7. Chemical waste
Commercial waste
Construction waste
Consumable waste
Composite
8. It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes
that contain complex and sometimes
hazardous substances”
9. Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as
follows:
1. Household waste is generally classified as
Municipal waste
2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
3. Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as
Infectious waste
10. Municipal solid waste consists of:
o Household waste
o Construction and demolition debris
o Sanitation residue
o Waste from streets
11. Household wastes that can be categorized as
hazardous waste include:
Old batteries
Shoe polish
paint tins
Medicine bottles
Clothes etc.
12. The type of waste we generate and the approximate time it
takes to degenerate
Type of litter Approximate time it takes to
degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit
peels, leftover foodstuff, etc
A week or two.
Paper 10–30 days
Cotton cloth 2–5 months
Wood 10–15 years
Woolen items 1 year
Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as
cans
100–500 years
Plastic bags one million years
13. Industrial is considered hazardous as they may
contain toxic substances.
Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to
humans, animals, and plants.
They are:
Corrosive
Highly inflammable, or explosive
React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases
14. In the industrial sector, the major generators of
hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper,
pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods
industries.
15. Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals
It may include wastes like
Sharps
Soiled waste
Disposables
Discarded medicines
Chemical wastes
16. This waste is highly infectious and can be a
serious threat to human health if not managed
in a scientific and discriminate manner
It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg
of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg
would be infected
17. The main sources for solid wastes are domestic,
commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural
wastes.
The composition of a city waste is as follows:
o Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
o Garbage 22 %
o Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
o Metals 8 %
o Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %
18. Composition of City Waste
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Paper,
wood,
cardboard
Garbage Ceramic,
glass
crokery
metals Rubber,
plastics,
discarded
textiles
Type of Wastes
Percentages
Series1
19. The increase in the quantity of solid waste is
due to:
o Overpopulation,
o Affluence (material comfort)
o Technological advancement
20. The number and growth of population and
households is the foremost factor affecting the
solid waste at various stages.
The selected cities are growing at a rate
ranging between 3.67% to 7.42%, which is
much higher than the overall growth rate of
Pakistan, i.e. 2.8% (EPMC, 1996).
Major cities of them are estimated to double
their population in next ten years
23. If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
plague, gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and
cause loss of human lives.
In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a
health hazard for the workers who come in direct
contact with the waste
24. B) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
If the solid wastes are not treated properly,
decomposition and decay may take place.
The organic solid waste during decomposition may
generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.
Ground water pollution
Air pollution and global warming
25. Waste management is the collection, transport,
processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of
waste materials
The term usually relates to materials produced by
human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce
their effect on health, the environment
26. 4 R’s CONCEPT
Four R’s (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)
to be followed for waste management.
27. Instead of buying new containers from
the market, use the ones that are in the
house.
Refuse to buy new items though you may
think they are prettier than the ones you
already have.
28. Do not throw away the soft
drink cans or the bottles;
cover them with
homemade paper or paint
on them and use them as
pencil stands or small
vases.
29. Use shopping bags
made of cloth or jute,
which can be used
over and over again.
30. Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste,
e.g. carry your own shopping bag when you
go to the market and put all your purchases
directly into it.
31. The main purpose of solid waste management
is to minimize the adverse effects on the
environment. The steps involved are:
Collection of solid wastes
Disposal of solid wastes
Utilization of wastes
32. Collection of waste includes gathering the
waste, transporting it to a centralized
location, and then moving it to the site of
disposal.
The collected waste is then separated into:
Hazardous
Non-hazardous materials.
33. Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it is
processed to recover the usable resources and to
improve the efficiency of the solid waste disposal
system.
The main processing technologies are:
Compaction
Combustion
Manual separation
34. Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the
waste, and this remains a common practice in most
countries.
Landfills were often established in:
Abandoned or unused quarries
Mining voids
Borrow pits
35. Main three types of combustion:
Incineration
Gasification
Pyrolysis
36. INCINERATION
Is a disposal method in which solid organic
wastes are subjected to combustion so as to
convert them into residue and gaseous
products.
Energy recovery through complete oxidation
Also called "thermal treatment".
37.
38. Partial oxidation process using air, pure
oxygen, oxygen enriched air, or steam
Carbon converted into syngas
More flexible than incineration
More public acceptance
39. Thermal degradation of carbonaceous materials
Lower temperature than gasification
Absence or limited oxygen
40. Waste separation is the process by which waste is
separated into different elements
Separation can be classified as:
Dry waste includes wood and related products, metals
and glass
Wet waste typically refers to organic waste usually
generated by eating
41.
42. The solid wastes can be properly utilized to
gather the benefits such as:
Conservation of natural resources
Economic development
Generate many useful products
Employment opportunities
Control of air pollution
43. Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of waste
materials such as empty beverage containers.
The materials from which the items are made can be
reprocessed into new products.
Material for recycling may be collected separately
from general waste using dedicated bins and
collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed
waste streams.
44. The most common consumer products recycled
include:
Aluminum such as beverage cans
Copper such as wire
Steel food and aerosol cans
Polyethylene and PET bottles
Glass bottles and jars
Paperboard cartons
Newspapers, magazines and light paper
45.
46. Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as
plant material
food scraps
paper products
Can be recycled using biological composting and
digestion processes to decompose the organic matter
47. The resulting organic material is then recycled
as mulch or compost for agricultural or
landscaping purposes.
48. Waste collection methods vary widely among
different countries and regions.
Domestic waste collection services are often provided
by local government authorities, or by private
companies in the industry.
49. Solid waste collection by government owned and
operated services in Pakistan's cities currently averages
only 50 percent of waste quantities generated; however,
for cities to be relatively clean, at least 75 percent of
these quantities should be collected.
Unfortunately, none of the cities in Pakistan has a
proper solid waste management system right from
collection of solid waste up to its proper disposal.
50. The Government of Pakistan enacted the
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA)
in 1997 which is the most recent and updated
legislation on environment.
It provides a framework for establishing
federal and provincial Environmental
Protection Agencies (EPAs).
51. In Pakistan, solid waste is mainly collected by
municipalities and waste collection
efficiencies range from 0 percent in low-
income rural areas to 90 percent in
high- income areas of large cities.
Collection rate of solid waste by respective
municipalities ranges from 51% to 69% of the
total waste generated within their jurisdiction.
52. The overall conclusion of the study on present status
of solid waste management in Pakistan as follows:
There is a limited focus on control mechanisms
which is adversely effecting on safety, health and the
environment.
Regulations are inadequately enforced and SWM
does not seem to be a priority.
None of the cities has an integrated solid waste
management system
53. Collection rate 5 1-69 % of total waste generated.
No disposal facilities
Open burning of waste or open disposal is most common
practice.
54. The involvement of people and private sector through
NGOs could improve the efficiency of SWM.
Public awareness should be created especially at
primary school.
Littering of SW should be prohibited in cities, towns
and urban areas.
The collection bins must have a large enough
capacity to accommodate 20% more than the
expected waste generation in the area.
55.
56. Report on:
Analysis and assessment report on integrated solid
waste management in lahore, pakistan
http://www.slideshare.net/fahadansari131/municipalsoli
d-waste-by-muhammad-fahad-ansari-
12ieem1413324528
http://environment.gov.pk/pro_pdf/positionpaper/brief-
swm-%20pak.pdf
www2.fiu.edu/~srimal/pollution/solid%20waste.ppt
http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/solid_waste