IBM Watson Question-Answering System and Cognitive Computing

1. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation IBM Watson Question-Answering System and Cognitive Computing Koichi Takeda, IBM Distinguished Engineer IBM Research - Tokyo Oct 21, 2016 Rakuten Technology Conference 2016

2. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation2 Word spread virally of the victory with Twitter reaching 11.7M, 30,121 blog mentions, and 15,025 forum posts On February 14, 2011, IBM Watson made a history . . . Watson topped the 3-day, two Jeopardy! games with a total score of $77,147 (with 88% accuracy), Ken Jennings scored $24,000 and Brad Rutter scored $21,600.

3. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation3 Information Sources Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome Watson Question-Answering Process WHILE MALTESE BORROWS MANY WORDS FROM ITALIAN, IT DEVELOPED FROM A DIALECT OF THIS SEMITIC LANGUAGE DIALING FOR DIALECTS Question Analysis Maltese-borrow-words Maltese-borrow-from-Italian It-developed-from-semiitic lang. THIS-semitic-language ??? Answer Candidate Generation Latin? Arabic? Spanish? French? Evidence Scoring Maltese is descended from Siculo-Arabic. Confidence Merging & Ranking Arabic Question Answer Runs the whole processing in a few seconds All the keywords + 90 x IBM Power 7501 servers 2880 POWER7 cores POWER7 3.55 GHz chip 500 GB per sec on-chip bandwidth 10 Gb Ethernet network 15 Terabytes of memory 20 Terabytes of disk, clustered Can operate at 80 Teraflops

4. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation4 Medical information is doubling every 5 years*, much of which is unstructured 81% of physicians report spending 5 hours or less per month reading medical journals Healthcare Industry is beset with some of the most complex information challenges we collectively face Source: International Journal of Circumpolar Health, DoctorDirectory.com, Institute for Medicine" “Medicine has become too complex (and only) about 20% of the knowledge clinicians use today is evidence-based” - Steven Shapiro Chief Medical and Scientific Officer, UPMC *”73 days” by 2020

5. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation5 5 Business problem: Need better individualized cancer treatment plans Solution: • Suggestions to help inform oncologists’ decisions based on 600K+ pieces of evidence and 2M pages of text from 42 publications • Analyzes patient data against thousands of historical cases and trained through 5000+ Memorial Sloan- Kettering MD and analyst hours • Evolves with the fast-changing field Attacking the cause of one in four deaths Watson Oncology: helping oncologists treat cancer patients IBM Watson Oncology Built with Memorial Sloan Kettering © 2014 International Business Machines Corporation

6. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation6 Business problem: Give medical students and doctors easier insight into data to inform their diagnoses and decisions Solution: • Intuitive, new user interface to Watson’s power revealing chains of evidence to support clinical reasoning • Analysis of whole EMRs to extract and visually present summarized knowledge with semantic understanding of context WatsonPaths and Watson EMR Assistant Research Projects Cognitive systems in a classroom- based setting Watson facilitating med school problem-based learning methods

7. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation7 Focus: Enhancement of Student Support and Quality of Student Experience Solution: Watson Engagement Advisor used for development of “Ask Alfred” (after university namesake, 2nd Australian Prime Minister, Alfred Deakin) as a comprehensive student advisor What additional units do I need to complete my major? What student housing is available nearby the University? Iʼ’ve decided I want to work in financial risk management. What modules best equip me for a job? Information Advisor Career Advisor Uses: Initial Inquiry, Enrollment, Registration, Course Selection, Progression, Award, Graduation, Student Finance, Learning Support, Campus Information, Housing, Alumni Information Course Advisor Watson Engagement - Deakin University Student Advisor

8. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation8 DBS Bank Engages IBM’s Watson to Achieve Next Generation Client Experience Collaboration to leverage Big Data and cognitive computing solutions to transform customer experience and shape future of banking SINGAPORE - 09 Jan 2014: DBS Bank and IBM today announced an agreement in which DBS will deploy IBM’s Watson cognitive computing innovation to deliver a next- generation client experience. This collaboration is part of an ongoing journey by DBS to shape the future of banking. For a start, DBS intends to apply Watson to its wealth management business to improve the advice and experience delivered to affluent customers. Watson is a cloud-based technology that can process enormous amounts of information with the ability to understand and learn from each interaction at unprecedented speed, representing a significant shift in the ability for organizations to quickly analyze, understand and respond to vast amounts of Big Data. DBS’ implementation of IBM’s cloud-based Watson Engagement Advisor solution – targeted for rollout in the second half of the year – comes as the bank continues to execute on strategy to be a leading regional wealth player. DBS will look to progressively deploy these capabilities to its other businesses over time. 2014/01/09 http://www-03.ibm.c om/press/us/en/pressrelease/42868.wss

9. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation9 IBM Expands Watson Ecosystem with New Partnerships, Cognitive Computing Apps and Services NEW YORK CITY - 05 May 2015: IBM (NYSE: IBM) today announced new commercial partnerships and cognitive computing apps and services to advance the adoption of Watson technologies worldwide. As part of today’s news, the company is also announcing new partner-led client engagements to apply the power of Watson to transform industries and professions. The news was announced at World of Watson in New York City, an IBM symposium to address the role of cognitive computing in a new era of computing with business and industry leaders. Today’s announcements highlight a number of new partnerships, in-market apps, partner-led client engagements, and cognitive computing apps and services, including: • Watson powered apps and technologies from Talkspace, Go Moment, Decibel and Epic • Client engagements with Line Hotel, Centura Health, and Aberdeen Veterinary Clinic • Content partnerships with Associated Press and others to expand Watson’s knowledge base • AlchemyData service to aggregate, analyze and organize historical news and editorial data http://www.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/46753.wss 2015年5月4日

10. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation10 Elemental Path: CogniToys https://www.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/44057.wss ORLANDO, Fla. - 03 Jun 2014: IBM (NYSE: IBM) today announced the three winners of the 2014 Watson Mobile Developer Challenge. This first-of-its- kind global competition encouraged developers and entrepreneurs to create consumer and business apps made with IBM's Watson cognitive computing capabilities. Majestyk Apps – (New York City) F.A.N.G. (Friendly Anthropomorphic Networked Genome) provides an adaptive educational relationship with a child and their parents. The first iteration is a cognitive, cuddly plush companion, using Watson to provide a customized educational experience assisting each child to develop through a series of contextual interactions.

11. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation11 Synapses Neurons Scheduler (a) 256 neurons, 64K synapses, 1MHz Learning on board (b) 256 neurons, 256K synapses, asynchronous, 45 pJ/spike Neuromorphic Computing IBM SyNAPSE San Jose, CA. - 07 Aug 2014: Scientists from IBM (NYSE: IBM) today unveiled the first neurosynaptic computer chip to achieve an unprecedented scale of one million programmable neurons, 256 million programmable synapses and 46 billion synaptic operations per second per watt. At 5.4 billion transistors, this fully functional and production-scale chip is currently one of the largest CMOS chips ever built, yet, while running at biological real time, it consumes a minuscule 70mW— orders of magnitude less power than a modern microprocessor. A neurosynaptic supercomputer the size of a postage stamp that runs on the energy equivalent of a hearing-aid battery, this technology could transform science, technology, business, government, and society by enabling vision, audition, and multi- sensory applications.

12. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation12 Seven of the Nation’s Leading Technology Institutions Unveil Cognitive Computing Courses Leveraging IBM Watson ARMONK, N.Y. - 07 May 2014: IBM (NYSE: IBM) is partnering with the country’s leading technology universities to launch cognitive computing courses that give students unprecedented access via the cloud to one of the Company’s most prized innovations: Watson. For the first time, enrollment is now open for fall 2014 cognitive computing courses at Carnegie Mellon University, New York University (NYU), The Ohio State University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), University of California, Berkeley, University of Michigan and the University of Texas in Austin. Co-designed by the Watson Group and leading academic experts in fields such as Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, the courses will empower students with the technical knowledge and hands-on learning required to develop new cognitive computing applications fueled by Watson’s intelligence. Enrolled students will form a business team and together they will have access to their Watson instance via the Watson Developer Cloud. As a classroom, they will select an industry to focus on, such as retail, travel or healthcare, and then will work as a team to ingest relevant data into Watson and train it. Ultimately, the students will break into teams and develop prototype apps and a business plan based on their Watson industry of choice. In Fall, 2014, New Courses Will Inspire University Students to Build Apps Infused with Watson's Intelligence While Gaining the Entrepreneurial Vision to Deliver Their Innovations Into the Marketplace www.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/43860.wss

13. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation13 Industry Leaders Establish Partnership on AI Best Practices 13 NEW YORK - 28 Sep 2016: Amazon, DeepMind/Google, Facebook, IBM (NYSE: IBM) and Microsoft today announced that they will create a non-profit organization that will work to advance public understanding of artificial intelligence technologies (AI) and formulate best practices on the challenges and opportunities within the field. Academics, non-profits, and specialists in policy and ethics will be invited to join the Board of the organization, named the Partnership on Artificial Intelligence to Benefit People and Society (Partnership on AI). 09/28/2016http://www.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/50668.wss The objective of the Partnership on AI is to address opportunities and challenges with AI technologies to benefit people and society. Together, the organization’s members will conduct research, recommend best practices, and publish research under an open license in areas such as ethics, fairness and inclusivity;; transparency, privacy, and interoperability;; collaboration between people and AI systems;; and the trustworthiness, reliability and robustness of the technology. It does not intend to lobby government or other policymaking bodies.

IBM Watson Question-Answering System and Cognitive Computing

Rakuten, Inc.

IBM Watson Question-Answering System and Cognitive Computing