2. The three case studies identify a
broad range of mitigation activities and
potentials:

3. Brazil’s annual emissions are 91 million tons, or 10
percent lower than they would be if not for aggressive
biofuels and energy efficiency programs aimed at
reducing energy imports and diversifying energy
supplies.
 A tax incentive for buyers of cars with low-powered engines,
adopted to make transportation more affordable for the
middle class, accounted for nearly 2 million tons of
carbon abatement in the year 2000.
 If alcohol fuels, renewable electricity, cogeneration, and energy
efficiency are encouraged in the future, carbon emissions growth
could be further cut by an estimated 45 million tons a year by
2020. Deforestation, however,

4. China has dramatically reduced its emissions growth
rate, now just half its economic growth rate through:-
 slower population growth
 energy efficiency improvements
 fuel switching from coal to natural gas
 afforestation.
Emissions growth has been reduced over the past three
decades by an estimated 250 million tons of carbon per
year, about one-third of China’s current emissions.
Continued policies for economic reform, efficiency, and
environmental protection could reduce emissions growth
by an additional 500 million tons a year in 2020.

5.  India’s growth in energy-related carbon dioxide emissions was
reduced over the last decade through :-
• economic restructuring,
• enforcement of existing clean air laws by the nation’s highest court,
• and renewable energy programs.
 In 2000, energy policy initiatives reduced carbon emissions by
18 million tons—over 5 percent of India's gross carbon
emissions.
 About 120 million tons of additional carbon mitigation could be
achieved over the next decade at a cost ranging from $0-15
per ton. Major opportunities include
• improved efficiency in both energy supply and demand
• fuel switching from coal to gas
• power transmission improvements
• afforestation.

7. EU policy on mitigation
• E-wide Internal energy market, sector-oriented
• Accelerated shift to low carbon energy
• Target of 20% of all energy mix (biofuels min. of 10%)
• Energy efficiency
• Saving 20% of total primary energy consumption by 2020
• EU developing an approach to adaptation through its
Green Paper (2007) through 4 pillars of action:
• Integrating adaptation when implementing existing and
upcoming legislation and funding programs;
• external actions; expanding the knowledge base through
integrated planning research; and involving society, business and
the public sector in preparation of coordinated and comprehensive
adaptation strategies

8. • EU exerts direct influence through:
• Directives, which nations and local governments have to
implement, e.g., water framing directive Structural funds
• EU supporting research efforts on adaptation. ESPACE (European
Spatial Planning: Adapting to Climate Change 2003-08)
• Concentrating on water management issues
• Developing a suite of tools: constraint mapping, threshold
analysis, risk assessment, decision pathways
• ADAM (Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies)
• Trade-offs and conflicts and policy appraisal framework
• Several European research programs focused on urban areas,
e.g.,ASCCUE (Adaptation Strategies for CC in Urban
Environment-UK)
• GRaBS (Green and Blue Space Adaptation for Urban Areas and
Eco Towns- EU)
• National Adaptation Plans adopted by Denmark, Finland, France,
Hungary, Netherlands, Spain, UK, a