3. IMPROVE Northeast Sulfate Event July 17, 1999 NAAPS Forecast Sulfate Aerosol July 17, 1999 (Data available from VIEWS about 1 Year after Event) Data Available from NRL about 5 Days Before Event)

4. NAAPS Modeled Bext & RH along JFK Jr. Flight Path, 7/16/99

5. NAAPS Model “Data” for Lye Brook IMPROVE site, July ’99 Sulfate Time Series and Vertical Profile, Remodeled with Emissions Reductions (“Greater Midwest” includes parts of Mane-VU, VISTAS, CENRAP & MRPO)

6. Under-estimates SO 4 Over-estimates SO 2 Sum is Just About Right NAAPS Model - “Our Current Work”: 1. Improve the dust source function 2. Verify the sulfate simulations 3. Identify/implement daily global smoke emissions 4. Improve the microphysics & chemistry.” NAAPS Model is a “Work in Progress”: - For 7/17/99, SO4 formation Underestimated, - Smoke & Dust Emissions Need Improvement, - “Ground Truth” Evaluation & Verification? Are There Areas of Common Interest between NRL & RPOs?

7. Assessing Air Quality Using USDA Shadow-band Radiometers James Slusser USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Colorado State University http:// uvb . nrel . colostate . edu /UVB/home_page.html

10. USDA INSTRUMENTATION

11. Direct , Indirect (Scattered) , & Total Solar Radiation Available for 12 Wavelength Bands, 3-Minute Time Resolution For about 35 sites, Distributed throughout US & S. Canada Updated Near-Real Time, every 24 hours

13. Three measures of aerosol and smoke loading: Aerosol optical depth (AOD) quantifies the attenuation of the direct Solar beam. The AOD is proportional to total column loading of particles of the same size and related to visibility. (Increases as Bext Increases [vertically]) Angstrom exponent (alpha) gives the wavelength dependence of the AOD. Large particles (such as cloud drops or ice crystals) are spectrally neutral (alpha close to 0). The very smallest particles , molecules, have an inverse (wavelength) to the fourth dependence (alpha equal to 4). Most aerosols have alpha between 1 and 3. (Increases as Particle Size Decreases) Single scattering albedo (SSA) is the ratio of scattering to scattering plus absorption. For non absorbing (sulfate and water) particles SSA equals 1.0. Aerosols with black carbon have SSA between 0.7 and 0.9. (Decreases as Particle Absorption Increases)

14. Sulfate “ Clear” Smoke

15. Most Radiation Diffuse, but Small Reduction of Total High AOD = High B ext (vertically) Single Scat. Albedo = 1, indicates non-adsorbing (scattering-only) aerosol. Decreasing Angstrom exp. = Increasing Particle Size

16. Most Radiation Diffuse, & Large Reduction of Total High AOD = High B ext (vertically) Angstrom exp. > 1 = Small Particle Size. Single Scat. Albedo < 1, indicates adsorbing (and scattering) aerosol.

20. ASOS Stations from FAA, NWS and Archived at NCDC For this analysis (Husar, 2002) data for 220 stations were available from NCDC These ASOS sites are mostly NWS sites, uniformly distributed over the country (Imagine if we could get the entire set, including the DOD sites, not listed).

30. Des Moines, IA Grand Rapids, MI

31. Islip, Long Island, NY San Diego, CA