6. Activity
Jot down your definition of
feedback and then discuss with
peer (5 mins)
Be prepared to feedback to the
group
7. What is Feedback?
―Feedback should help the
student understand more about
the learning goal, and more ways
to bridge the gap between their
current status and the desired
status.‖1
8. Purpose of Feedback?
Feedback should develop the students’
capacity to make evaluative judgements
about their own and others work1,8
Feedback should serve the function of
progressively enabling students to
better monitor, evaluate and regulate
their own learning, independently of the
teacher7
10. Influence of feedback
• Affective processes of increased effort
and motivation and/or cognitive
processes of restructuring knowledge
• Learners (particular those studying at a
distance) require reassurance that they
are heading in the right direction
• Constructive feedback often results in
improved performance2-3
11. Relationship to Criteria
• Clarity of goals and standards important
to avoid a mismatch between staff &
student expectations
• Support student self-evaluation
• Improve the likelihood of reliability
• For markers criteria can be used as a
framework for providing student
feedback
12. We have a problem…
http://www.motor-trade-insider.com/index.php/2010/11/houston-we-have-a-problem/
13. Students – Common Concerns
• Feedback is too late to influence
learning
• Feedback is vague or cryptic e.g.
―more‖
• Feedback provides no explanation for
action e.g. ―good‖
• Feedback is ―one off‖ – no chance to try
again based on assessment sequencing
14.
15. Tutors think they provide more detailed
feedback than students perceive
Tutors view their feedback to be more useful
compared to what students think
16. A Critque of Monologic
Feedback 4-10
• Lack of learner engagement with feedback
• Lack of understanding of feedback
• Transmitted feedback creates dependency on teacher
• Not utilising self/peer feedback
• Lack of a shared context for assessment for teacher
and learner
• High teacher effort— low efficiency
• Reduced staff satisfaction as evidence of feedforward
not seen
17. Influence of feedback
• Feedback can help to develop
learner self-regulation4,5
• Professional socialisation into
profession11
18. The Feedback Recipient
• Interplay between fear, confidence and reasoning
in receptivity to feedback 12
• Tendency for ‘deflection’ when there is a
discrepancy between learners’ internal perceptions
(self-evaluation) and the external teacher’s
perceptions (feedback) 10
• Learner re-interprets the external feedback to make
it conform with their own hope, intention or
interpretation of their performance13
• Perceived credibility of feedback giver essential14-16
19. Reconceptualising Feedback
―Feedback should be conceptualised as
a dialogical and contingent two-way
process that involves coordinated
teacher–student and peer-to-peer
interaction as well as active learner
engagement.‖5
20. Teacher-focussed Strategies
• Faster turnaround of
feedback
• Improve quality of the
feedback
• Explicate timings
• Generate assessment rubrics
• Look at sequencing of
assignments
• Faculty development and
benchmarking
21. Learner-focussed Strategies
• Educate and empower students
to take an active role in feedback
• Engage students in generating
assessment criteria and
discussing standards
• Create opportunities for students
to process and use feedback
Engage students in ways to
develop evaluative judgements
(self/peer-review)
• Establish a dialogue
24. Importance of Feedback
• If students are to understand their level of
performance and how to improve they need
feedback
• Feedback does not need to be the responsibility
of teachers7
• Feedback should not be viewed as a
transmission process but a dialogue5,10
• Feedback should feedforward and assessment
strategy should allow this
25. Feedback is … a Dialogue
http://www.flickr.com/photos/khalidalbaih/5653817859
26. Contact Details
Dr David Walker
University of Dundee
Email: d.j.walker@dundee.ac.uk
Twitter: @drdjwalker
Dr Rola Ajjawi
Centre for Medical Education
University of Dundee
Email: r.ajjawi@dundee.ac.uk
Twitter: @r_ajjawi
27. References
1. Sadler, D. R. (2010) Beyond feedback: developing student capability in complex appraisal.
Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35:5, 535-550.
2. Hattie, J. & TIimperley, H. (2007). The Power of Feedback. Review of Educational
Research, 77, 81-112.
3. Veloski, J., Boex, J. R., Grasberger, M. J., Evans, A., & Wolfson, D. B. (2006). Systematic review of
the literature on assessment, feedback and physicians’ clinical performance*: BEME Guide No. 7.
Medical Teacher, 28(2), 117-128.
4. Carless, D. (2006). Differing perceptions in the feedback process. Studies in Higher
Education, 31(2), 219-233.
5. Nicol, D. (2010). From monologue to dialogue: improving written feedback processes in mass
higher education. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(5), 501 - 517.
6. Sadler, D. R. (1989). Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems. Instructional
Science, 18(2), 119-144.
7. Nicol, D. J., & Macfarlane‐Dick, D. (2006). Formative assessment and self‐regulated learning: a
model and seven principles of good feedback practice. Studies in Higher Education, 31(2), 199-
218.
8. Boud, D., & Associates. (2010). Assessment 2010: Seven propositions for assessment reform in
higher education. Sydney: Australian Learning and Teaching Council.
9. Higgins, R., Hartley, P., & Skelton, A. (2002). The Conscientious Consumer: Reconsidering the role
of assessment feedback in student learning. Studies in Higher Education, 27(1), 53-64.
28. References continued
10. Boud, D., & Molloy, E. (2012). Rethinking models of feedback for learning: the challenge of design.
Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 1-15.
11. Molloy, E. K. (2009). Time to Pause: Feedback in Clinical Education. In C. Delaney & E. K. Molloy
(Eds.), Clinical Education in the Health Professions. Sydney: Elsevier.
12. Eva, K., Armson, H., Holmboe, E., Lockyer, J., Loney, E., Mann, K., et al. (2011). Factors influencing
responsiveness to feedback: on the interplay between fear, confidence, and reasoning processes.
Advances in Health Sciences Education, 1-12.
13. Carless, D., Salter, D., Yang, M., & Lam, J. (2010). Developing sustainable feedback practices.
Studies in Higher Education, 36(4), 395-407.
14. Watling, C., & Lingard, L. (2010). Toward meaningful evaluation of medical trainees: the influence
of participants’ perceptions of the process. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 1-12.
15. Watling, C., Driessen, E., van der Vleuten, C. P. M., & Lingard, L. (2012). Learning from clinical
work: the roles of learning cues and credibility judgements. Medical Education, 46(2), 192-200.
16. Watling, C., Driessen, E., van der Vleuten, C. P. M., Vanstone, M., & Lingard, L. (2012).
Understanding responses to feedback: the potential and limitations of regulatory focus theory.
Medical Education, 46(6), 593-603.
17. Nicol, D. (2012). Assessment and feedback - in the hands of the student [Online]. JISC. Available:
http://jiscdesignstudio.pbworks.com/w/page/50118521/Assessment%20and%20feedback%20-
%20in%20the%20hands%20of%20the%20student [Accessed 01/02/12].
Notes de l'éditeur
Context of postgraduate studentsWritten feedback on assignments such as essays, curriculum plans, teaching evaluations and portfolio assessments3000 studentsFully online distance learning programme75% are UK based
Dialogical process NOT a product to be delivered
Effective feedback can lead to change in learners through affective processes of increased effort, motivation and engagement, or through cognitive processes including restructuring of knowledge and alternative strategies to understanding (Hattie and Timperley, 2007).Bullet point 2: no feedback can be demotivating and humiliating.
Effective feedback can lead to change in learners through affective processes of increased effort, motivation and engagement, or through cognitive processes including restructuring of knowledge and alternative strategies to understanding (Hattie and Timperley, 2007).Bullet point 2: no feedback can be demotivating and humiliating.
Neglecting dialogue can lead to dissatisfaction and underachievement (carless 2006).
Effective feedback can lead to change in learners through affective processes of increased effort, motivation and engagement, or through cognitive processes including restructuring of knowledge and alternative strategies to understanding (Hattie and Timperley, 2007).Bullet point 2: no feedback can be demotivating and humiliating.
Capacity to make evaluative judgementsAssessment and feedback processes should empower students to become self-regulated learners (Carless, 2006). Learning is enhanced when learners are self-regulating, actively engaging in setting learning goals, selecting strategies for achieving these goals and monitoring their progress toward these goals (Nicol and Macfarlane‐Dick, 2006). Self-regulation hinges on learners being able to access and interpret information that indicates how their present state relates to their learning goals (Nicol and Macfarlane‐Dick, 2006).
Effective feedback can lead to change in learners through affective processes of increased effort, motivation and engagement, or through cognitive processes including restructuring of knowledge and alternative strategies to understanding (Hattie and Timperley, 2007).Bullet point 2: no feedback can be demotivating and humiliating.
Dialogical process NOT a product to be delivered
Sequencing of assignments can be difficult
In reflecting about the questions we have chosen perhaps one of the questions should have asked the student to summarise the feedback – David reported that this is analogous to self explanation which Chi et al (1994) report to improve self-monitoring and evaluation. ( For more on self-explaining http://www.learnlab.org/research/wiki/index.php/Prompted_self-explanation_hypothesis) Roscoe, R. & Chi, M. (2008) Tutor learning: the role of explaining and responding to questions, Instructional Science, 36, 321-350.He also reported some work by Cho and MacArthur who showed that students made more complex improvements to their work after receiving feedback from multiple sources. http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/edu/103/1/73.html Cho, K., & MacArthur, C. (2011). Learning by reviewing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(1), 73-84. doi:10.1037/a0021950Reflective knowledge building.