6. i) at squamocolumnar junction of lower esophagus Schatzki ring or “B” ring. www.freelivedoctor.com
7. d) encountered most often in women > 40 yrs. i) etiology unknown ii) episodic dysphagia with solid food iii) pain infrequent www.freelivedoctor.com
8. MOTOR DYSFUNCTION 1. Achalasia a) “failure to relax” i) aperistalsis ii) incomplete relaxation of LES with swallowing iii) resting tone of LES b) 1 o - etiology poorly understood i) dysfunction of inhibitory neurons in distal esophagus - NO - VIP www.freelivedoctor.com
11. ii) degenerative changes in neural innervation - extraesophageal vagal - dorsal motor nucleus c) 2 o – Chagas disease i) Trypanosoma cruzi www.freelivedoctor.com
12. ii) destruction of myenteric plexus of esophagus, duodenum, colon, ureter dilation of the structures d) most cases present as 1 o achalasia e) diabetic neuropathy, infiltrative disorders, etc. f) young adulthood g) Clinical: i) progressive dysphagia ii) nocturnal aspiration iii) 5% incidence of CA www.freelivedoctor.com
13. 2. Hiatal Hernia a) sliding (~ 95% of cases) i) protrusion of stomach above diaphragm bell shaped dilation ii) ~ 10% suffer from reflux b) paraesophageal i) separate portion of stomach enters thorax c) etiology unknown d) Clinical: i) strangulation (b) ; ulceration www.freelivedoctor.com
14. 3. Diverticula a) “outpouching” of all visceral layers i) false – only mucosa and sub - mucosa b) types: i) Zenker - above UES ii) traction - midpoint of esophagus iii) epiphrenic - above LES www.freelivedoctor.com
17. 4. Lacerations (Mallory-Weiss syndrome) a) longitudinal tears i) esophagogastric junction b) severe retching and vomiting i) commonly seen in alcoholics ii) massive dilation with tearing c) underlying hiatal hernia is also known factor d) 5-10 % of upper GI bleeds i) easily treated ii) rare rupture “Boerhaave” www.freelivedoctor.com
35. c) Squamous cell CA i) most common type (Worldwide) ii) adults > 50 yrs iii) Iran, China, South Africa and Brazil have incidence iv) in USA mainly adult males (4:1); blacks 4x higher v) diet and environmental factors (see table 17-1) - nitrosamines (p53) China! - in USA, alcohol and tobacco use www.freelivedoctor.com
36. TYLOSIS A genetic disorder characterized by thickening (hyperkeratosis) of the palms and soles, white patches in the mouth (oral leukoplakia ), and risk of esophageal cancer . Only genetic syndrome known to predispose to squamous cell carcinoma . Autosomal dominant inheritance. The gene has been mapped to chromosome 17q25 but has not been identified. The syndrome is also called nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma. www.freelivedoctor.com
37. vi) insidious onset - dysphagia - obstruction - aspiration via fistula - recurrence (local and distant) is common following surgery d) adenocarcinoma i) most arise from the Barrett mucosa (NOT gastric mucosa) ii) white men, > 40 yrs - more common in USA www.freelivedoctor.com
38. iii) clinical: patient usually present with the following - dysphagia - bleeding - weight loss - GERD - sliding hiatal hernia - poor prognosis - elimination of Barrett esophagus NOT yet shown to prevent adenocarcinoma www.freelivedoctor.com
39. e) benign i) Leiomyoma is most common - Usually asymptomatic - May produce dysphagia or hematemesis if large - typically occurs in young males - Found most often in distal third of esophagus - Usually solitary, but may be multiple (3%) www.freelivedoctor.com
40. Large filling defect with sharply-marginated border is seen in distal esophagus. www.freelivedoctor.com
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