HTML Injection Attacks: Impact and Mitigation Strategies
2003-12-02 Environmental Information Systems for Monitoring, Assessment, and Decision-making
1. Environmental Information Systems for Monitoring, Assessment, and Decision-making Stefan Falke AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow U.S. EPA - Office of Environmental Information
3. Environmental Information Systems Monitoring Analysis & Assessment Decision-making Delivery/Presentation Storage/Description Spatial Analysis
4. Environmental Information Systems Monitoring Analysis & Assessment Decision-making Delivery/Presentation Storage/Description Web-based Information Systems
5. Environmental Information Systems Monitoring Analysis & Assessment Decision-making Delivery/Presentation Storage/Description Sensor Webs
6. Mapping Air Quality point monitoring data spatial interpolation c i is the estimated concentration at location i n is the number of monitoring sites c j is the concentration at monitoring site j w ij is the weight assigned to monitoring site j Goal: Reduce the uncertainty in mapping air quality data from point measurements. Use a data-centric spatial interpolation that is based on physical principles. estimated continuous surface
7. Spatial Interpolation with Monitor Clusters Declustered weighting shows the proper allocation of the 1/3 weight to the cluster of sites. There is a cluster of four sites. When applying standard distance weighted interpolation, the cluster will account for 2/3 of estimated value at i while the two single sites each only account for 1/6 of the total weight. Standard interpolation applies equal weight; each site has 1/3 of the weight on the estimate at i .
8. Declustered Interpolation Inverse distance weight Cluster weight X j R ij i X 1 X 3 X 2 r j3 r j2 r j1 X j R ij i X 1 X 3 2 r j3 r j2 r j1 X CW ~ 0.25 CW ~ 1.00
9. Variance Aided Mapping Temporal variance is indicative of local source influenced monitoring sites. The higher a site’s variance, the lower its interpolation weight and the more restricted its radius of influence during interpolation.
10. Variance Weighting Example In central Ohio, most monitoring sites experience similar temporal variance in O 3 and weights assigned to the sites are simply R -2 . In estimating O 3 near St. Louis, high variance sites (St. Louis urban sites) are used along with low variance sites (rural sites) and their respective weights are altered from R -2 . Interpolation weights using distance and temporal variance of daily maximum ozone concentrations, 1991-1995
12. Estimation Error Mean estimation error at least clustered locations with DIVID is about 10% lower than kriging and 30% lower than inverse distance. most clustered least clustered
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14. PM10 in California Without Barriers With Barriers AIRS PM10 data (1994-1996) Sierra Nevada Mountains are clearly visible with barrier aided estimation
15. Surrogate Aided Interpolation Fine Mass Concentrations 1/r2 Interpolation Extinction Coefficient 1/r2 Interpolation Fine Mass Bext 1/r2 Interpolation Bext Aided FM = Fine Mass Bext x Bext 1991-1995 Summer 1991-1995 Summer 1991-1995 Summer 1991-1995 Summer
16. Satellite Imagery for PM Assessment Spaceborne sensors allow near continuous aerosol monitoring throughout the world. When fused with surface data they provide information on the spatial, temporal, and chemical characteristics of aerosols than cannot be determined from any single image or surface observation. Goal: Fuse SeaWiFS and TOMS satellite data with surface observations and topographic data to describe extreme aerosol events.
17. 1998 Asian Dust Storm The underlying color image is the surface reflectance derived from SeaWiFS. The TOMS absorbing aerosol index (level 2.0) is superimposed as green contours. The red contours represent the surface wind speed from the NRL surface observation data base . The blue circles are also from the NRL database and indicate locations where dust was observed. The high wind speeds generated the large dust front seen in the SeaWiFS, TOMS, and surface observation data.
18. 2000 Saharan Dust A massive dust storm transports dust off the west coast of Africa into the Atlantic Ocean and across the Canary Islands. Fuerteventura and Lanzarote Islands are fully blanketed by the murky yellow colored dust plume. Gran Canaria and Tenerife are partly covered by the dust layer but their higher elevations appear to protrude above the dust layer at about 1200m.
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20. AAAS Fellowship Program http://fellowships.aaas.org American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) fellowship program to bring science and engineering PhDs to D.C. and the policy process Fellows are placed in federal agencies (EPA, State Dept., NSF, NIH, USAID…) and in Congress Goal is to provide scientific expertise to offices and to gain first hand experience in the policy process
21. Interoperable Environmental Information Systems Advances in monitoring and information technology have resulted in the collection and archival of large quantities of environmental data. However, stove-piped systems, independently developed applications, and multiple data formats have prevented these data and the systems that serve them from being shared. Interoperable environmental information systems offer the potential for attaining systems of shared information and applications within a distributed environment.
24. Distributed Environmental Information Network Data Users Data Sources Europe EI CEC EI Publish – Make data and tools available to the Web Find – Enable the discovery of data and tools through Web-based search engines Bind - Connect data and tools to user applications for value added processing Minimize Burden Maximize Transparency States Others EPA CDX Portal GEIA Web Portal
25. Data and Tool Description Data Data Description (Metadata) Tools Tool Description Network XML Web Services Wrappers
26. Distributed Environmental Information Systems Internet Data Vendor City Agency State Agency Fed. Agency Clearinghouse Whoville Cedar Lake Parcels Roads Images Boundaries ... Integrated View Catalog View Data Metadata Data Metadata Data Metadata Data Metadata Catalog that indexes data, similar to WWW’s html search engines Common interfaces enable interoperability Queries extract data from diverse sources XML Data Wrapping Web Services Whoville Cedar Lake
27. Chesapeake Bay GIS Project Participants: - National Aquarium - Towson University - Maryland DNR - Chesapeake Bay Program AIRNOW Oracle Database Internet/Intranet ArcIMS Server WMS Connector WMS Applet
28. Web-based Visibility Information System Project with EPA/OEI/EMPACT, Washington University/CAPITA, and Sonoma Technology, Inc Objective: To develop a web-based, near real time visibility and PM2.5 mapping system Phase 1: Map visibility every 6 hours using Naval Research Lab’s Surface Observation Data Phase 2: Incorporate ASOS Data into mapping system Phase 3: Use visibility as a surrogate for mapping PM2.5
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30. States/ Tribes Interoperable EPA Geo Services Geo- processing 5-year EPA Geospatial Architecture Vision Users Servers Data Sources Feds Others Enterprise Portal CDX Portal System of Access NSDI Node Geospatial One-Stop Feds Industry States Civilian Locals Mapping Geo- Metadata Geo Data & Tools Indexes Geo- reporting EPA EPA Geo Services Catalog EPA EPA Web Tools Red arrows and dotted lines indicate information flow based on standards, such as XML Geography Network
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34. Sensor Webs Sensor Webs are web-enabled sensors that can seamlessly exchange data with other web-based applications and can communicate with one another – leading to “dynamic networks” Advances in micro-electronics, nanotechnology, and wireless communication have provided the potential for the development of environmental sensors that will provide major leaps in the available coverage, timeliness, and resolution of monitoring information. Will enable spatially and temporally dense environmental monitoring Sensor Webs will reveal previously unobservable phenomena since they can be placed in areas not previously suitable for monitoring
36. Distributed Information System Workshops Distributed Data Dissemination, Access, & Processing ( 3DAP ) July 2001 - Institutional Interoperability Web-based Environmental Information Systems for Global Emission Inventories ( WEISGEI ) July 2002 - Bring together Information Sciences and Atmospheric Sciences
41. ASOS Visibility Measurements Prior to 1994, visual range was recorded hourly by human observations Human observations were replaced with automated light scattering instruments of the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) The ASOS sensor measures the extinction coefficient as one-minute averages and calculates visual range based on a running 10-minute average of the one-minute measurements Forward scatter ASOS visibility sensor photocell detector projector Lens-to-lens 3.5 feet
49. Bio Sketch B.A. Physics Courses that examined science and technology in the context of other fields such as law, history, and political science M.S. Engineering & Policy Courses covered economic, legal, management, and public policy dimensions of science and technology Thesis examined information flow in environmental policy making and use of “hypermedia” in the policy making process 1992 1993 1994 Basketball in German Bundesliga
53. 1998 Central American Fires SeaWiFS, TOMS, and visibility indicate high aerosol concentrations from Central America transported over the central U.S. The smoke is transported north into the upper Midwest and to the east. The extinction coefficient is highest further north than the highest TOMS aerosol index. Smoke plumes over Central America appear over low elevation terrain, while high elevation regions remain mostly smoke free.
