This presentation details us about the planning, design and structural aspects of Petronas twin towers, taipei 101, burj al-arab

1. BY-
RAJAT NAINWAL

2. PETRONAS TWIN TOWERS
 These are the twin
skyscrapers in Kuala
Lumpur , Malaysia.
 They were the tallest
building in the world
from 1998 to 2004
surpassed by Taipei
101.
 Planning started on 1
January 1992 and took
seven years to
complete the project
and inaugrated on 1
August 1999.
 Architects : Cesar Pelli
and Associates.

3. ARCHITECTURAL DATA
 Height of the tower – 451.9 m. (1,482.6 ft.)
 Number of floors – 88 (+ 5 basement
floors)
 Gross building Area – 3,95,000 sq. m. (each
tower)
 Lifts – 29 high speed passenger lifts in each
tower.
 Escalators – 10 in each tower.
 Stairs – 1,765 flights in each tower.
 Parking – 5,400 parking bays on 5 level of
basement parking.
 Total Concrete used – 1,60,000 cu. m.
 Total steel used – 36,910 t.
 Usable space – 2,13,750 sq. m. per tower.

4. FOUNDATION
Two Raft Foundations,
15 feet thick each
containing 13,000 cu.
m. of grade 60
concrete which
weighs approximately
32,350 t. with 208
rectangular section
piles of 9x4 feet,
varying from 197 feet
to 380 feet deep.

5. SKY BRIDGE
 The towers feature a double decker skybridge connecting the two
towers on the 41st and 42nd floors.
 The bridge is 170 m (558 ft) above the ground and 58 m (190 ft)
long, weighing 750 tons.The same floor is also known as the
podium, since visitors going to higher levels have to change
elevators here.
 The structural system selected utilises a 'two-hinge arch' springing
from supports at level 29 and rising at 63 degrees to support a pair
of parallel two-span continuous bridge girders at Level 41.
The structure of the two-level bridge is conventional framing
constructed of structural steel with beams moment-connected to
columns which bear on the level 41 continuous girders. The bridge
is 58.4 m long and weighs about 750 tonnes. The two-hinge arch
supporting the bridge has rotational pins (spherical bearings) at
the end of each leg or 'spring point' and at the top or 'crown' of the
arch (bearings). The main bridge girders have a rotational
(centering) pin directly over the arch crown to permit the crown to
rise and fall as the towers move closer or further apart.
 The two inclined legs are approximately 42.6 metres long and
weigh about 60 tonnes each.

6.  The interiors of the towers
highlight the Malaysian cultural
inspiration to the design
through traditional aspects
such as fabric and carvings
typical of the culture,
specifically evident in the foyer
of the entrance halls in the
towers.

8. TAIPEI 101
 Taipei 101 formerly known as
the Taipei World Financial
Center, is a landmark skyscraper
located in Xinyi
District, Taipei, Taiwan.
 The building ranked officially as
the world's tallest from 2004
until the opening of the Burj
Khalifa in Dubai in 2010.
 Taipei 101 was designed by C.Y.
Lee & partners and constructed
primarily by KTRT Joint Venture .
The construction was finished in
2004.

9. ARCHITECTURAL DATA
 Height of the tower – 509 m. (1,669.9 ft.)
 Number of floors – 101
 Gross building area – 1,93,400 sq. m.
(20,81,700 sq. ft.)
 Lifts / Elevators – 61 including double
deck shuttles, and 2 high speed
elevators.
• Building’s uses include:
communications, conference center,
library, observation decks, office space,
resturants, retail shopping malls,
fitness center, and home to Taipei
Financial Corporation.
• Construction began in 1999 and ended
in year 2004.
• Total cost of the project was $700
million dollars.

10. FOUNDATION
 Taipei 101 is designed to withstand the typhoon winds and
earthquake tremors common in its area.
 Planners aimed for a structure that could withstand gale
winds of 60 m/s (197 ft/s, 216 km/h or 134 mph)
 Total vertical load of the 101-storey main tower was estimated
to be over 4,000 MN. Accordingly, a solid foundation slab
with thickness of 3.0 m to 4.7 m was designed to support the
structure load and transmit the load to 380 piles with a
diameter of 1.5 m and even center-to-center distance of 3.96
m beneath the foundation slab. Those piles had embedment
lengths from 40 to 60 m below the foundation level and were
socketed into the bedrock by 15 to 33 m.

13. The design achieves both strength and flexibility for the tower
through the use of high-performance steel construction.
Thirty-six columns support Taipei 101, including eight "mega-
columns" packed with grade 69 concrete.
Every eight floors, outrigger trusses connect the columns in the
building's core to those on the exterior.
These features combine with the solidity of its foundation to make
Taipei 101 one of the most stable buildings ever constructed.

15. DAMPERS
 A 660-tonne steel pendulum that
serves as a tuned mass damper, at a
cost of (US$4 million).
 Suspended from the 92nd to the 87th
floor, the pendulum sways to offset
movements in the building caused by
strong gusts.
 Its sphere, the largest damper sphere
in the world, consists of 41 circular
steel plates, each with a height of
125 mm (4.92 in) being welded
together to form a 5.5 m (18 ft)
diameter sphere.
 Apart from the pendulum, shock
absorbers are also installed in each
structural frame joint .

16. PENDULUM INSTALLED INSIDE (Above
left)
INSTALLING OF THE PENDULUM (Above
right)
SHOCK ABSORBERS INSTALLED IN EACH
STRUCTURAL FRAME JOINT (Below left)

18. STRUCTURAL FACADE
 Taipei 101's characteristic blue-green
glass curtain walls are double paned and
glazed, offer heat and UV protection
sufficient to block external heat by 50
percent, and can sustain impacts of 7
tonnes.
 The facade system of glass and
aluminum panels installed into an
inclined moment-resisting lattices
contributes to overall lateral rigidity by
tying back to the mega-columns with
one-story high trusses at every eighth
floor.
 This facade system is therefore able to
withstand up to 95mm of seismic lateral
displacements without damage.

19. 101st Floor Private VIP club
92nd – 100th Floor Communication Floors
91st Floor Outdoor Observatory Decks
88th – 89th Floor Indoor Observatory Decks
85th – 86th Floor Observatory Restaurants
59th – 84th Floor High Zone Office Floors
59th – 60th Floor Sky Lobbies Floors
35th – 58th Floor Mid Zone Office Floors
36th Floor Taipei 101 Conference Centre
35th – 36th Floor Sky Lobbies Floors
35th Floor Amenities Floor
9th – 34th Floor Low Zone Office Centre
3rd – 5th Floor Bedroom
1st – 2nd Floor Grand Lobby
Lower Ground –Ground Floor Bedroom

20. TAIPEI FINANCIAL CORPORATION

21. BURJ-AL-ARAB
 Burj Al Arab is a luxury hotel located
in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
 At 321 m (1,053 ft), it is the fourth
tallest hotel in the world, however 39%
of its total height is made up of non-
occupiable space.
 Burj Al Arab stands on an artificial
island 280 m (920 ft) from
Jumeirah beach and is connected to
the mainland by a private curving
bridge.
 The total cost to construct the hotel
was $650 million.
 Total number of rooms – 202
 Architect – Tom Wright

22. ARCHITECTURAL DATA
 Height of the building – 322 m.
(1,056 ft.)
 Number of floors – 60
 Lifts / Elevators – 18
 Ground floor area (covered by
tower)– 1,20,000 sq. m. (12,91,669 sq.
ft.)
 Total developed floor area – 2,00,000
sq. m . (21,52,782 sq. ft.)
 It took three years to reclaim the
land from the sea, and less than
three years to construct the building
itself.
 The building contains over
70,000 m3 (92,000 cu yd) of concrete
and 9,000 tons of steel.

23. FOUNDATION
 Foundation is a piled raft.
 To secure a foundation, the
builders drove 250 35-meter
long concrete piles into the
sand.
 The foundation is held in
place not by bedrock, but by
the friction of the sand and
silt along the length of the
piles.

25. CONCRETE SUPERSTRUCTURE

26. HELIPAD
 Burj al Arab has a 24
meter ( 79 feet ) wide
helipad which is 210
meters above the
ground.
 It is often used as a
tennis court.

27. LATERAL LOADS
 The building was built to withstand a
fifty year wind of 100 miles per hour and
a seismic ground acceleration of 0.2
times gravity .
 The structure transfers lateral loads in a
number of ways.
 The Burj Al Arab has three tubular steel
trusses. These trusses act as cross bracing
to wind and earthquake forces.
 The translucent fabric wall of the atrium
is not only a stunning architectural
feature but also helps transfer lateral
load. The fabric covers a series of steel
cross bracing and is comprised of two
layers of fiberglass material which is
Teflon-coated.

28. ATRIUM MEMBERANE
 Façade for worlds tallest atrium
 Material – Teflon coated
Fiberglass
 Supported on arched trusses
 Trusses supported by cross
braced steel rods
 Reduces glare and allows
diffused lighting into atrium

29.  In fabric atrium wall The membrane is
constructed from 2 skins of PTFE coated
fiberglass separated by an air gap of
approximately 500mm and pre-
tensioned over a series of trussed arches.
 These arches span up to 50 meters
between the outer bedroom wings of the
hotel which frame the atrium, and are
aligned with the vertical geometry of the
building.
 The double-curved membrane panels so
formed are able to take positive wind
pressures by spanning from truss to
truss and negative wind pressures by
spanning sideways.
 Additional cables have been provided
running on the surface of the fabric to
reduce the deflection of the membrane

30. BRACING
 Braces the exterior
steel frame
 Resists Lateral
Loads
 Resists Overturning

31. TRUSSES
 Braces steel
frame
diagonally
 Resists Lateral
Loads
 Reduce
Moment and
Deflection

32. SPINE
• Lateral loads are transferred
from steel frame to central
spine.
• Spine unifies the steel and
concrete structures.

33. FRAME
Whole loads
are first passed
from reinforced
concrete in
multi-storey
frame to main
steel
exoskeleton,
and then to the
foundation.

34. TUNE MASS STAMPER
 Used to counter
the movement of
building and
structure due to
lateral forces and
siesmic
movement.
 Total of 11 , four
tonne tune mass
stamper fixed
along the
exoskeleton
structure.

35. THANK YOU