This document discusses various types of vaccines including live attenuated vaccines and killed vaccines. It provides a brief history of vaccines such as the smallpox vaccine from 1798 and polio vaccine from 1955. Live attenuated vaccines provide longer lasting immunity but carry a small risk of latency, while killed vaccines provide shorter immunity but no risk of latency. The document also outlines the vaccination schedule in India and provides details on specific vaccines including BCG, oral polio, hepatitis B, typhoid, cholera, and rabies.

1. Dr. RAGHU PRASADA M S
MBBS,MD
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY
SSIMS & RC.
1

2.  Immunity
 Antigen-capsules ,cell walls ,toxins viral capsids,
flagella, pollen
 Vaccines -
 Serum
 Antiserum –rabbit, horse ,goat
 Serum sickness
 Toxoids

3.  Vaccines are immunobiological substances designed
to produce specific protection against a given
disease. It stimulates production of protective
antibody and other immune mechanism

4.  HISTORY-
 SMALL POX-1798
 RABIES-1885
 TYPHOID -1896
 CHOLERA- 1896
 PLAGUE-1897
 POLIO-1955
 HEPATITIS-1981

5.  LIVE ATTENUATED
VACCINES
 Bacterial –bcg, typhoid
oral ,plague
 Viral –polio yellow
fever, measles
 -rubella ,mumps
,influenza
 KILLED VACCINES
 Bacterial -Typhoid
,cholera ,Pertusis
,plague
 Viral –rabies,
salk(polio),
 Influenza, hepatitis B,
 Japanese encephalitis

6. LIVE ATTENUATED
 Vaccine dose-low
 Antibody persistence-long
 Booster needed -
infrequently
 Revaccination –possible
 Latency-possible
 Oncogenicity-
KILLEDVACCINES
 High
 Short
 Frequently
 None
 None
 none
Vaccines

7.  Birth –BCG +OPV+ hepatitis B
 At 6 wks-DPT+OPV+HEP-B
 At 10, 14 wks-DPT+OPV
 At 6 months-hepatitis B
 At 9 months-measles
 At 15 months-DPT+OPV+MMR
 At 4-5 years-DT-DA+OPV
 At 10 years-TT+TAB/Ty21a
 At 16 years-TT

8.  Attenuated live vaccine
 Bovine strain of M. Tuber
 0.5-1mg -1-2.5*107 colony forming units injected
intradermally
 Partial immunity
 C/I—compromised host defence

9.  -produces active immunity
 Induces systemic and intestinal immunity
 Simultaneous administration to all infants
 -avoid in vomiting and diarrhea
 INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE
 -primary immunization in adults
 persons with compromised immune system

10.  -prepared in yeast cells by recombinant DNA
technique
 three injections -0,1,6 months
 -20µg in 1ml amp
 HEPATITIS A VACCINE
 -human diploid cell culture
 0.5ml im
 Booster after 6 months

11.  Mixed antigen – of Alum pptd toxoids of
tetanus and diptheria available in 0.5 ml
ampule and 5 ml vial
 -diptheria toxoid is modified diptheria exotoxin
adsorbed on to aluminium hydroxide
 Tetanus toxoid is formalin treated exotoxin of
tetanus baccilli
 Diptheria toxoid 25 lf
 Tetanus toxoid -5 lf
 Pertusis-20000 million in 0.5 ml ampule

12.  Measles vaccine is grown on chick embryo ,-
single dose 1000 TCID
 Mumps virus is grown in chick embryo ,single
dose -5000 tcid . Clinical disease may occur if
vaccinated after infection
 Live attenuated rubella virus wistar RA 27/3
strain 1000 tcid per 0.5 ml inj
 Single dose sc over deltoid >12 mnth children
 C/I- pregnancy

13. Antirabies vaccine carbolised (semple)
Neural tissue vaccine(NTV), is 5% suspension of
sheep brain tissue
Need 14 daily painful large volume 2-5ml injectn-
PCEV(purified chick embryo cell vaccine)
Rabies virus grown on chick fibroblast and
inactivated by B-propiolactone available as 2.5IU
in 1ml amp
Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV)
Lyophilised inactivated rabies virus –
Grown on human diploid cell culture
Purified vero cell vaccine (PVRV)

14.  Sterile suspension -1ml containing 1*109 S.typhi and
7.5*108 each of S.paratyphi A and B dose- 0.5ml sc
TYPHOID TY21A ORAL VACCINE
 Newer live oral typhoid vaccine prepared from Ty21a
attenuated strain of S.typhi
 Absence of enzyme uridine di phosphate galactose 4
epimerase invasion of gut is prevented
 Provides both cellular and humoural immunity

15.  From horse-tetanus antitoxin(ATS)
-gas gangrene antitoxin(AGB)
-diphtheria antitoxin (ADS)
Immunoglobins (humans )
Normal human gamma globin
Anti-D immunoglobin
Tetanus immunoglobin
Rabies immunoglobin
Hepatitis B immunoglobin

16.  Concentrated Ig from human plasma
 Viral hepatitis A and B ,measles ,mumps
 Agammaglobulinemia
 Augument the response to antibodies
 ANTI-D IMMUNOGLOBULIN
 Tetanus immunoglobulin indicated for
prophylaxis in non-immunised persons
 Better than equine ATS
 Treatment of clinical tetanus
 Dose-3000-6000 IU

17.  Anti rabies serum(ARS)
 Equine Rabies Immunoglobin (ERIG)
 after suspected exposure
 Dose- 40 IU /kg infiltration around the wound
RABIES IMMUNOGLOBULIN HUMAN
 -superior to ARS with longer t1/2
 Passive protection is needed as active immunity
takes 2 weeks

18.  Antibodies to hep-b surface antigen
 Better than human gamma globulin
 Used in individuals acutely exposed to Hbs Ag
positive blood, and Hep B vaccine should be
given concurrently
 dose -1000-2000 IU 32-48 IU/kg

19.  Serum polyvalent
 purified, concentrated equine globulins in
lyophilised vials, each ml neutralises
 0.6 mg of Std. cobra venom
 0.6 mg of Std. Russel viper
 0.45 mg of Std. saw scaled viper
 0.45 mg of Std. Krait