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Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],Presented by,[object Object],Rakesh K.K.,[object Object],4NM07EC080,[object Object],Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,[object Object],NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte,[object Object]
Overview,[object Object],What is wireless power transmission(WPT)?,[object Object],Why is WPT?,[object Object],History of WPT,[object Object],Types of WPT,[object Object],Techniques to transfer energy wirelessly,[object Object],Advantages and disadvantages,[object Object],Applications,[object Object],Conclusion,[object Object],References ,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],2,[object Object]
What is WPT?,[object Object],The transmission of energy from one place to another without using wires,[object Object],Conventional energy transfer is using wires,[object Object],But, the wireless transmission is made possible by using various technologies,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],3,[object Object]
Why not wires? ,[object Object],As per studies, most electrical energy transfer is through wires. ,[object Object],Most of the energy loss is during transmission,[object Object],[object Object]
In India, it exceeds 40%26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],4,[object Object]
Why WPT?,[object Object],Reliable,[object Object],Efficient,[object Object],Fast,[object Object],Low maintenance cost,[object Object],Can be used for short-range or long-range.,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],5,[object Object]
History,[object Object],Nikola Tesla in late 1890s,[object Object],Pioneer of induction techniques,[object Object],His vision for “World Wireless System”,[object Object],The 187 feet tall tower to broadcast energy,[object Object],All people can have access to free energy,[object Object],Due to shortage of funds, tower did not operate,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],6,[object Object]
History (contd…),[object Object],Tesla was able to transfer energy from one coil to another coil,[object Object],He managed to light 200 lamps from a distance of 40km,[object Object],The idea of Tesla is taken in to research after 100 years by a team led by Marin Soljačić from MIT.  The project is named as ‘WiTricity’. ,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],7,[object Object]
Energy Coupling,[object Object],The transfer of energy,[object Object],Magnetic coupling,[object Object],Inductive coupling,[object Object],Simplest Wireless Energy coupling is a transformer,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],8,[object Object]
Types and Technologies of WPT,[object Object],Near-field techniques,[object Object],[object Object]
Resonant Inductive Coupling
Air IonizationFar-field techniques,[object Object],[object Object]
LASER power transmission26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],9,[object Object]
Inductive coupling ,[object Object],Primary and secondary coils are not connected with wires.,[object Object],Energy transfer is due to Mutual Induction,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],10,[object Object]
Inductive coupling (contd…),[object Object],Transformer is also an example,[object Object],Energy transfer devices are usually air-cored,[object Object],Wireless Charging Pad(WCP),electric brushes are some examples,[object Object],On a WCP, the devices are to be kept, battery will be automatically charged.,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],11,[object Object]
Inductive coupling(contd…),[object Object],Electric brush also charges using inductive coupling,[object Object],The charging pad (primary coil) and the device(secondary coil) have to be kept very near to each other,[object Object],It is preferred because it is comfortable.,[object Object],Less use of wires,[object Object],Shock proof,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],12,[object Object]
Resonance Inductive Coupling(RIC),[object Object],Combination of inductive coupling and resonance,[object Object],Resonance makes two objects interact very strongly,[object Object],Inductance induces current,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],13,[object Object]
How resonance in RIC?,[object Object],Coil provides the inductance,[object Object],Capacitor is connected parallel to the coil,[object Object],Energy will be shifting back and forth between magnetic field surrounding the coil and electric field around the capacitor,[object Object],Radiation loss will be negligible,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],14,[object Object]
Block diagram of RIC,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],15,[object Object]
An example,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],16,[object Object]
WiTricity,[object Object],Based on RIC,[object Object],Led by MIT’s Marin Soljačić,[object Object],Energy transfer wirelessly for a distance just more than 2m. ,[object Object],Coils were in helical shape,[object Object],No capacitor was used,[object Object],Efficiency achieved was around 40%,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],17,[object Object]
WiTricity (contd…),[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],18,[object Object]
WiTricity… Some statistics,[object Object],Used frequencies are 1MHz and 10MHz,[object Object],At 1Mhz, field strengths were safe for human,[object Object],At 10MHz, Field strengths were more than ICNIRP standards,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],19,[object Object]
WiTricity now…,[object Object],No more helical coils,[object Object],Companies like Intel are also working on devices that make use of RIC,[object Object],Researches for decreasing the field strength,[object Object],Researches to increase the range,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],20,[object Object]
RIC vs. inductive coupling,[object Object],RIC is highly efficient,[object Object],RIC has much greater range than inductive coupling,[object Object],RIC is directional when compared to inductive coupling,[object Object],RIC can be one-to-many. But usually inductive coupling is one-to-one,[object Object],Devices using RIC technique are highly portable,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],21,[object Object]
Air Ionization,[object Object],Toughest technique under near-field energy transfer techniques,[object Object],Air ionizes only when there is a high field,[object Object],Needed field is 2.11MV/m,[object Object],Natural example: Lightening,[object Object],Not feasible for practical implementation,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],22,[object Object]
Advantages of near-field techniques,[object Object],No wires,[object Object],No e-waste,[object Object],Need for battery is eliminated,[object Object],Efficient energy transfer using RIC,[object Object],Harmless, if field strengths under safety levels,[object Object],Maintenance cost is less,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],23,[object Object]
Disadvantages,[object Object],Distance constraint,[object Object],Field strengths have to be under safety levels,[object Object],Initial cost is high,[object Object],In RIC, tuning is difficult,[object Object],High frequency signals must be the supply,[object Object],Air ionization technique is not feasible,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],24,[object Object]
Far-field energy transfer,[object Object],Radiative,[object Object],Needs line-of-sight,[object Object],LASER or microwave,[object Object],Aims at high power transfer,[object Object],Tesla’s tower was built for this,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],25,[object Object]
Microwave Power Transfer(MPT),[object Object],Transfers high power from one place to another.  Two places being in line of sight usually,[object Object],Steps:,[object Object],Electrical energy to microwave energy,[object Object],Capturing microwaves using rectenna,[object Object],Microwave energy to electrical energy,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],26,[object Object]
MP T (contd…),[object Object],AC can not be directly converted to microwave energy,[object Object],AC is converted to DC first,[object Object],DC is converted to microwaves using magnetron,[object Object],Transmitted waves are received at rectenna which rectifies, gives DC as the output,[object Object],DC is converted back to AC,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],27,[object Object]
LASER transmission,[object Object],LASER is highly directional, coherent,[object Object],Not dispersed for very long,[object Object],But, gets attenuated when it propagates through atmosphere,[object Object],Simple receiver,[object Object],Photovoltaic cell,[object Object],Cost-efficient,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],28,[object Object]
Solar Power Satellites (SPS)	,[object Object],To provide energy to earth’s increasing energy need,[object Object],To efficiently make use of renewable energy i.e., solar energy,[object Object],SPS are placed in geostationary orbits,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],29,[object Object]
SPS (contd…),[object Object],Solar energy is captured using photocells,[object Object],Each SPS may have 400 million photocells,[object Object],Transmitted to earth in the form of microwaves/LASER,[object Object],Using rectenna/photovoltaic cell, the energy is converted to electrical energy,[object Object],Efficiency exceeds 95% if microwave is used.,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],30,[object Object]
Rectenna,[object Object],Stands for rectifying antenna,[object Object],Consists of mesh of dipoles and diodes,[object Object],Converts microwave to its DC equivalent,[object Object],Usually multi-element phased array,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],31,[object Object]
Rectenna in US,[object Object],Rectenna in US receives 5000MW of power from SPS,[object Object],It is about one and a half mile long,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],32,[object Object]
Other projects,[object Object],Alaska’21,[object Object],Grand Bassin,[object Object],Hawaii,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],33,[object Object]
LASER vs. MPT,[object Object],When LASER is used, the antenna sizes can be much smaller,[object Object],Microwaves can face interference (two frequencies can be used for WPT are 2.45GHz and 5.4GHz),[object Object],LASER has high attenuation loss and also it gets diffracted by atmospheric particles easily,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],34,[object Object]
Advantages of far-field energy transfer,[object Object],Efficient,[object Object],Easy,[object Object],Need for grids,  substations etc are eliminated,[object Object],Low maintenance cost,[object Object],More effective when the transmitting and receiving points are along a line-of-sight,[object Object],Can reach the places which are remote,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],35,[object Object]
Disadvantages of far-field energy trasnfer,[object Object],Radiative,[object Object],Needs line-of-sight,[object Object],Initial cost is high,[object Object],When LASERs are used, ,[object Object],conversion is inefficient,[object Object],Absorption loss is high,[object Object],When microwaves are used, ,[object Object],interference may arise,[object Object],FRIED BIRD effect,[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],36,[object Object]
Applications,[object Object],Near-field energy transfer,[object Object],Electric automobile charging,[object Object],Static and moving,[object Object],Consumer electronics,[object Object],Industrial purposes,[object Object],Harsh environment,[object Object],Far-field energy transfer,[object Object],Solar Power Satellites,[object Object],Energy to remote areas,[object Object],Can broadcast energy globally (in future),[object Object],26-Aug-10,[object Object],Wireless Power Transmission,[object Object],37,[object Object]

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Wireless power transmission

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