This is the first in a 3-part series to help psychologists obtain requisite continuing education to function as a post-doctoral supervisor in Pennsylvania As of December 15, 2015, psychologists acting as post-doctoral supervisors must complete either doctoral-level university coursework on supervision or 3 hours of continuing education on supervision. This program may be helpful for post-doctoral supervisees to understand the supervision process.

1. Ethics and Skills for
Psychologist as Supervisor:
Post-Doctoral Supervision in
Pennsylvania
Part 1
Podcast Episode 21
John D. Gavazzi, PsyD ABPP
John A. Mills, Ph.D., ABPP

2. Overview
• This is the first in a 3-part series to help psychologists
obtain requisite continuing education to function as
a post-doctoral supervisor in Pennsylvania
• As of December 15, 2015, psychologists acting as
post-doctoral supervisors must complete either
doctoral-level university coursework on supervision
or 3 hours of continuing education on supervision.
• This program may be helpful for post-doctoral
supervisees to understand the supervision process.

3. Overview
• Definitions, including supervision
• Focus on requirements of the Pennsylvania
Licensing Law, specifically the Supervisor
requirements
• Enumerate qualities that make up a good
supervisor-supervisee relationship
• Differentiate between supervision and
psychotherapy

4. Learning Objectives
At the end of the podcasts/presentations, the participant will be
able to:
1. Describe essential factors involved in ethically sound and
effective supervision; and,
2. List or identify the State Board of Psychology requirements for
post doctoral supervision.
3. Explain ways to improve supervisees level of competence,
self-reflection, and professionalism; and,
4. Identify strategies to comply with the Pennsylvania State
Board of Psychology regulations on supervision of post-
doctoral trainees.

5. Guest Introduction

6. Supervision of
psychologists-in-training is
a specialty area
Just because you are trained as a psychologist does not
mean you are prepared to supervise psychologists-in-training

7. Supervision is a distinct professional practice employing a
collaborative relationship that has both facilitative and evaluative
components, that extends over time, which has the goals of
enhancing the professional competence and science-informed
practice of the supervisee, monitoring the quality of services
provided, protecting the public, and providing a gatekeeping
function for entry into the profession. Henceforth, supervision
refers to clinical supervision and subsumes supervision conducted
by all health service psychologists across the specialties of clinical,
counseling, and school psychology.
Guidelines for Clinical Supervision in Health Service
Psychology
Approved by APA Council of Representatives, 2014

8. There are many
models of
supervision
• Competency Based
• Treatment Based
• Developmental
Approach
• Integrated Model
This presentation will not
suggest that one model of
supervision is superior to any
other model.

9. CHAPTER 41. STATE
BOARD OF PSYCHOLOGY
§ 41.33. Supervisors
Hyperlink is here

10. Supervisor Requirements
(1) Be currently licensed while providing supervision.
(2) Be qualified by training and experience to practice in
the psychology resident’s areas of supervised
practice.
(3) Own, be an employee of, or be in contract status
with the entity employing the psychology resident.
(4) Review issues of practice and ethics with the
psychology resident.

11. Supervisor Requirements
(5) Meet individually face-to-face with the psychology resident
for an average supervisory total of at least 2 hours per
week.
(6) Maintain notes or records of scheduled supervisory sessions
until the psychology resident obtains a license or for at
least 10 years, whichever is greater.
(7) Ensure that the psychology resident’s status is made known
to client/patients and to third-party payors.
(8) Prepare written evaluations/progress reports at least
quarterly delineating the psychology resident’s strengths
and weaknesses. These evaluations/reports must be
included with the applicant’s application for licensure.

12. Supervisor Prohibitions
(1) Be subject to the psychology resident’s control
or influence.
(2) Be related to the psychology resident by blood
or marriage.
(3) Be involved in a dual relationship,
as defined in the Code of Ethics (next slide),
with the psychology resident.

13. Multiple Relationship
§ 41.61. Code of Ethics.
Principle 6. Welfare of the consumer.
(b) Psychologists are continually cognizant of their own needs
and their inherently powerful position vis a vis clients,
students and subordinates, in order to avoid exploiting
their trust and dependency. Psychologists make every
effort to avoid dual relationships with clients or
relationships which might impair their professional
judgment or increase the risk of exploitation. Examples of
dual relationships include treating employes, supervisees,
close friends or relatives. Sexual intimacies with clients are
unethical.

14. Supervisor Prohibitions
(4) Treat or have treated the psychology resident.
(5) Be the subject of an active suspension or revocation
by a licensing board. In the event that disciplinary
action is taken against the supervisor during the
supervisory period, the supervisor shall immediately
notify the psychology resident and assist the
psychology resident in immediately obtaining a new
supervisor.
(6) Accept fees, honoraria, favors or gifts from the
psychology resident.

15. Additional Responsibilities
(1) Beginning December 1, 2015, complete either a
course in supervision from a psychology doctoral
degree program or 3 hours of continuing education
in supervision.
(2) Develop with the psychology resident objectives to
be achieved during supervision.
(3) Be accessible to the psychology resident for
consultation and to clients/patients of the
psychology resident to answer questions and
respond to concerns.
(4) Be responsible to each client/patient for psychology
services provided by the psychology resident.

16. Additional Responsibilities
(5) Be authorized to interrupt or terminate the services being
provided by the psychology resident to a client/patient and,
if necessary, to terminate the supervisory relationship.
(6) Observe client/patient sessions of the psychology resident or review
verbatim recordings of these sessions on a quarterly basis.
(7) At least quarterly, in supervisory meetings, evaluate and
apprise the psychology resident about areas of progress and
needed improvement, recommend applicable professional
literature and assist the resident in gaining a level of skill
necessary for independent practice.
(8) Assist the psychology resident in working with professionals in other
disciplines as indicated by the needs of each client/patient and
periodically observe these cooperative encounters.

17. Additional Responsibilities
(9) Ensure that the psychology resident has access to
multidisciplinary consultation, as necessary.
(10) Monitor the supervision provided by any delegated
supervisor.
(11) At the conclusion of the period of supervision, evaluate
the psychology resident’s level of professional
competence and theoretical knowledge in the areas of
assessment, diagnosis, effective interventions,
consultation, evaluation of programs, supervision of
others, strategies of scholarly inquiry, cultural/individual
diversity and professional conduct. This evaluation must
be signed and included as part of the verification of post
doctoral experience submitted to the Board with the
applicant’s application for licensure.

18. The Supervisory
Relationship
What relationship characteristics make for good supervision?

19. Relationship Issues
1. Collaborative relationship that seeks to enhance
the supervisee’s competence
2. Trust and rapport
3. Honesty and transparency
4. Interesting mix of teaching, evaluation, monitoring,
and gatekeeping functions

20. Relationship Issues
Contextual Factors
• Supervisee’s clinical/personal maturation
• Supervisor’s skill level as supervisor
• Clinical settings and organizational policies
• Match or mismatch with theoretical orientation
• Both supervisor and supervisee open to learning

21. Differentiating Supervision
from Psychotherapy
Different reasons, procedures, time tables and outcomes

22. Supervision vs. Psychotherapy
Supervision Psychotherapy
Purpose Enhance competence
Protect public
Monitor service quality
Function as gatekeeper
Work on emotional &
behavioral concerns
Personal growth
Outcome Becoming licensed Emotional health
Time Table Fixed number of hours Based on needs
Sessions 2x/weekly As needed
Interaction Learning objectives
Teaching skills
Evaluating performance
Providing feedback
Treatment plan
Listening/reflecting
Diagnosing
High degree of patient
self-disclosure

23. Wrap up on first hour
Remember to go to Podcasts 2 and 3