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The Impact of and Adaptive User Interface
     on Reducing Driver Distraction

                            Authors:
      Patrick Tchankue, Janet Wesson and Dieter Vogts


    3rd International Conference on Automotive User Interface,
         November 29-December 2, 2011, Salzburg, Austria
Overview

•   Background
•   In-Car Communication Systems
•   Driver Distraction
•   Adaptive Interfaces
•   Architecture of MIMI
•   User Study
•   Results
•   Conclusion & Future work
Background

• In-Car Infotainment Systems are becoming common
   – Information: communication, navigation and safety;
   – Entertainment: radio, CD and games;
   – Hands-free and eyes-free: voice-activated;




• Existing UI were not initially designed for such
  applications
In-Car Communication Systems (ICCS)

• Most common component of in-car systems:
    – Manage calls, text messages and contacts in the car via
      Bluetooth (hands-free);
    – Use speech (eyes-free) and steering wheels buttons (hands-
      free) as input channel.
• Examples of ICCS:

 Name      Manufacturer Year
 iDrive    BMW           2001
 Blue&Me   Fiat          2004
 SYNC      Ford          2007
 IQon      SAAB          2011
Driver Distraction

• Driver distraction occurs when the driver’s attention is
  diverted from driving to the extent that the driver is no
  longer able to drive adequately or safely (Young &
  Regan, 2005).
• Type of driver distraction:
   –   Visual: taking your eyes off the road;
   –   Auditory: internal and external noises;
   –   Manual: taking your hands off the steering wheel; and
   –   Cognitive: taking your mind off what you’re doing.


• Texting can cause more serious driver distraction.
Adaptive Interfaces

• Interfaces able to adapt to specific user, task or
  situations;
• Inferring the distraction level;
   – Fuzzy logic;
   – Support Vector Machine;
   – Neural networks;
• Adaptation effects
   – Delaying calls and text messages;
   – Resuming the notification process;
   – Warn drivers before potential dangerous outgoing events
Architecture of MIMI
                                Input Module (A)

                       ASR                  NL Understanding


                                            Multimodal Fusion

                                                                Mobile phone
                                   Dialogue engine

                                                                Mobile phone
Dialogue manager (C)




                                  Adaptive module               interface (B)
                                       Inputs
                       Dialogue          Task        Workload
                        history        progress      manager
                                                                                      CAN bus


                                   Knowledge base
                        User            Task         Context
                                                                Phonebook DB
                        model           model        model

                                                                       Output Module (D)
                                   Adaptive engine                 NL
                                                                                TTS
                                                                generation
Architecture of MIMI (cont.)

• Workload manager

  speed
                                           1 = very low
  Δ speed                    Distraction
                                level      2 = low
                                           3 = mid
  angle
                                           4 = high
  Δ angle                                  5 = very high
User Study

• Aim
   – Usability (task success, errors, effectiveness of tasks, time of
     task)
   – Safety (cognitive load, mean lateral deviation, perceived safety,
     adaptation)
• Methodology
• Participants
   – 30 students
• Tasks
   – Calling
   – Sending text messages
Results (cont.)
• Usability

              7


              6


              5                                 6.33
                                                                      5.90
                                                                                        5.70
                     6.10
              4                                                                                         5.07
                            6.17         6.23
                                                             5.73
                                                                                 5.43
              3
                                                                                                 4.47

              2


              1
                  Call effectiveness   SMS effectiveness       Barge-in          Recognition   Number dictation

                                                       Non adaptive       Adaptive



        Comparison of the usability of the non-adaptive and adaptive version of MIMI (n=30)
Results (cont.)
• Performance
             MIMI 1 non adaptive               MIMI 2 adaptive              T-test
             Mean            StdDev            Mean         StdDev          p-value

       T01       11                    19.02      14.5             19.98        0.16

       T02       10                     5.22      21.5               7.34       0.00

       T03       36                     34.8      40.5             34.47        0.78

       T04       11                     6.28      20.5               7.56       0.00

       T05       11                    12.75      10.5               8.79       0.88

       T06       10                     4.29       18                7.45       0.00

       T07       23                    12.09       22              12.57        0.78

       T08       11                     9.95      20.5             18.64        0.05

       T09         7                   10.91         7             11.01        0.97

       T10       10                     5.34      16.5             38.75        0.08

        Comparing the mean time-on-task (in seconds) for MIMI 1 and MIMI 2 (n=30).
Results (cont.)
• Performance
              MIMI 1 non adaptive                MIMI 2 adaptive              T-test
              Mean             StdDev            Mean         StdDev          p-value

       T01
                1.16                       0.7     0.98                0.69       0.21
       T02
                0.94                      0.49     0.87                0.43       0.18
       T03
                1.86                      0.58     1.77                0.51       0.33
       T04
                0.99                      0.45     0.95                0.43       0.68
       T05
                1.25                      0.49     1.24                0.45       0.78
       T06
                1.05                      0.56     0.84                0.53       0.52
       T07
                1.62                      0.56     1.43                0.64       0.14
       T08
                1.13                       0.5     1.02                 0.4       0.28
       T09
                1.05                      0.71      1.1                0.51       0.65
       T10
                0.96                      0.63     0.79                0.48       0.47
        Comparing the mean lateral deviation (in meters) for MIMI 1 and MIMI 2 (n=30)
Results
• Safety
                7

                                                                                                 6.17
                                                    5.87                    5.97
                6                                                                       5.63
                               5.43       5.43                    5.37
                     5.13
                5


                4


                3


                2


                1
                    Safe to make calls   Safe to send SMS       Safe to answer calls   Safe to read SMS

                                                 Non adaptive     Adaptive



   Comparison of the safety ratings of non-adaptive versus the adaptive version of MIMI (n=30).
Results

• Adaptation

                        Postponing                    Warning sound
                MIMI 1 non           MIMI 2      MIMI 1 non           MIMI 2
                 adaptive           adaptive      adaptive           adaptive
     Mean             4.76            5.80            4.80             4.80

     Median           5.00            6.00            4.00             5.00

     Mode             4.00            6.00            4.00             4.00

     StdDev           1.87            1.45            1.56             1.65

     p-value                 0.01                             1.00

               Comparing the adaptation of MIMI 1 and MIMI 2 (n=30).
Conclusion & Future work

• ICCS can be affected by usability and safety issues;
• An adaptive interface for an ICCS was designed;
• A user study compared MIMI 1 and MIMI 2 in terms of
  usability and safety;
• The Adaptive interface had a positive impact on the
  usability and safety of MIMI;

• Future work
   – Other adaptation effects to be investigated;
   – Alternative warning strategies.
Thank you for your attention!

                        Questions ?




                           Contact:
Emails:      Patrick.TchankueSielinou@nmmu.ac.za
             Janet.Wesson@nmmu.ac.za
             Dieter.Vogts@nmmu.ac.za
Website:     www.nmmu.ac.za/cs
Tel:         +27 41 504 2323

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Automotive UI 2011

  • 1. The Impact of and Adaptive User Interface on Reducing Driver Distraction Authors: Patrick Tchankue, Janet Wesson and Dieter Vogts 3rd International Conference on Automotive User Interface, November 29-December 2, 2011, Salzburg, Austria
  • 2. Overview • Background • In-Car Communication Systems • Driver Distraction • Adaptive Interfaces • Architecture of MIMI • User Study • Results • Conclusion & Future work
  • 3. Background • In-Car Infotainment Systems are becoming common – Information: communication, navigation and safety; – Entertainment: radio, CD and games; – Hands-free and eyes-free: voice-activated; • Existing UI were not initially designed for such applications
  • 4. In-Car Communication Systems (ICCS) • Most common component of in-car systems: – Manage calls, text messages and contacts in the car via Bluetooth (hands-free); – Use speech (eyes-free) and steering wheels buttons (hands- free) as input channel. • Examples of ICCS: Name Manufacturer Year iDrive BMW 2001 Blue&Me Fiat 2004 SYNC Ford 2007 IQon SAAB 2011
  • 5. Driver Distraction • Driver distraction occurs when the driver’s attention is diverted from driving to the extent that the driver is no longer able to drive adequately or safely (Young & Regan, 2005). • Type of driver distraction: – Visual: taking your eyes off the road; – Auditory: internal and external noises; – Manual: taking your hands off the steering wheel; and – Cognitive: taking your mind off what you’re doing. • Texting can cause more serious driver distraction.
  • 6. Adaptive Interfaces • Interfaces able to adapt to specific user, task or situations; • Inferring the distraction level; – Fuzzy logic; – Support Vector Machine; – Neural networks; • Adaptation effects – Delaying calls and text messages; – Resuming the notification process; – Warn drivers before potential dangerous outgoing events
  • 7. Architecture of MIMI Input Module (A) ASR NL Understanding Multimodal Fusion Mobile phone Dialogue engine Mobile phone Dialogue manager (C) Adaptive module interface (B) Inputs Dialogue Task Workload history progress manager CAN bus Knowledge base User Task Context Phonebook DB model model model Output Module (D) Adaptive engine NL TTS generation
  • 8. Architecture of MIMI (cont.) • Workload manager speed 1 = very low Δ speed Distraction level 2 = low 3 = mid angle 4 = high Δ angle 5 = very high
  • 9. User Study • Aim – Usability (task success, errors, effectiveness of tasks, time of task) – Safety (cognitive load, mean lateral deviation, perceived safety, adaptation) • Methodology • Participants – 30 students • Tasks – Calling – Sending text messages
  • 10. Results (cont.) • Usability 7 6 5 6.33 5.90 5.70 6.10 4 5.07 6.17 6.23 5.73 5.43 3 4.47 2 1 Call effectiveness SMS effectiveness Barge-in Recognition Number dictation Non adaptive Adaptive Comparison of the usability of the non-adaptive and adaptive version of MIMI (n=30)
  • 11. Results (cont.) • Performance MIMI 1 non adaptive MIMI 2 adaptive T-test Mean StdDev Mean StdDev p-value T01 11 19.02 14.5 19.98 0.16 T02 10 5.22 21.5 7.34 0.00 T03 36 34.8 40.5 34.47 0.78 T04 11 6.28 20.5 7.56 0.00 T05 11 12.75 10.5 8.79 0.88 T06 10 4.29 18 7.45 0.00 T07 23 12.09 22 12.57 0.78 T08 11 9.95 20.5 18.64 0.05 T09 7 10.91 7 11.01 0.97 T10 10 5.34 16.5 38.75 0.08 Comparing the mean time-on-task (in seconds) for MIMI 1 and MIMI 2 (n=30).
  • 12. Results (cont.) • Performance MIMI 1 non adaptive MIMI 2 adaptive T-test Mean StdDev Mean StdDev p-value T01 1.16 0.7 0.98 0.69 0.21 T02 0.94 0.49 0.87 0.43 0.18 T03 1.86 0.58 1.77 0.51 0.33 T04 0.99 0.45 0.95 0.43 0.68 T05 1.25 0.49 1.24 0.45 0.78 T06 1.05 0.56 0.84 0.53 0.52 T07 1.62 0.56 1.43 0.64 0.14 T08 1.13 0.5 1.02 0.4 0.28 T09 1.05 0.71 1.1 0.51 0.65 T10 0.96 0.63 0.79 0.48 0.47 Comparing the mean lateral deviation (in meters) for MIMI 1 and MIMI 2 (n=30)
  • 13. Results • Safety 7 6.17 5.87 5.97 6 5.63 5.43 5.43 5.37 5.13 5 4 3 2 1 Safe to make calls Safe to send SMS Safe to answer calls Safe to read SMS Non adaptive Adaptive Comparison of the safety ratings of non-adaptive versus the adaptive version of MIMI (n=30).
  • 14. Results • Adaptation Postponing Warning sound MIMI 1 non MIMI 2 MIMI 1 non MIMI 2 adaptive adaptive adaptive adaptive Mean 4.76 5.80 4.80 4.80 Median 5.00 6.00 4.00 5.00 Mode 4.00 6.00 4.00 4.00 StdDev 1.87 1.45 1.56 1.65 p-value 0.01 1.00 Comparing the adaptation of MIMI 1 and MIMI 2 (n=30).
  • 15. Conclusion & Future work • ICCS can be affected by usability and safety issues; • An adaptive interface for an ICCS was designed; • A user study compared MIMI 1 and MIMI 2 in terms of usability and safety; • The Adaptive interface had a positive impact on the usability and safety of MIMI; • Future work – Other adaptation effects to be investigated; – Alternative warning strategies.
  • 16. Thank you for your attention! Questions ? Contact: Emails: Patrick.TchankueSielinou@nmmu.ac.za Janet.Wesson@nmmu.ac.za Dieter.Vogts@nmmu.ac.za Website: www.nmmu.ac.za/cs Tel: +27 41 504 2323