilizing additive is a mechanical, chemical or
bituminous additive (or other material) used to maintain or increase the strength
and durability, decrease the moisture sensitivity, or otherwise improve the
engineering properties of a soil or other materials used for construction.

SOIL STABLIZATION:
PRINCIPLES OF SOIL STABILIZATION
 Evaluating the soil properties of the area under
consideration.
Deciding the property of soil which needs to be altered
to get the design value and choose the effective and
economical method for stabilization.
Designing the Stabilized soil mix sample and testing it in
the lab for intended stability and durability values.

Advantages:
 It Improves The Strength Of The Soil, Thus, Increasing The Soil Bearing Capacity.
 It Is More Economical Both In Terms Of Cost And Energy To Increase The Bearing
Capacity Of the Soil Rather Than Going For Deep Foundation Or Raft Foundation.
 It Is Also Used To Provide More Stability To The Soil In Slopes Or Other Such Places.
 Sometimes Soil Stabilization Is Also Used To Prevent Soil Erosion Or Formation Of Dust,
Which is Very Useful Especially In Dry And Arid Weather.
 Stabilization Is Also Done For Soil Water-proofing; This Prevents Water From Entering Into
The soil And Hence Helps The Soil From Losing Its Strength.
 It Helps In Reducing The Soil Volume Change Due To Change In Temperature Or
Moisture content.
 Stabilization Improves The Workability And The Durability Of The Soil.

Methods of stabilization:
I. Mechanical Method Of Stabilization.
II. Additive method of stabilization:
a. Cementation Stabilization.
b. Bituminous Stabilization.
c. Argillation Stabilization.
d. Silicification Stabilization.
e. Electrochemical Stabilization.
f. Thermal Stabilization.
g. Fiber Reinforcements.
 Oriented Fiber Reinforcement.
 Random Fiber Reinforcement.

Uses of stabilization:
 Quality Improvement: The most common improvements achieved
through stabilization include better soil gradation, reduction of plasticity
index or swelling potential, and increases in durability and strength. in
wet weather, stabilization may also be used to provide a working
platform for construction operations. these types of soil quality
improvement are referred to as soil modification
 Thickness reduction: The strength and stiffness of a soil layer can
be improved through the use of additives to permit a reduction in
design thickness of the stabilized materials compared with an
unsterilized or unbound material. Procedures for designing
pavements that includes stabilized soils are presented in TM 5-822-
5/AFM 88-7, Chap. 3, TM 5-825-2/AFM 88-6, Chap. 2, TM 5-825-
3/AFM 88-6, Chap. 3. The design thickness of abase or sub-base
course can be reduced if the stabilized materials meet the
specified gradation, strength, stability and durability requirements
indicated in this Technical Manual for the particular type of
material.

Soil Stabilization Process
Stabilization with
BITUMENOUS EMULSIONS

What are emulsions?
An emulsion is a dispersion Of small droplets of one
liquid in another liquid.
Emulsions can be formed by any two immiscible liquids,
but in most emulsions one of the phases is water.
Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are those in which the
continuous phase is water and the disperse (Droplet)
phase is an “oily” liquid.
Water-in-oil (W/O) “inverted” emulsions are those in
which the continuous phase is an oil and the disperse
phase is water.

Types of emulsions:
A. O/W emulsion,
B. W/O emulsion,
C. multiple W/O/W

Bitumen Emulsion Is A 2-phase System Consisting Of
 Bitumen
 Water
 Other Additives
• The bitumen is dispersed throughout the water phase in form of
discrete globules, held in suspension by electrostatic charges
stabilized by emulsifier
• The Emulsion contains 40-75% of bitumen,.1-2.5%emulsifier,25-
60%water and other ingredients
• Typically of .1 – 50 μm in diameter.
• It is mainly dark brown in color after breaking changes to black.

WHY BITUMEN EMULSIONS ?
Primary Objective Is To Use For Road Surfacing Without Much
Heating.
 As main advantages this improves the handling of bitumen at
room temperature.
 Promotes surface interactions .
 Its mixture with the aggregate attains full strength.
 Economical and saves energy .
 Reduced atmosphere pollution.
Water can also added before use to dilute as per requirement.
 Rains can not effect it at the time of use and after use.

Stabilization of chalky soil
Chalky Soil:
Sometimes called basic soils, they are
always very alkaline. Chalk is a solid, soft
rock which breaks down easily. It is very
free draining, and chalky soils hold little
water and dry out easily. Chalky soils are
fertile, but many of the nutrients are not
available to plants because of the high
alkalinity of the soil, which prevents the
absorption of iron by plant roots.

Experiments on Proctor compaction
test
 Scope
 Apparatus
 Preparation of Sample
 Procedure to Determine the relationship
between the dry density of the soil and
the moisture content of the soil.

Proctor compaction test
Relation between dry density and moisture content% of soil
1.878
1.923
1.95
1.971
2.019
1.942
2.04
2.02
2
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92
1.9
1.88
1.86
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Dry density in g/cc
Moisture content %
Computing from graph
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) = 13.9%
Maximum Dry Density (MDD) = 2.019 g/cc

Proctor Compaction Test Using 6% Bitumenous Emulsions
Relation between Dry density and moisture content% of soil using 6% of
Bitumenous Emulsions
2.019
2.043
2.113
2
2.12
2.1
2.08
2.06
2.04
2.02
2
1.98
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Dry density in g/cc
Moisture content %

1.968
1.971
1.985
1.966
1.99
1.985
1.98
1.975
1.97
1.965
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Dry density in g/cc
Moisture content %

1.896
2
2.034
1.834
2.1
2.05
2
1.95
1.9
1.85
1.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Dry density in g/c
Moisture content %

Experiments on California bearing ratio
test
 Scope
 Apparatus
 Preparation of Sample
 Procedure to Determine the California
bearing test ratio by conducting a
load penetration test

California bearing ratio test
relation between penetration reading and proving ring reading of soil
6 8 9 10 11
15
20
26
46
64
84
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Proving ring reading
Penetration reading

California bearing ratio test using 7% Bitumenous Emulsions
20 32
relation between penetration reading and proving ring reading of soil
46
62
78 90
126
using Bitumenous Emulsions
142
210
282
334
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Conclusion
1. Base On Proctor Compaction Test On Soil Sample
Maximum Dry Density Is 2.019 g/cc
Optimum Moisture Content Is 13.9%
 By Addition Of 6% BITUMENOUS EMULSION To The Soil Sample
Increase In Maximum Dry Density And Decrease In Optimum Moisture Content

2. Base On California Bearing Ratio Test On Soil Sample
CBR value at 2.5mm, 5mm, 7.5mm, 10mm and 12.5mm
We found 2.376%, 3.74%, 5.177%, 5.957% and 6.906%.
 By the addition of 7% Bitumenous Emulsion To The Soil Sample
CBR value at 2.5mm, 5mm, 7.5mm, 10mm and 12.5mm
We found 16.85%, 20.45%, 23.63, 26.24% and 27.46%.
 By the addition of Bituminous Emulsion increase in CBR value.
3. Overall it can be concluded that Bituminous Emulsion soil can be considered to
be good ground improvement technique specially in engineering projects on
weak soils where it can act as a substitute to deep/raft foundations, reducing
the cost as well as energy.

Soil Types
 When looking to buy land it is always important to consider the soil type in
relation to the use of the land. Each soil type has different properties -
divided into six categories.
 Chalky Soil:
Sometimes called basic soils, they are always very alkaline. Chalk is a solid,
soft rock which breaks down easily. It is very free draining, and chalky soils
hold little water and dry out easily. Chalky soils are fertile, but many of the
nutrients are not available to plants because of the high alkalinity of the soil,
which prevents the absorption of iron by plant roots.
 Clay Soil:
The clay forms a heavy mass which makes it difficult for air, water and plant
roots to move through the soil when wet. Once dry they form rock-hard clots.
Blue or grey clays have poor aeration and must be loosened in order to
support healthy growth. Red colour in clay soil indicates good aeration and a
"loose" soil that drains well. Plants can take advantage of the high level of
nutrients if drainage is adequate.
 Loam Soil:
Considered to be the perfect soil, a mix of 40 % sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.
Due to mix variations loam can range from easily workable fertile soils full of
organic matter, to densely packed sod. Characteristically they drain well, yet
retain moisture and are nutrient rich, making them ideal for cultivation.

 Peat Soil:
Provided they are not too acid and have effective sub drainage, these are rich in plant
foods. Converting existing soil into a peat type soil is achieved by adding large amounts
of organic matter. You must avoid making your soil too acid though, and careful choice
of organic matter is needed.
 Sandy Soils:
Sandy soils generally have a fine grained texture. They retain very little in the way of
water, fertilizers or nutrients which means they are extremely poor. Prone to over-draining
and summer dehydration, and in wet weather can have problems retaining
moisture and nutrients and can only be revitalized by the addition of organic matter.
Sandy soils are light and easy to dig, hoe and weed.
 Silty Soil:
Silty soil is considered to be among the most fertile of soils. Silt is often found in river
estauries, because the fine particles are washed downstream and deposited when the
water flows more slowly. It is also soft and smooth, with individual pieces close together.
It too holds a lot of water, but the slightly larger particles make it a little better at
draining than clay.

Stabilization of soil using bitumenous emulsions

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