The document describes the process of protein synthesis in a cell. It shows DNA being transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. The mRNA is exported from the nucleus through nuclear pores and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. tRNA molecules pair their anticodons with mRNA codons and add amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Additional amino acids are linked by peptide bonds until a stop codon is reached. The polypeptide then folds into the final tertiary structure of the protein.

1. By: Lucas Ambler

2. CELL
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

3. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

4. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

5. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

6. Nucleus

7. Nucleus

8. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

9. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

10. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

11. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

12. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

13. RNA Polymerase
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Promoter
Region

14. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

15. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

16. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

17. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

18. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

19. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

20. A
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

21. A
U
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

22. A
U
G
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

23. A
U
G
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

24. A
U
G
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

25. AU
G
A
G
A
C
C
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

26. AU
G
A
G
A
C
C
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

27. AU
G
A
G
A
C
C
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

28. AU
G
A
G
A
C
C
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

29. AU
G
A
G
A
C
C
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

30. AU
G
A
G
A
C
C
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

31. AU
GAG
AC
CG
U
A
G
U
G
A
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

32. A U G A GA C C
GU
A
G
U
G
A
~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

33. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Termination
Sequence

34. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

35. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~TACTCTGGCATCACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATGAGACCGTAGTGA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

36. Cytoplasm
Nuclear Pore
Nucleus

37. Cytoplasm
Nuclear Pore
Nucleus
Ribosome

38. Cytoplasm
Nuclear Pore
Nucleus
Ribosome

39. Ribosome
Small Subunit
Large Subunit
mRNA Strand
U
A
C
A
U
G
Start Codon
Anti Codons
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

40. Amino Acid
tRNA
U
A
C
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

41. U
A
C
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

42. U
A
C
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

43. U
A
C
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

44. U
A
C
U
C
U
A
U
G
A
G
A
Start Codon
Codon
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

45. U
A
U
G
Start Codon
C
U
A
G
A
Codon
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

46. U
A
U
G
Start Codon
C
U
A
G
A
Codon
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

47. U
A
U
G
Start Codon
C
U
A
G
A
Codon
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

48. U
A
U
G
Start Codon
C
U
A
G
A
Codon
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

49. U
A
U
G
Start Codon
C
U
A
G
A
Codon
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

50. U
A
U
G
Start Codon
C
U
G
G
C
A
G
A
C
C
G
Codon
Codon
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

51. U
C
U
G
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
G
C
C
C
G
Codon
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

52. C
U
U
G
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
G
C
C
C
G
Codon
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

53. U
G
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
G
C
C
C
G
Codon
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

54. Peptide Bond
G
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
G
C
C
C
G
Codon
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

55. G
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
G
C
C
C
G
Codon
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

56. G
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
G
C
C
C
G
Codon
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

57. G
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
G
C
C
C
G
Codon
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

58. G
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
G
C
A
U
C
C
C
G
U
A
G
Codon
Codon
U
G
A
Stop Codon

59. G
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
G
C
A
U
C
C
C
G
U
A
G
Codon
Codon
U
G
A
Stop Codon

60. G
G
C
A
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
C
U
A
G
Codon
U
G
A
Stop Codon

61. G
G
C
A
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
C
U
A
G
Codon
U
G
A
Stop Codon

62. G
C
A
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
C
U
A
G
Codon
U
G
A
Stop Codon

63. A
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
C
U
A
G
Codon
U
G
A
Stop Codon

64. A
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
C
U
A
G
Codon
U
G
A
Stop Codon

65. A
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
U
C
C
G
U
Codon
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

66. A
U
G
Start Codon
A
C
U
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

67. C
U
A
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

68. A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

69. A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

70. A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

71. Final protein in its tertiary structure
A
U
G
Start Codon
A
G
Codon
A
C
C
Codon
G
U
A
Codon
G
U
G
A
Stop Codon

72. Summary of Protein Synthesis
For Protein Synthesis to begin DNA is first transcribed into
a mRNA strand. This mRNA strand will go out of the
nucleus through a nuclear pore and go into the ribosome.
Inside the ribosome the mRNA strand attracts the tRNA.
A tRNA molecule contains an amino acid and anticodon.
The combination of a mRNA and a tRNA causes the codon
in the mRNA to meet with its anticodon in the tRNA.
After each tRNA breaks off the amino acid stays and will
be connected with other amino acids by a peptide bond.
This leads to the lengthening of the amino acid chain.
After the stop codon the amino acid chain is folded up
and the final protein in its tertiary structure is formed.
This, in conclusion is protein synthesis.