SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  51
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
INDUSTRIAL
DISASTERS
OUTLINE
• WHAT ARE DISASTERS?
• TYPES OF DISASTERS
• WHAT ARE INDUSTRIAL DISASTERS?
• TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL DISASTERS
• A TIMELINE OF INDUSTRIAL
DISASTERS IN THE PAST
• NUCLEAR DISASTERS
• CHEMICAL/FIRE EXPLOSIONS
• TOXIC CHEMICAL/GAS LEAK
• CHEMICAL POLLUTION
WHAT ARE DISASTERS?
A disaster is a
natural or man-
made event that
causes damage to
life, property,
livelihood or
industry often
resulting in
permanent
changes to human
NATURAL DISASTERS
MAN MADE DISASTERS
others
28%
industrial
12%
transport
9%
miscellaneous
51%
Man made
62%
Disasters in INDIA
(1990-2009)
EFFECTS OF DISASTERS
• Deaths
• Disability
• Increase in communicable disease
• Psychological problems
• Food shortage
• Socioeconomic losses
• Shortage of drugs and medical
supplies.
• Environmental disruption
“It is reported that in
every twenty seconds of
every working minute of
every hour throughout
the world, someone dies
as a result of an
industrial accident.”
WHAT ARE INDUSTRIAL
DISASTERS?
• Disasters caused
by industrial
companies,
either by
accident,
negligence or
incompetence,
where great
damage, injury
or loss of life are
TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL
DISASTERS
• NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS
CHERNOBYL, FUKUSHIMA-DAIICHI
• CHEMICAL EXPLOSIONS
OPPAU EXPLOSIONS
• FIRE EXPLOSIONS
TEXAS EXPLOSIONS
• TOXIC CHEMICAL/GAS LEAKAGE
BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY
• CHEMICAL POLLUTION
MINAMATA DISEASE
TIMELINE OF SOME MAJOR
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL
DISASTERS IN THE PAST
OPPAU , GERMANY-
SEPTEMBER 21,1921.
TEXAS CITY, TEXAS, US- APRIL 16, 1947
FLIXBOROUGH,UK-JUNE 1, 1974
SEVESO, ITALY-JUNE 10, 1976
BHOPAL, INDIA-DECEMBER 3, 1984
SCHWEIZARHALLE, SWITZERLAND-NOVEMB
TOLOUSE, FRANCE-SEPTEMBER 21,
JILIN CITY, CHINA-NOVEMBER 13
CHERNOBYL,UKRAINE-ARIL, 1986
FUKUSHIMA-DAIICHI-MARCH
CHERNOBYL
NUCLEAR DISASTER
NUCLEAR DISASTERS
• The Chernobyl disaster occurred on
April 1986 at V.I.Lenin nuclear power
plant with four RBMK 1000 reactors
constructed to a flawed design that
was operated by poorly trained
personnel.
• 31 workers died due to radiation
poisoning and 30 km evacuation zone
created. People were exposed to 1000
times more than the normal radiation.
The long term affects resulted in fatal
• RBMK 1000 reactors with graphite
moderated, water cooled, fuelled with
UO2 enriched with 2% U-235 and
boron control rods.
• 3200MW energy can be converted into
1000MW electrical energy by turbo
generator's.
• 4 such reactors at Chernobyl.
• Fission reactions generate large
amounts of heat, which are to be
removed by coolant to prevent reactor
meltdown.
• Water circulated through coolant
pipes.
• Steam generated is about 15%
• Flawed design in the reactor: positive
void coefficient.
• This flaw is based on the fact that
water is not only an excellent coolant
but also a reasonably good absorber
• The major units of the RBMK 1000's
control and cooling system are
 the Control and Protection System
(CPS),
 the Emergency Core Cooling System
(ECCS),
 the Multiple Forced Circulation
Circuit (MFCC)
• These three systems have been
implicated as a part of the root cause of
the Chernobyl accident. primarily they
have been characterized as being slow,
• While all three of these systems are
generally computer controlled, there is
also a provision of manual operation
of the three systems in the event of
computer or mechanical failure that
would necessitate operator
intervention.
• No containment vessel as in the
commercial American nuclear
reactors.
Industrial disasters
• The reactor was not shut down and
a number of built-in safety devices
were deliberately overridden.
• vast quantities of steam and
chemical reactions built up
sufficient pressure to create an
explosion which blew the protective
slab of the top of the reactor vessel.
• The resulting steam explosions and
fires ejected at least 5 percent of the
radioactive reactor core into the
atmosphere, rich in fission products
• RBMK 1000 power plants do not
incorporate a containment vessel in
their design. They have a confinement
system. The roof the reactor building
is basically similar to those found in a
typical industrial factory.
• Immediate efforts were made, but the
limitation was that water cannot be
used as it would have created
radioactive steam.
• The fire was deprived of oxygen by
dumping many tonnes of material
Industrial disasters
AFTER EFFECTS
• 31 workers died due to radiation
poisoning and 30 km evacuation zone
created.
• People were exposed to 1000 times
more than the normal radiation.
• The long term affects resulted in fatal
cancers.
• It included the people who were
evacuated along with the 50,000
soldiers who fought to control the fire
• A make-shift cover -- the 'Sarcophagus' --
was built in six months after the explosion.
It covers the stricken reactor to protect the
environment from radiation for at least 30
years. This has now developed cracks,
triggering an international effort to fund a
new encasement.
• A new safe confinement is being built to aid
the ageing Sacrophagus and protect the
threat of radiation leakage.
OPPAU DISASTER
CHEMICAL EXPLOSIONS
OPPAU DISASTER
Description
• On September 21, 1921, a massive ammonium
nitrate explosion occurred at a chemical plant
in Oppau Germany.
• A tower storing 4500 tonnes of a mixture of
ammonium nitrate fertilizer exploded.
• The factory produces agriculture fertilizers and
other chemical products.
• But during World War I when Germany was
unable to obtain the necessary sulfur, it began
• The 50/50 mixture of ammonium nitrate and
ammonium sulphate was handled by the plant,
was considered stable.
• Sixty-foot silos were used to store mixture.
• Ammonium nitrate is strongly hygroscopic.
• With the time it was compressed into a solid mass
like concrete.
• After many failed attempts low grade dynamite
was used to loosen it, that led to a massive
explosion.
CAUSES
• As all involved died in the explosion, the causes
are not clear.
• Ignorance about the explosive nature of
ammonium nitrate.
• According to 1919 tests "less than 60% nitrate =
safe" criterion is inaccurate.
• Any explosion of the 50% nitrate mixture is
confined to a small volume.
• Increase in concentration of ammonium nitrate
to 50-55% and especially 55-60% significantly
• Changes in humidity and density also
significantly affect the explosive properties.
• After several test it was believed that
composition of the mixture in silo was not
uniform, some samples mixture were enriched
in ammonium nitrate
• The explanation is therefore proposed that one
of the charges was by chance placed in such a
pocket, which exploded with sufficient violence
to set off some of the surrounding lower-nitrate
mixture.
LESSON LEARNT
• Parameters such as composition of mixture,
density, humidity, etc. may increase the capacity
of the ammonium nitrate mixture to explode.
• When process was modified in 1921, similar tests
ought to have been conducted for new mixture.
• Industrial buildings must never be built close to
factories.
• Poor feedback like two months before disaster, at
Kriewald, then part of Germany, 19 people had
died when 30 tonnes of ammonium nitrate were
detonated by people doing the same thing.
SCALE OF EXPLOSION
• The explosion was estimated to be about 1–
2 kilotonnes TNT equivalent, and was heard as a
loud bang in Munich, more than 300 km away
• The pressure wave ripped roofs off up to 25 km
away and destroyed windows even farther away.
• In Heidelberg (30 km from Oppau), traffic was
stopped by the mass of broken glass on the streets.
• About 80 percent of all buildings in Oppau were
destroyed, leaving 6,500 homeless.
SCALE OF EXPLOSION
• According to some descriptions, only 450
tonnes exploded, out of 4,500 tonnes of
fertilizer stored in the warehouse
• At ground a 90 m by 125 m crater,19 m deep,
was created.
BHOPAL
GAS TRAGEDY
CHEMICAL/GAS
LEAK
What happened?
• One of the worst industrial catastrophes,
it occurred on the night of December 2-
3, 1984 at the Union Carbide India
Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh, India.
• During that night, water entered the
tank containing 42 tons of MIC (Methyl
Iso Cyanate). The resulting exothermic
reaction increased the temperature
inside the tank to over 200O C and
raised pressure. The tank vented
releasing toxic gases into the
Factors leading to the
magnitude of Gas leak
• Storing of MIC in large tanks and
filling beyond recommended levels.
• Poor maintenance after the plant
ceased production at the end of 1984.
• Failure of several safety systems.
• Safety systems being switched off to
save money including MIC tank
refrigeration system which could have
mitigated the disaster severity.
Industrial disasters
Why the impact was more
devastating?
• The problem got worsened by
mushrooming slums in the vicinity,
non-existent catastrophe plans and
shortcomings in health care and
socioeconomic rehabilitation.
• It also included use of a more
dangerous manufacturing method,
manual operations, and lack of skilled
operators.
• No information to local authorities of
Chemical reaction employed in
the plant
• The chemical process
used was methylamine
was reacted with
phosgene to form MIC
which reacted with 1-
naphtol to form the
final product.
• A number of safety installations were not in
proper working conditions at that time.
• MIC tank alarms not working for four years.
• One manual backup system whereas four
stage systems used in US.
• The flare tower and vent gas scrubbers had
been out of service. Even if the flare tower
had been working, it could have handled
only a quarter of the gas that leaked.
• Refrigeration was cut
down to save costs. MIC
was stored at 20oC
instead of 4.5 o C.
• Steam boiler was out of
action, no ship blind
plates used while pipes
were being cleaned to
prevent its contact with
MIC.
• Carbon steel valves
which corrode easily
were used in the
industry.
• There were a lot of
After-effects
• The gases comprising of
materials heavier than air,
stayed close to the ground
and spread outwards
through the surrounding
community.
• A total of 520,000 people
were affected by the gas
leak.
• In 1991, 3,298 deaths
were certified.
MINAMATA DISEASE
CHEMICAL
POLLUTION
MINAMATA DISEASE
Description
• It is a neurological syndrome caused by
severe mercury poisoning.
• First discovered in Minamata city, Japan, in
1956.
• Effects were severe in cats that they came to
be called “dancing cat fever”.
• While cat, dog, pig, and human deaths
continued for years the government did little
• 12,617 people have been officially recognized
as patients affected by mercury.
• However, in addition to these, some people died
before the official discovery of Minamata
disease.
• They got compensation after almost 30 years.
SYMPTOMES OF MINAMATA
DISEASE
• Not until the mid-1950's did people begin
to notice “strange disease”.
• Victims were diagnosed as having a
degeneration of their nervous systems.
• Numbness occurred in their limbs and
lips. Their speech became slurred, and
their vision constricted.
• Some people had serious brain
damage, while others lapsed into
unconsciousness or suffered from
involuntary movements.
• People thought the cats were going
insane when they witnessed “suicides”
by the cats.
• Birds were strangely dropping from
CAUSES
• It was caused by the release of methylmercury in
the industrial wastewater from the Chisso
Corporation's chemical factory.
• Highly toxic chemical bioaccumulated in shellfish
and fish in Minamata Bay and the Shiranui Sea,
which, when eaten by the local populace, resulted
in mercury poisoning.
TIMELINE
• 1908: Chisso Corporation first opened a chemical
factory in Minamata.
• 1932: started producing acetaldehyde using mercury
catalyst.
• 1951: co-catalyst was changed from manganese dioxide
to ferric sulfide, resulting in side production of methyl-
mercury.
• 1956: A disease of unknown cause (Minamata disease)
was discovered.(patients were isolated)
TIMELINE
• 1957: Kumamoto University research group reported
heavy metal poisoning as the cause of disease.
• 1959: Purification system was installed. But had no
effect.
• 1968: Twelve years after the discovery of the disease
Chisso had stopped production of acetaldehyde using its
mercury catalyst.
Industrial disasters
Sources
• Smith, K. (2013). Environmental hazards: Assessing risk and
reducing disaster (6.th ed., pp. 389-390). Abingdon, Oxon:
Routledge.
• Atwood, C. (1998). Chernobyl-what happened? Journal of Chemical
Education, 65(12), 1037-1037.
• Gunn, A. (2008). Encyclopedia of disasters environmental
catastrophes and human tragedies. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood
Press.
• Yadav, R., & Singh, R. (2013). Recent approaches in disaster
management (pp. 6-23,100-119). Jaipur: Oxford Book.
• International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,
Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2012 1 ISSN 2250-3153
• www.mapguy.net
THANKS!

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Industrial Disaster Management
Industrial Disaster ManagementIndustrial Disaster Management
Industrial Disaster ManagementPsunita Rao
 
Disaster Management
Disaster ManagementDisaster Management
Disaster ManagementASHUTOSH RAJ
 
Man-Made Disaster PPT
Man-Made Disaster PPTMan-Made Disaster PPT
Man-Made Disaster PPTNisarg Gandhi
 
Human Induced Disasters - Chemical Disaster / Accident
Human Induced Disasters - Chemical Disaster / AccidentHuman Induced Disasters - Chemical Disaster / Accident
Human Induced Disasters - Chemical Disaster / AccidentNishanthini Kumar
 
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTSINDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTSkarniksingh
 
Biological disaster tam 2014-12
Biological disaster tam 2014-12Biological disaster tam 2014-12
Biological disaster tam 2014-12Vijay Kumar
 
Disastermanagement 131013064848-phpapp01
Disastermanagement 131013064848-phpapp01Disastermanagement 131013064848-phpapp01
Disastermanagement 131013064848-phpapp01Ghaleb Kandil
 
Environmental Disaster
Environmental DisasterEnvironmental Disaster
Environmental DisasterVivekPrasad64
 
Disaster management modified
Disaster management modifiedDisaster management modified
Disaster management modifiedMadugula Kumar
 
Disaster management with case study
Disaster management with case studyDisaster management with case study
Disaster management with case studyAkash Rana
 
Man made disasters
Man made disastersMan made disasters
Man made disastersRahul Nair
 
Man made disasters
Man made disastersMan made disasters
Man made disastersAvasyu Gupta
 
class 9 ARJUN SINGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT.pptx
class 9 ARJUN SINGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT.pptxclass 9 ARJUN SINGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT.pptx
class 9 ARJUN SINGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT.pptxVishnu15600
 

Tendances (20)

Industrial Disaster Management
Industrial Disaster ManagementIndustrial Disaster Management
Industrial Disaster Management
 
Chemical disasters
Chemical disastersChemical disasters
Chemical disasters
 
Chemical Disaster.pptx
Chemical Disaster.pptxChemical Disaster.pptx
Chemical Disaster.pptx
 
Disaster Management
Disaster ManagementDisaster Management
Disaster Management
 
Nuclear disaster
Nuclear disasterNuclear disaster
Nuclear disaster
 
Man-Made Disaster PPT
Man-Made Disaster PPTMan-Made Disaster PPT
Man-Made Disaster PPT
 
Human Induced Disasters - Chemical Disaster / Accident
Human Induced Disasters - Chemical Disaster / AccidentHuman Induced Disasters - Chemical Disaster / Accident
Human Induced Disasters - Chemical Disaster / Accident
 
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTSINDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
 
Biological disaster tam 2014-12
Biological disaster tam 2014-12Biological disaster tam 2014-12
Biological disaster tam 2014-12
 
Disastermanagement 131013064848-phpapp01
Disastermanagement 131013064848-phpapp01Disastermanagement 131013064848-phpapp01
Disastermanagement 131013064848-phpapp01
 
Man made disaster
Man made disasterMan made disaster
Man made disaster
 
Environmental Disaster
Environmental DisasterEnvironmental Disaster
Environmental Disaster
 
Disaster management
Disaster managementDisaster management
Disaster management
 
Disaster management modified
Disaster management modifiedDisaster management modified
Disaster management modified
 
Disaster management with case study
Disaster management with case studyDisaster management with case study
Disaster management with case study
 
Manmade Disasters
Manmade DisastersManmade Disasters
Manmade Disasters
 
Man made disasters
Man made disastersMan made disasters
Man made disasters
 
Man made disasters
Man made disastersMan made disasters
Man made disasters
 
Disaster management(EVS)
Disaster management(EVS)Disaster management(EVS)
Disaster management(EVS)
 
class 9 ARJUN SINGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT.pptx
class 9 ARJUN SINGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT.pptxclass 9 ARJUN SINGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT.pptx
class 9 ARJUN SINGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT.pptx
 

En vedette

industrial accidents and their types , preventions
industrial accidents and their types , preventionsindustrial accidents and their types , preventions
industrial accidents and their types , preventionsMohammad Younus
 
Industrial hazards and safety measures
Industrial hazards and safety measuresIndustrial hazards and safety measures
Industrial hazards and safety measuresBiocon ltd
 
The Johnstown Flood
The Johnstown FloodThe Johnstown Flood
The Johnstown Floodjo07e
 
Large-Scale Explosion Consequence Modeling West, Texas Fertilizer Plant Case ...
Large-Scale Explosion Consequence Modeling West, Texas Fertilizer Plant Case ...Large-Scale Explosion Consequence Modeling West, Texas Fertilizer Plant Case ...
Large-Scale Explosion Consequence Modeling West, Texas Fertilizer Plant Case ...BREEZE Software
 
The johnstown flood
The johnstown floodThe johnstown flood
The johnstown floodScbastv7
 
Risk and Disaster - Challenge from a Global Perspective
Risk and Disaster - Challenge from a Global PerspectiveRisk and Disaster - Challenge from a Global Perspective
Risk and Disaster - Challenge from a Global PerspectiveGlobal Risk Forum GRFDavos
 
산업재해(2015 03 27)최종
산업재해(2015 03 27)최종산업재해(2015 03 27)최종
산업재해(2015 03 27)최종더불어 삶
 
Engineering Disasters
Engineering DisastersEngineering Disasters
Engineering Disastersdsmulski
 
Catastrophic Engineering Failure
Catastrophic Engineering FailureCatastrophic Engineering Failure
Catastrophic Engineering FailureLiving Online
 
Environment & Industrial disasters
Environment & Industrial disastersEnvironment & Industrial disasters
Environment & Industrial disastersAnkur Sharma
 
Biological disasters
Biological disastersBiological disasters
Biological disastersPRISHA SOUN
 
Industrial accidents & hazards
Industrial accidents & hazardsIndustrial accidents & hazards
Industrial accidents & hazardsAshish Diggi
 
Basic Accident Prevention and Occupational Safety & Health
Basic Accident Prevention and Occupational Safety & HealthBasic Accident Prevention and Occupational Safety & Health
Basic Accident Prevention and Occupational Safety & Healthjhaymz02
 

En vedette (20)

industrial accidents and their types , preventions
industrial accidents and their types , preventionsindustrial accidents and their types , preventions
industrial accidents and their types , preventions
 
Flixborough disaster
Flixborough disasterFlixborough disaster
Flixborough disaster
 
Industrial accidents
Industrial accidentsIndustrial accidents
Industrial accidents
 
Industrial hazards and safety measures
Industrial hazards and safety measuresIndustrial hazards and safety measures
Industrial hazards and safety measures
 
The Johnstown Flood
The Johnstown FloodThe Johnstown Flood
The Johnstown Flood
 
Large-Scale Explosion Consequence Modeling West, Texas Fertilizer Plant Case ...
Large-Scale Explosion Consequence Modeling West, Texas Fertilizer Plant Case ...Large-Scale Explosion Consequence Modeling West, Texas Fertilizer Plant Case ...
Large-Scale Explosion Consequence Modeling West, Texas Fertilizer Plant Case ...
 
The johnstown flood
The johnstown floodThe johnstown flood
The johnstown flood
 
Risk and Disaster - Challenge from a Global Perspective
Risk and Disaster - Challenge from a Global PerspectiveRisk and Disaster - Challenge from a Global Perspective
Risk and Disaster - Challenge from a Global Perspective
 
Flixborough
FlixboroughFlixborough
Flixborough
 
산업재해(2015 03 27)최종
산업재해(2015 03 27)최종산업재해(2015 03 27)최종
산업재해(2015 03 27)최종
 
Engineering Disasters
Engineering DisastersEngineering Disasters
Engineering Disasters
 
Human errors
Human errorsHuman errors
Human errors
 
Catastrophic Engineering Failure
Catastrophic Engineering FailureCatastrophic Engineering Failure
Catastrophic Engineering Failure
 
Environment & Industrial disasters
Environment & Industrial disastersEnvironment & Industrial disasters
Environment & Industrial disasters
 
Biological disaster
Biological disasterBiological disaster
Biological disaster
 
Bhopal
BhopalBhopal
Bhopal
 
Biological disasters
Biological disastersBiological disasters
Biological disasters
 
Paggalang sa may kapangyarihan
Paggalang sa may kapangyarihanPaggalang sa may kapangyarihan
Paggalang sa may kapangyarihan
 
Industrial accidents & hazards
Industrial accidents & hazardsIndustrial accidents & hazards
Industrial accidents & hazards
 
Basic Accident Prevention and Occupational Safety & Health
Basic Accident Prevention and Occupational Safety & HealthBasic Accident Prevention and Occupational Safety & Health
Basic Accident Prevention and Occupational Safety & Health
 

Similaire à Industrial disasters

Flixborough disaster
Flixborough disasterFlixborough disaster
Flixborough disasterSameer Phadke
 
Flixborough disaster
Flixborough disasterFlixborough disaster
Flixborough disasterSameer Phadke
 
Bhopal slides
Bhopal slidesBhopal slides
Bhopal slidesRahulAren
 
Bhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDES
Bhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDES
Bhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESARUNPRAKASHS7
 
Bhopal gas tragedy - best presentation ever
Bhopal gas tragedy - best presentation everBhopal gas tragedy - best presentation ever
Bhopal gas tragedy - best presentation everYousuf S A
 
Bhopal Gas Tragedy- The Night of Death
Bhopal Gas Tragedy- The Night of DeathBhopal Gas Tragedy- The Night of Death
Bhopal Gas Tragedy- The Night of DeathParidhi Khandelwal
 
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster - 1986
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster - 1986Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster - 1986
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster - 1986ArnavDixit6
 
Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety Approach
Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety ApproachPressure Vessel Accidents: Safety Approach
Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety ApproachIRJET Journal
 
IRJET-Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety Approach
IRJET-Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety ApproachIRJET-Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety Approach
IRJET-Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety ApproachIRJET Journal
 
Man made disasters
Man made disastersMan made disasters
Man made disastersssuser2797e4
 
Bhopal gas tragedy
Bhopal gas tragedy Bhopal gas tragedy
Bhopal gas tragedy vishnugud
 
Chernobyl Disaster 1986 PPT By Gokul V Mahajan.
Chernobyl Disaster 1986 PPT By Gokul V Mahajan.Chernobyl Disaster 1986 PPT By Gokul V Mahajan.
Chernobyl Disaster 1986 PPT By Gokul V Mahajan.Gokul Mahajan
 
Accidents in nuclear power plants
Accidents in nuclear power plantsAccidents in nuclear power plants
Accidents in nuclear power plantsMelwyn Mayers
 
Bhopal gas tragedy- industrial disaster
Bhopal gas tragedy- industrial disasterBhopal gas tragedy- industrial disaster
Bhopal gas tragedy- industrial disasternikita kaul
 
Easiest way to understand Nuclear power plants
Easiest way to understand Nuclear power plantsEasiest way to understand Nuclear power plants
Easiest way to understand Nuclear power plantsphinto
 
Nuclear (Hoang,Ella,Brooke).pptx
Nuclear (Hoang,Ella,Brooke).pptxNuclear (Hoang,Ella,Brooke).pptx
Nuclear (Hoang,Ella,Brooke).pptxSIDDHARTHASAMAL3
 
Environment management fukushima
Environment management fukushimaEnvironment management fukushima
Environment management fukushimaNeha Mhatre
 
European environmental issues
European environmental issuesEuropean environmental issues
European environmental issuesklgriffin
 
Bhopal gas tragedy and Seveso Disaster
Bhopal gas tragedy and Seveso DisasterBhopal gas tragedy and Seveso Disaster
Bhopal gas tragedy and Seveso DisasterAnkush Kularkar
 

Similaire à Industrial disasters (20)

Flixborough disaster
Flixborough disasterFlixborough disaster
Flixborough disaster
 
Flixborough disaster
Flixborough disasterFlixborough disaster
Flixborough disaster
 
Bhopal slides
Bhopal slidesBhopal slides
Bhopal slides
 
Bhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDES
Bhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDES
Bhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDESBhopal_SLIDES
 
Bhopal gas tragedy - best presentation ever
Bhopal gas tragedy - best presentation everBhopal gas tragedy - best presentation ever
Bhopal gas tragedy - best presentation ever
 
Bhopal Gas Tragedy- The Night of Death
Bhopal Gas Tragedy- The Night of DeathBhopal Gas Tragedy- The Night of Death
Bhopal Gas Tragedy- The Night of Death
 
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster - 1986
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster - 1986Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster - 1986
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster - 1986
 
Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety Approach
Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety ApproachPressure Vessel Accidents: Safety Approach
Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety Approach
 
IRJET-Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety Approach
IRJET-Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety ApproachIRJET-Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety Approach
IRJET-Pressure Vessel Accidents: Safety Approach
 
IOC jaipur
IOC jaipurIOC jaipur
IOC jaipur
 
Man made disasters
Man made disastersMan made disasters
Man made disasters
 
Bhopal gas tragedy
Bhopal gas tragedy Bhopal gas tragedy
Bhopal gas tragedy
 
Chernobyl Disaster 1986 PPT By Gokul V Mahajan.
Chernobyl Disaster 1986 PPT By Gokul V Mahajan.Chernobyl Disaster 1986 PPT By Gokul V Mahajan.
Chernobyl Disaster 1986 PPT By Gokul V Mahajan.
 
Accidents in nuclear power plants
Accidents in nuclear power plantsAccidents in nuclear power plants
Accidents in nuclear power plants
 
Bhopal gas tragedy- industrial disaster
Bhopal gas tragedy- industrial disasterBhopal gas tragedy- industrial disaster
Bhopal gas tragedy- industrial disaster
 
Easiest way to understand Nuclear power plants
Easiest way to understand Nuclear power plantsEasiest way to understand Nuclear power plants
Easiest way to understand Nuclear power plants
 
Nuclear (Hoang,Ella,Brooke).pptx
Nuclear (Hoang,Ella,Brooke).pptxNuclear (Hoang,Ella,Brooke).pptx
Nuclear (Hoang,Ella,Brooke).pptx
 
Environment management fukushima
Environment management fukushimaEnvironment management fukushima
Environment management fukushima
 
European environmental issues
European environmental issuesEuropean environmental issues
European environmental issues
 
Bhopal gas tragedy and Seveso Disaster
Bhopal gas tragedy and Seveso DisasterBhopal gas tragedy and Seveso Disaster
Bhopal gas tragedy and Seveso Disaster
 

Dernier

Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptxmary850239
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdfNOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdfSumit Tiwari
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 

Dernier (20)

Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdfNOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 

Industrial disasters

  • 2. OUTLINE • WHAT ARE DISASTERS? • TYPES OF DISASTERS • WHAT ARE INDUSTRIAL DISASTERS? • TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL DISASTERS • A TIMELINE OF INDUSTRIAL DISASTERS IN THE PAST • NUCLEAR DISASTERS • CHEMICAL/FIRE EXPLOSIONS • TOXIC CHEMICAL/GAS LEAK • CHEMICAL POLLUTION
  • 3. WHAT ARE DISASTERS? A disaster is a natural or man- made event that causes damage to life, property, livelihood or industry often resulting in permanent changes to human
  • 7. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS • Deaths • Disability • Increase in communicable disease • Psychological problems • Food shortage • Socioeconomic losses • Shortage of drugs and medical supplies. • Environmental disruption
  • 8. “It is reported that in every twenty seconds of every working minute of every hour throughout the world, someone dies as a result of an industrial accident.”
  • 9. WHAT ARE INDUSTRIAL DISASTERS? • Disasters caused by industrial companies, either by accident, negligence or incompetence, where great damage, injury or loss of life are
  • 10. TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL DISASTERS • NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS CHERNOBYL, FUKUSHIMA-DAIICHI • CHEMICAL EXPLOSIONS OPPAU EXPLOSIONS • FIRE EXPLOSIONS TEXAS EXPLOSIONS • TOXIC CHEMICAL/GAS LEAKAGE BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY • CHEMICAL POLLUTION MINAMATA DISEASE
  • 11. TIMELINE OF SOME MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL DISASTERS IN THE PAST OPPAU , GERMANY- SEPTEMBER 21,1921. TEXAS CITY, TEXAS, US- APRIL 16, 1947 FLIXBOROUGH,UK-JUNE 1, 1974 SEVESO, ITALY-JUNE 10, 1976 BHOPAL, INDIA-DECEMBER 3, 1984 SCHWEIZARHALLE, SWITZERLAND-NOVEMB TOLOUSE, FRANCE-SEPTEMBER 21, JILIN CITY, CHINA-NOVEMBER 13 CHERNOBYL,UKRAINE-ARIL, 1986 FUKUSHIMA-DAIICHI-MARCH
  • 13. • The Chernobyl disaster occurred on April 1986 at V.I.Lenin nuclear power plant with four RBMK 1000 reactors constructed to a flawed design that was operated by poorly trained personnel. • 31 workers died due to radiation poisoning and 30 km evacuation zone created. People were exposed to 1000 times more than the normal radiation. The long term affects resulted in fatal
  • 14. • RBMK 1000 reactors with graphite moderated, water cooled, fuelled with UO2 enriched with 2% U-235 and boron control rods. • 3200MW energy can be converted into 1000MW electrical energy by turbo generator's. • 4 such reactors at Chernobyl.
  • 15. • Fission reactions generate large amounts of heat, which are to be removed by coolant to prevent reactor meltdown. • Water circulated through coolant pipes. • Steam generated is about 15% • Flawed design in the reactor: positive void coefficient. • This flaw is based on the fact that water is not only an excellent coolant but also a reasonably good absorber
  • 16. • The major units of the RBMK 1000's control and cooling system are  the Control and Protection System (CPS),  the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS),  the Multiple Forced Circulation Circuit (MFCC) • These three systems have been implicated as a part of the root cause of the Chernobyl accident. primarily they have been characterized as being slow,
  • 17. • While all three of these systems are generally computer controlled, there is also a provision of manual operation of the three systems in the event of computer or mechanical failure that would necessitate operator intervention. • No containment vessel as in the commercial American nuclear reactors.
  • 19. • The reactor was not shut down and a number of built-in safety devices were deliberately overridden. • vast quantities of steam and chemical reactions built up sufficient pressure to create an explosion which blew the protective slab of the top of the reactor vessel. • The resulting steam explosions and fires ejected at least 5 percent of the radioactive reactor core into the atmosphere, rich in fission products
  • 20. • RBMK 1000 power plants do not incorporate a containment vessel in their design. They have a confinement system. The roof the reactor building is basically similar to those found in a typical industrial factory. • Immediate efforts were made, but the limitation was that water cannot be used as it would have created radioactive steam. • The fire was deprived of oxygen by dumping many tonnes of material
  • 22. AFTER EFFECTS • 31 workers died due to radiation poisoning and 30 km evacuation zone created. • People were exposed to 1000 times more than the normal radiation. • The long term affects resulted in fatal cancers. • It included the people who were evacuated along with the 50,000 soldiers who fought to control the fire
  • 23. • A make-shift cover -- the 'Sarcophagus' -- was built in six months after the explosion. It covers the stricken reactor to protect the environment from radiation for at least 30 years. This has now developed cracks, triggering an international effort to fund a new encasement. • A new safe confinement is being built to aid the ageing Sacrophagus and protect the threat of radiation leakage.
  • 25. OPPAU DISASTER Description • On September 21, 1921, a massive ammonium nitrate explosion occurred at a chemical plant in Oppau Germany. • A tower storing 4500 tonnes of a mixture of ammonium nitrate fertilizer exploded. • The factory produces agriculture fertilizers and other chemical products. • But during World War I when Germany was unable to obtain the necessary sulfur, it began
  • 26. • The 50/50 mixture of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate was handled by the plant, was considered stable. • Sixty-foot silos were used to store mixture. • Ammonium nitrate is strongly hygroscopic. • With the time it was compressed into a solid mass like concrete. • After many failed attempts low grade dynamite was used to loosen it, that led to a massive explosion.
  • 27. CAUSES • As all involved died in the explosion, the causes are not clear. • Ignorance about the explosive nature of ammonium nitrate. • According to 1919 tests "less than 60% nitrate = safe" criterion is inaccurate. • Any explosion of the 50% nitrate mixture is confined to a small volume. • Increase in concentration of ammonium nitrate to 50-55% and especially 55-60% significantly
  • 28. • Changes in humidity and density also significantly affect the explosive properties. • After several test it was believed that composition of the mixture in silo was not uniform, some samples mixture were enriched in ammonium nitrate • The explanation is therefore proposed that one of the charges was by chance placed in such a pocket, which exploded with sufficient violence to set off some of the surrounding lower-nitrate mixture.
  • 29. LESSON LEARNT • Parameters such as composition of mixture, density, humidity, etc. may increase the capacity of the ammonium nitrate mixture to explode. • When process was modified in 1921, similar tests ought to have been conducted for new mixture. • Industrial buildings must never be built close to factories. • Poor feedback like two months before disaster, at Kriewald, then part of Germany, 19 people had died when 30 tonnes of ammonium nitrate were detonated by people doing the same thing.
  • 30. SCALE OF EXPLOSION • The explosion was estimated to be about 1– 2 kilotonnes TNT equivalent, and was heard as a loud bang in Munich, more than 300 km away • The pressure wave ripped roofs off up to 25 km away and destroyed windows even farther away. • In Heidelberg (30 km from Oppau), traffic was stopped by the mass of broken glass on the streets. • About 80 percent of all buildings in Oppau were destroyed, leaving 6,500 homeless.
  • 31. SCALE OF EXPLOSION • According to some descriptions, only 450 tonnes exploded, out of 4,500 tonnes of fertilizer stored in the warehouse • At ground a 90 m by 125 m crater,19 m deep, was created.
  • 33. What happened? • One of the worst industrial catastrophes, it occurred on the night of December 2- 3, 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. • During that night, water entered the tank containing 42 tons of MIC (Methyl Iso Cyanate). The resulting exothermic reaction increased the temperature inside the tank to over 200O C and raised pressure. The tank vented releasing toxic gases into the
  • 34. Factors leading to the magnitude of Gas leak • Storing of MIC in large tanks and filling beyond recommended levels. • Poor maintenance after the plant ceased production at the end of 1984. • Failure of several safety systems. • Safety systems being switched off to save money including MIC tank refrigeration system which could have mitigated the disaster severity.
  • 36. Why the impact was more devastating? • The problem got worsened by mushrooming slums in the vicinity, non-existent catastrophe plans and shortcomings in health care and socioeconomic rehabilitation. • It also included use of a more dangerous manufacturing method, manual operations, and lack of skilled operators. • No information to local authorities of
  • 37. Chemical reaction employed in the plant • The chemical process used was methylamine was reacted with phosgene to form MIC which reacted with 1- naphtol to form the final product.
  • 38. • A number of safety installations were not in proper working conditions at that time. • MIC tank alarms not working for four years. • One manual backup system whereas four stage systems used in US. • The flare tower and vent gas scrubbers had been out of service. Even if the flare tower had been working, it could have handled only a quarter of the gas that leaked.
  • 39. • Refrigeration was cut down to save costs. MIC was stored at 20oC instead of 4.5 o C. • Steam boiler was out of action, no ship blind plates used while pipes were being cleaned to prevent its contact with MIC. • Carbon steel valves which corrode easily were used in the industry. • There were a lot of
  • 40. After-effects • The gases comprising of materials heavier than air, stayed close to the ground and spread outwards through the surrounding community. • A total of 520,000 people were affected by the gas leak. • In 1991, 3,298 deaths were certified.
  • 42. MINAMATA DISEASE Description • It is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. • First discovered in Minamata city, Japan, in 1956. • Effects were severe in cats that they came to be called “dancing cat fever”. • While cat, dog, pig, and human deaths continued for years the government did little
  • 43. • 12,617 people have been officially recognized as patients affected by mercury. • However, in addition to these, some people died before the official discovery of Minamata disease. • They got compensation after almost 30 years.
  • 44. SYMPTOMES OF MINAMATA DISEASE • Not until the mid-1950's did people begin to notice “strange disease”. • Victims were diagnosed as having a degeneration of their nervous systems. • Numbness occurred in their limbs and lips. Their speech became slurred, and their vision constricted.
  • 45. • Some people had serious brain damage, while others lapsed into unconsciousness or suffered from involuntary movements. • People thought the cats were going insane when they witnessed “suicides” by the cats. • Birds were strangely dropping from
  • 46. CAUSES • It was caused by the release of methylmercury in the industrial wastewater from the Chisso Corporation's chemical factory. • Highly toxic chemical bioaccumulated in shellfish and fish in Minamata Bay and the Shiranui Sea, which, when eaten by the local populace, resulted in mercury poisoning.
  • 47. TIMELINE • 1908: Chisso Corporation first opened a chemical factory in Minamata. • 1932: started producing acetaldehyde using mercury catalyst. • 1951: co-catalyst was changed from manganese dioxide to ferric sulfide, resulting in side production of methyl- mercury. • 1956: A disease of unknown cause (Minamata disease) was discovered.(patients were isolated)
  • 48. TIMELINE • 1957: Kumamoto University research group reported heavy metal poisoning as the cause of disease. • 1959: Purification system was installed. But had no effect. • 1968: Twelve years after the discovery of the disease Chisso had stopped production of acetaldehyde using its mercury catalyst.
  • 50. Sources • Smith, K. (2013). Environmental hazards: Assessing risk and reducing disaster (6.th ed., pp. 389-390). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. • Atwood, C. (1998). Chernobyl-what happened? Journal of Chemical Education, 65(12), 1037-1037. • Gunn, A. (2008). Encyclopedia of disasters environmental catastrophes and human tragedies. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. • Yadav, R., & Singh, R. (2013). Recent approaches in disaster management (pp. 6-23,100-119). Jaipur: Oxford Book. • International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2012 1 ISSN 2250-3153 • www.mapguy.net