1. Transcription
= hydrogen bond

2. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

3. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

4. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

5. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

6. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

7. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

8. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

9. Nucleus

10. Nucleus

11. Nucleus

18. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=RNA Polymerase

19. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=RNA Polymerase

20. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=RNA Polymerase

21. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=RNA Polymerase

22. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=RNA Polymerase

23. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

24. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

25. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

26. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

27. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

28. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

29. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

30. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

31. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

32. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

33. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

34. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

35. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

36. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

37. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

38. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

39. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

40. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

41. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

42. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

43. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

44. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

45. RNA Polymerase unzips DNA, reads it, and synthesizes
mRNA all at the same time. The DNA reforms bonds
between nucleotides right after DNA polymerase moves
on.
=mRNA
Promoter region
=RNA Polymerase

46. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
=mRNA

47. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
=mRNA

48. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
=mRNA

49. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
=mRNA

50. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

51. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

52. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

53. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

54. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

55. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

56. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

57. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

58. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

59. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

60. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

61. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

62. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

63. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

64. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

65. Next, the mRNA strand exits the nucleus through tiny
pores.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

66. Summery of Transcription
RNA polymerase binds onto DNA at the promoter
region. It unzips DNA, reads the top strand, and
synthesizes mRNA all at the same time. mRNA is
synthesized in codons, sections of three nucleotides
that each code for a different amino acid. After RNA
polymerase has moved on, DNA reforms the bonds
between nucleotides. The mRNA strand, made of
ribose, phosphates, and nitrogen bases, goes
through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm. Also,
thymine is replaced with uracil in the mRNA strand.

67. Translation
mRNA
*Note: translation occurs in
the cytoplasm within a
ribosome, which is another
type of RNA (rRNA)

73. A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

74. Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

75. tRNA is made of an amino acid, RNA,
and an anti-codon. It attaches anticodons (complementary nucleotides
to codons) to the mRNA. This causes
the amino acid on the end to detach
from the rest of the molecule.
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

76. tRNA is made of an amino acid, RNA,
and an anti-codon. It attaches anticodons (complementary nucleotides
to codons) to the mRNA. This causes
the amino acid on the end to detach
from the rest of the molecule.
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

77. U
A
C
tRNA is made of an amino acid, RNA,
and an anti-codon. It attaches anticodons (complementary nucleotides
to codons) to the mRNA. This causes
the amino acid on the end to detach
from the rest of the molecule.
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

78. U
A
tRNA is made of an amino acid, RNA,
and an anti-codon. It attaches anticodons (complementary nucleotides
to codons) to the mRNA. This causes
the amino acid on the end to detach
from the rest of the molecule.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

79. U
A
tRNA is made of an amino acid, RNA,
and an anti-codon. It attaches anticodons (complementary nucleotides
to codons) to the mRNA. This causes
the amino acid on the end to detach
from the rest of the molecule.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

80. U
A
tRNA is made of an amino acid, RNA,
and an anti-codon. It attaches anticodons (complementary nucleotides
to codons) to the mRNA. This causes
the amino acid on the end to detach
from the rest of the molecule.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

81. U
A
tRNA is made of an amino acid, RNA,
and an anti-codon. It attaches anticodons (complementary nucleotides
to codons) to the mRNA. This causes
the amino acid on the end to detach
from the rest of the molecule.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

82. U
A
tRNA is made of an amino acid, RNA,
and an anti-codon. It attaches anticodons (complementary nucleotides
to codons) to the mRNA. This causes
the amino acid on the end to detach
from the rest of the molecule.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

83. U
A
tRNA is made of an amino acid, RNA,
and an anti-codon. It attaches anticodons (complementary nucleotides
to codons) to the mRNA. This causes
the amino acid on the end to detach
from the rest of the molecule.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

84. U
A
tRNA is made of an amino acid, RNA,
and an anti-codon. It attaches anticodons (complementary nucleotides
to codons) to the mRNA. This causes
the amino acid on the end to detach
from the rest of the molecule.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

85. U
A
tRNA is made of an amino acid, RNA,
and an anti-codon. It attaches anticodons (complementary nucleotides
to codons) to the mRNA. This causes
the amino acid on the end to detach
from the rest of the molecule.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

86. U
A
tRNA is made of an amino acid, RNA,
and an anti-codon. It attaches anticodons (complementary nucleotides
to codons) to the mRNA. This causes
the amino acid on the end to detach
from the rest of the molecule.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

87. U
U
A
C
U
A
G
A
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

88. U
U
A
C
U
G
A
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

89. U
U
A
C
U
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

90. U
U
A
C
U
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

91. U
U
A
C
U
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

92. U
U
A
C
U
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

93. U
A
C
U
C
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

94. The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
U
A
C
U
C
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

95. The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
A
C
U
C
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

96. A
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
C
U
C
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

97. G
G
C
C
G
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
C
U
C
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

98. G
U
C
G
C
C
G
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

99. G
U
C
G
C
C
G
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

100. G
U
C
G
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
C
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

101. U
C
G
U
G
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

102. The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
U
C
G
U
G
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

103. The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
U
C
U
G
G
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

104. The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
U
C
U
G
G
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

105. U
A
U
C
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
C
U
G
G
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

106. A
C
U
G
G
U
C
A
G
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

107. C
A
U
G
G
U
C
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

108. A
U
G
G
U
C
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

109. A
G
G
U
C
C
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

110. G
G
C
A
U
C
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

111. G
G
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
C
A
U
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

112. G
G
The amino acids
form peptide
bonds with each
other after they
are separated
from tRNA.
C
A
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
U
C
A
G
Ribosome
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

113. G
G
C
A
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
U
C
A
G
Ribosome
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

114. G
G
C
A
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
U
A
C
Ribosome
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

115. G
G
C
A
A
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
U
A
C
U
G
A
C
Ribosome
G
U
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

116. A
A
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
C
U
A
G
C
U
G
A
Ribosome
U
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

117. A
A
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
C
U
A
G
C
U
Ribosome
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

118. A
A
U
C
U
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

119. A
A
U
C
U
C
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

120. A
U
C
A
C
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

121. A
U
C
A
C
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

122. A
U
C
The last tRNA meets the
termination sequence, a codon
that signals to stop synthesizing
amino acids.
A
C
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

123. A
U
C
The last tRNA meets the
termination sequence, a codon
that signals to stop synthesizing
amino acids.
A
C
U
Ribosome
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

124. A
U
C
The last tRNA meets the
termination sequence, a codon
that signals to stop synthesizing
amino acids.
A
C
U
Ribosom
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

125. The last tRNA meets the
termination sequence, a codon
that signals to stop synthesizing
amino acids.
A
C
U
R
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

126. The last tRNA meets the
termination sequence, a codon
that signals to stop synthesizing
amino acids.
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
A
C
G
U
A
G
U
C
G
U
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

127. The last tRNA meets the
termination sequence, a codon
that signals to stop synthesizing
amino acids.
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
A
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
C
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

128. The last tRNA meets the
termination sequence, a codon
that signals to stop synthesizing
amino acids.
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
A
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

129. The last tRNA meets the
termination sequence, a codon
that signals to stop synthesizing
amino acids.
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
A
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

130. The last tRNA meets the
termination sequence, a codon
that signals to stop synthesizing
amino acids.
A
U
G
A
G
(A group of three
RNA nucleotides is
called a codon)
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
A
Ribose and phosphate
base
The nucleotides are attached to a sugar and phosphate
base, just like in DNA. The only difference is that the sugar
in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Also, uracil has
replaced thymine.

131. A
U
G
A
G
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
The amino acids now form a polypeptide
chain, also known as an amino acid chain or a
protein. This is the primary protein structure.
A

132. A
U
G
A
G
A
C
C
G
U
A
G
U
G
The amino acids now form a polypeptide
chain, also known as an amino acid chain or a
protein. This is the primary protein structure.
A

133. The amino acids now form a polypeptide
chain, also known as an amino acid chain or a
protein. This is the primary protein structure.

134. The amino acids now form a polypeptide
chain, also known as an amino acid chain or a
protein. This is the primary protein structure.

135. The amino acids now form a polypeptide
chain, also known as an amino acid chain or a
protein. This is the primary protein structure.

136. The amino acids now form a polypeptide
chain, also known as an amino acid chain or a
protein. This is the primary protein structure.

137. The amino acids now form a polypeptide
chain, also known as an amino acid chain or a
protein. This is the primary protein structure.

138. The chain will fold around itself to form a
blobular structure. This is the final, tertiary
protein structure.

139. The chain will fold around itself to form a
blobular structure. This is the final, tertiary
protein structure.

140. The chain will fold around itself to form a
blobular structure. This is the final, tertiary
protein structure.

141. The chain will fold around itself to form a
blobular structure. This is the final, tertiary
protein structure.

142. The chain will fold around itself to form a
blobular structure. This is the final, tertiary
protein structure.

143. The chain will fold around itself to form a
blobular structure. This is the final, tertiary
protein structure.

144. The chain will fold around itself to form a
blobular structure. This is the final, tertiary
protein structure.

145. The chain will fold around itself to form a
blobular structure. This is the final, tertiary
protein structure.

146. The chain will fold around itself to form a
blobular structure. This is the final, tertiary
protein structure.

147. The chain will fold around itself to form a
blobular structure. This is the final, tertiary
protein structure.

148. The chain will fold around itself to form a
blobular structure. This is the final, tertiary
protein structure.

149. The chain will fold around itself to form a
blobular structure. This is the final, tertiary
protein structure.

150. Summery of Translation
mRNA is read by a ribosome, also known as rRNA.
As mRNA is threaded through the ribosome, tRNA
comes into play. tRNA is made of an amino acid,
RNA, and an anti-codon. An anti-codon is a series of
three nucleotides that are complementary to a
codon. When tRNA attaches the anti-codon, the
amino acid detaches from the rest of the molecule.
As the process is repeated, the amino acids form
peptide bonds with each other. This continues until
tRNA reaches the termination sequence, which tells
it to stop. The final result is a polypeptide chain,
which will then fold itself into a protein.