online assignment

1. ONLINE
ASSIGNMENT

2. TOPIC: MANUSCRIPT,
MAGAZINES AND EXHIBITION
Submitted to, Submitted by,
Reshma Thulasi T L Sumi K U
Assistant Professor In Natural Science Natural Science
F.M.T.C Mylapore
Submitted On
3/08/2015

3. INDEX
Sl.no CONTENT PAGE No.
1 INTRODUCTION 1-2
2 MANUSCRIPT 2-3
3 MODERN
VARIATIONS IN
MANUSCRIPT
3-4
4 TYPES OF
MANUSCRIPT
MAGAZINES
4-7
5 IMPORTANCE 8-9
6 EXHIBITION 9
7 SCIENCE
EXHIBITION
10-12
8 CONCLUSION 13
9 REFERENCES 14

4. INTRODUCTION
All the organized activities carried out with an
educational purpose and which are outside the structural framework of
a formal educational curriculum are included under the non-formal
mode of education. These are group of educational activities, which are
not bounded by the time schedules, age, ability of the students, and
their academic levels. These activities can be designed and modified to
suit the needs and requirements of the learner. Non-formal science
education is also called as “Co-curricular Activities in Science.” The
formal and non-formal modes of education are not separate but are
complementary to each other and help in achieving the goals of
education. The non-formal mode of education differs from the informal
education, which is neither preplanned no organized. An efficient
science teacher should include a number of co-curricular activities such
as science clubs, science fairs and visits to places of scientific interest in
the curriculum. This will supplement the classroom teaching and
widens the knowledge of the students. The co-curricular activities are
basically voluntary in nature. By participating in these activities the
students develop the skills of problem-solving, decision-making and
appositive attitude towards science. The teacher will identify the
specific abilities and skills possessed by the students and help them to
derive optimum benefits from them. EXHIBITION Exhibitions are
effective mode of mass communication and instruction. It is organized
by the pupils themselves they get opportunity for self-activity. Special
talents of the pupils get revealed and creativity can be fostered. The
exhibitions arranged in schools are usually planned to communicate
novel ideas to children, their parents, and the general public alike.

5. Mathematics exhibition, science exhibition, etc., are at present
organized elsewhere also is of educational value. An exhibition, in the
most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a
selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within
museums, galleries and exhibition halls, and World's Fairs. Exhibitions
include (whatever as in major art museums and small art galleries;
interpretive exhibitions, as at natural history museums and history
museums), for example; and commercial exhibitions, or trade fairs. The
word "exhibition" is usually, but not always, the word used for a
collection of items. Sometimes "exhibit" is synonymous with
"exhibition", but "exhibit" generally refers to a single item being
exhibited within an exhibition. Exhibitions may be permanent displays
or temporary, but in common usage, "exhibitions" are considered
temporary and usually scheduled to open and close on specific dates.
While many exhibitions are shown in just one venue, some exhibitions
are shown in multiple locations and are called travelling exhibitions,
and some are online exhibitions.
MANUSCRIPT
A manuscript is any document written
by hand or typewritten, as opposed to being mechanically printed or
reproduced in some automated way. More recently it is understood to
be an author's written, typed, or word-processed copy of a work, as
distinguished from the print of the same. Before the arrival of printing,
all documents and books were manuscripts. Manuscripts are not
defined by their contents, which may combine writing with
mathematical calculations, maps, explanatory figures or illustrations.
Manuscripts may be in book form, scrolls or
in codex format. Illuminated manuscripts are enriched with pictures,

6. border decorations, elaborately embossed initial letters or full-page
illustrations.
Manuscripts make an original
contribution to the public’s understanding of global and regional
environmental science, policy, and sustainable development issues.
Manuscripts are normally required by publishing companies before
being published. Manuscripts may be in book form, scrolls or in codex
format. Illuminated manuscripts are enriched with pictures, order
decorations, elaborately embossed initial letters or full-page
illustrations.
MODERN VARIATIONS IN MANUSCRIPT
In the context of library science, a
manuscript is defined as any hand-written item in the collections of a
library or an archive. For example, a library's collection of hand-written
letters or diaries is considered a manuscript collection. Such manuscript
collections are described in finding aids, similar to an index or table of
contents to the collection, in accordance with national and
international content standards such as DACS and ISAD(G).
In other contexts, however, the use of the term "manuscript" no longer
necessarily means something that is hand-written. By analogy
typescript has been produced on a typewriter.
In book, magazine, and music publishing, a manuscript is an original
copy of a work written by an author or composer, which generally

7. follows standardized typographic and formatting rules. (The staff paper
commonly used for handwritten music is, for this reason, often called
"manuscript paper"). In film and theatre, a manuscript, or script for
short, is an author's or dramatist's text, used by a theatre company or
film crew during the production of the work's performance or filming.
More specifically, a motion picture manuscript is called a screenplay; a
television manuscript, a teleplay; a manuscript for the theatre, a stage
play; and a manuscript for audio-only performance is often called a
radio play, even when the recorded performance is disseminated via
non-radio means.
TYPES OF MANUSCRIPT MAGAZINES
Many types of manuscript magazines are present, some examples are
following:
1)BOMB MAGAZINE :
Bomb is a quarterly magazine edited by artists
and writers. It is composed, primarily, of interviews between creative
people working in a variety of disciplines — visual art, literature, music,
film, theater and architecture. In addition to interviews,
the Bomb issues section features new fiction and poems, several 500-
word "Artist on Artist" essays, and a reviews section. Each winter issue
is an "Americas" issue focusing on a specific region of North America,
Central America, or South America. Spring, summer and fall issues are
not themed. Bomb is published by New Art Publications.

8. 2)VOYNICHMANUSCRIPT
The Voynichmanuscript is an
illustrated codex hand-written in an unknown writing system. The
vellum in the book pages has been carbon dated of the early 15th
century (1404–1438), and may have been composed in Northern Italy
during the Italian Renaissance. The manuscript is named after Wilfrid
Voynich, a Polish book dealer who purchased it in 1912.The pages of
the codex are vellum. Some of the pages are missing, but about 240
remain. The text is written from left to right, and most of the pages have
illustrations or diagrams.
The Voynich manuscript has been studied by many
professional and amateur cryptographers, including American and
British code breakers from both World War I and World War II. No one
has yet succeeded in deciphering the text, and it has become a famous
case in the history of cryptography. The mystery of the meaning and
origin of the manuscript has excited the popular imagination, making the
manuscript the subject of novels and speculation. None of the many
hypotheses proposed over the last hundred years has yet been
independently verified. Many people have speculated that thewriting
mightbe nonsense.
The Voynich manuscript was donated by Hans P.
Kraus] to Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript

9. Library in 1969, where it is catalogued under call number MS 408. A
digitized high-resolution copy is also accessible freely at their website.
3)EUROPEAN MANUSCRIPT MAGAZINE
Most surviving pre-modern manuscripts use the
codex format, which had replaced the scroll by Lake Antiquity .
Parchment or Vellum, as the best type of parchment is known, has also
replaced papyrus, which was not nearly so long lived and has survived
to the present only in the extremely dry conditions of Egypt. The
standard endorsed by the American Library Association is known as
AMPEMM. A growing digital catalogue of pre-modern manuscripts is
Digital Scriptorium, hosted by the University of California at Berkley.
Major U.S. repositories of medieval manuscripts are,
1) The Morgan Library & Museum
2) Beinecke Rare Book and ManuscriptLibrary,Yale
3) Walters Art Museum
4) Houghton Library, Harvard
5) Huntington Library
6) Newberry Library

10. 7) Cornell University Library
4) SANDARBH
Sandarbh is an example of Science Magazine
Sandarbh is a bimonthly magazine on science and education in Hindi
published since September, 1994 in Bhopal, India. It is published by
Eklavya foundation, a non-profit, non-governmental organization that
focuses on children's education. Sandarbh primarily serves as a
resource on a variety of topics for teachers and students in primary,
middle, and high schools.
In addition to feature articles, analyses of curricula
and pedagogies, reviews of text-books and children's literature,
biographies, interviews, teacher's experiences, and fiction also find
space in the magazine. In every issue there is also an attempt to publish
answers to questions in science sent in by readers - Sawaliram.The
magazine covers articles on various topics in education, social studies
art, literature, language, botany, zoology, evolution, chemistry, physics
and mathematics. Articles published in this magazine are written in a
relatively casual, non-textbook style without compromising on accuracy

11. and rigour. Sandarbh means 'context' in Hindi, and the articles provide
a relevant context for learning topics covered in schools in India .
MAGAZINES
Magazines are publications usually periodical
publications, that are printed or published electronically. (The online
versions are called online magazines.) They are generally published on a
regular schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally
financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by prepaid subscriptions,
or a combination of the three. At its root, the word "magazine" refers
to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it
is a collection of written articles. (This explains why magazine
publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery
magazines, firearms magazines, and, in various languages although not
English, retail stores such as department stores).
School / college magazines have their own
importance and these are an important and integral part of the
education system. School / college magazines reflect the identity of the
educational institutions through the writings of its students and
teachers as well. Young students have a lot of potential within them
which needs a proper channelization and outlet and the school /
college magazines are one such outlet that provide these young
potential the right platform wherein they can express themselves into a
conglomeration.Magazines give the young and talented writers an
opportunity to feel intently, observe keenly, think deeply and thereby

12. express themselves in a distinct way. These magazine plays a very
important role in an educational institution as it channelizes the
budding talented writers and helps in encouraging their writing skills by
appraisal which inspires and motivates them to read and write much
more.
Finally, it is necessary for all the
educational institutions to provide an opportunity for the young
talented ones by publishing school / college magazines at least once in
every two years and provide an encouraging opportunity to the
creative writers.
IMPORTANCE
Since 1850 individual mistakes and
failures have been more numerous than before ,but there have been a
few success ,and magazines as a class have attained a position of
great importance .In fact , it is hardly an overstatement to say that the
rise of the magazine has been that most significant phenomenon in
the development of American publishing. The reading of magazines
has come to be far more common than the reading of books
.Thousands of persons who would resent then imputation that they
are lacking in culture read only those which they obtain at a public
library .
The importance of the science magazine is the data of needs
assessment were derived from questionnaire and interview .The
questionnaire was deliberately distributed to the students in order
to know their needs and for the bedrock of the product development
, whilet the interview was conduct to the teacher in order to

13. investigate the students needs in accordance with the teacher's
perspective.
EXHIBITION
An exhibition, in the most general
sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items.
In practice, exhibitions usually occur within museums, galleries and
exhibition, and World's Fairs. Exhibitions can include many things such
as art in both major museums and smaller galleries, interpretive
exhibitions, natural history museums and history museums, and also
varieties such as more commercially focused exhibitions and trade fairs.
The word "exhibition" is usually, but not always, the word used for a
collection of items. Sometimes "exhibit" is synonymous with
"exhibition", but "exhibit" generally refers to a single item being
exhibited within an exhibition.
Exhibitions may be permanent displays or temporary, but in common
usage, "exhibitions" are considered temporary and usually scheduled to
open and close on specific dates. While many exhibitions are shown in
just one venue, some exhibitions are shown in multiple locations and
are called travelling exhibitions, and some are online exhibitions.
Though exhibitions are common events, the concept of an exhibition is
quite wide and encompasses many variables. Exhibitions range from an
extraordinarily large event such as a World's Fair exposition to small

14. one-artist solo shows or a display of just one item. Curators are
sometimes involved as the people who select the items in an exhibition.
Writers and editors are sometimes needed to write text, labels and
accompanying printed material such as catalogs and books.
Architects, exhibition designers, graphic designers and other designers
may be needed to shape the exhibition space and give form to the
editorial content. Organizing and holding exhibitions also requires
effective planning, management, and logistics.
Various types’ of exhibitions are especially organized to cater the
needs of the participant.
There are commercial and non-commercial exhibitions. Commercial
exhibitions are intended to attract buyers and sell the displayed items
while non-commercial exhibitions are simply arranged for appreciation
of talents and skills. Exhibitions can be categorized further into
museums, art exhibitions, trade exhibitions and consumer exhibitions.
Everybody knows about the term 'Exhibition', which mostly related to
student and school. Maximum schools are conducting different types of
exhibitions related to subject and non-subjects. In our school life, we
too participated many kind of exhibitions, to exhibit our latent in any
specific field. I am sharing some of the benefits from 'Exhibitions in
schools'; please participate and share your valuable points on this topic.
Benefits of Exhibitions in school, are:
1. Before exhibition, subject teachers finds out or choose their best
students to exhibits something different to others. In addition, teachers
give their selected students a short list of contents, which they can
study, create a subject, & design the exhibit. At this time, the teacher-

15. student interaction increases; where teacher understand the
knowledge of student and students to understand their teacher's
quality and interest, vise verse.
2. While preparing for exhibition, students are in happy mood in
thought of participating and showing their friends a new thing different
from others. Their inner core develops while doing some creativity act
in this stage.
3. At the time of exhibition, every student feels happy and enthusiastic,
which we never find in other competitions. This is because, art, games,
athletic or music are not fond for every student; everyone do not like
everything. However, in exhibition, participants were keen to show
their content and non-participants were willing to know about various
subjects, and gain some knowledge on different subjects.
SCIENCE EXHIBITION
Science is a very interesting subject.
Science has a great opportunity to create creativity and activeness
among the students, but in many schools it is taught by a traditional
way and teachers do not try to make it creative and interesting. Here
we are talking about how to make science, funny and easy to learn.
There are many innovative techniques to find out more and more
opportunities from this subject. Science exhibition and making science
models is one of them. Let’s talk how to use these activities in a school
and how to create student’s interest in science so the teacher and
students both feel science easy and interesting
Many schools organize school level
science exhibition every year. It is a great idea to arrange an outside
visit for those schools to visit the science exhibition. By visiting those
exhibitions students can learn about different scientific lessons and

16. they will be able to know many scientific facts by visiting method. By
visiting a science exhibition they can learn the importance of science
exhibition. By this activity teacher may be able to create scientific
attitude among the students. He can teach students about the
objectives and meaning of science exhibition. Visiting other school’s
science exhibition is a nice activity of “learning outside the school”. By
visiting a science exhibit student can learn how to make a science
exhibit. There are many Regional Science centers in India in many cities
where students may visit science exhibitions and much more. They can
also participated in different scientific activities like science quiz,
science related competitions, science workshops etc.

17. CONCLUSION
Learning by doing and learning by living
essentials of learning science. Children are interested in making things,
breaking things and handling things. But the curriculum does not satisfy
this natural urge. Through activities like science club, learning of science
become joyful. Pre-modern manuscripts are best described used
bibliographic rather than archeival standards .The standard endorsed
by the American Library Association is known as AMREMM .A growing
digital catalogue of pre-modern manuscripts is Digital Scriptorium
hosted by the University of California at Berkeley .

18. REFERENCE
1. http://www.wikipedia .org
2. Bamford ,J and Day ,R.R (1998) .Extensive Reading in the
Second Language Classroom .Cambridge University Press
,Cambridge .
Checked and Corrected by
RESHMA THULASI T L
Assistant Professor in Natural Science
F.M.T.C Mylapore
Kollam