When the Spanish-American War ended, the dispute between the Americans and Filipinos began to rise.

1. FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

2. Americans Fooled Aguinaldo
 December 10, 1898
The Treaty of Paris (SIGNED): Filipinos felt they were deceived.
Emilio Aguinaldo- sought in Singapore and Hongkong.
- Dewey wanted him to raise the standard of revolt to
defeat the Spaniards.
Behaviour:
Friends-
CONQUEROR
Results:
Filipino
Rebels, not
allowed to
enter Manila.
Threat:
immediately
SHOT-DOWN.
General Ricarte- saw trough the façade , warned Aguinaldo.

3.  Aguinaldo gave them a chance.
Americans- demanded that he withdraw his forces.
- Aguinaldo was then convinced that he was
fooled.
- No intention of leaving the country.
- meant to stay and be masters;
successors of the Spaniards.
Beginning: Filipino
Disillutionment

4. “Benevolent Assimilation” Proclamation
 Before the treaty signing:
President McKinley
-did not know what to do with the Philippines.
- he fell on his knees and prayed to God, giving him light
on what he would do with the country.
- surrounded by men who wanted Philippines as an
American colony.

5.  Constituted “Pressure Groups”
1. American
Business Interests:
Not only a market for
products– a stepping
stone to Asia’s Market.
2. Military and
Naval:
Base for ships and
first line of defence.
3. Religious:
Base for Protestant
Missionaries.

6.  After the Treaty Signing:
Issued:
“Benevolent Assimilation
Proclamation.”
Officially announced the
American Policy regarding
Philippines
INDICATION: intention of
the US to practice
sovereignty.
Ordered the American
Military Commanders to
extend the sovereignty in
the entire archipelago by
force.
President
McKinley

7. General Elwell Otis (Successor of Gen. Merritt)
- did not publish the whole text of the proclamation.
FEAR: Arouse the anger of the Filipinos.
- Intead: he made revisions of the former proclamation.
FORCEFUL SOFT
Not to
antagonize
the
Filipinos.

8. Filipino Reaction to the Proclamation
 General Marcus P. Miller (Iloilo)
 published the original contents of the proclamation.
 Copies: fell into the hands of the Filipinos.
● Antonio Luna
- Author of “La Independencia”, attacked the
proclamation severely and said that it was a trick to
make the people quiet.
- Americans would put into practice what the Spaniards
did to Philippines.

9. The Filipino-American relationship were
passing through a very difficult stage.
 January 5
- Aguinaldo issued a strongly worded proclamation:
“My Government is disposed to open hostilities if the
American troops attempted to take forcible
possession of the Visayan Islands.”
 General Otis
-realizing the meaning of the proclamation, quietly strengthened
the American lines.

10. Attempts to Relax the Tension
 Settling by Talk
- Aguinaldo suggested to Gen. Otis:
Their representatives should meet to discuss ways and means to
avoid conflict.

11. Gen. Otis’ Appointees:
3 Military officers
Pres. Aguinaldo’s
Appointees:
3 Military Officers

12. The Shot that Started the War
 February 1, 1899
-group of American Engineers were arrested by the Filipino
troops.
Gen. Otis:
Protested
Aguinaldo’s response:
Not arrested, just detained
because they were found in
the Filipino lines.
- Gen. Arthur protested: presence of Filipinos in the
American lines.
 February 4, 1899
Private William W. Grayson
-shot a Filipino soldier (Balsahan bridge: San Juan del Monte)
- Filipinos response: rifle fire.

13. Filipino-American
War: ON!
American Units:
Deployed and mobilized
throughout Manila and
the Suburbs

14. Investigation of the Incident
 Captain Fernando Grey
-sent a telegram to Malolos: Americans had commended
hostilities.
 Pres. Aguinaldo
- sent General Otis an emissary:
“The firing on our side the night before had been against
my order.”
Gen. Otis: Haughty and Arrogant
“The fighting, having started, must go on to the
brim end.”
-ordered an investigation to determine the truth.

15. Findings:
Early days of
February: Filipino
employees in the
service of American
ships had been
dismissed.
February 4:
Between 200-300
American soldiers
boarded 2 cascos
for Cavite
Soldiers were
returned to
Manila to rejoin
their units.
He ordered an
all-attack on the
Filipino soldiers.
The American
Commander did
not mke any
ttempt to
investigate.
Sudden attacks in all
sectors showed that they
had been preparing for the
attack.

16. American Drive to the North
 American Troops
- easily captured town after town (Rizal Province)
-North: won victories in battle of La Loma, near Chinese
Cemetery, when Major Jose Torres Buggalon died: Combat.
 Macrthur
-procceeded to Kaloocan.
-Generl Antonio Luna fought him; Luna was defeted.
- American arms could not be neuralized by bravery and
courage alone.

17. Luna: planned to
recapture Manila
March 22, Gen
Luna led the attcak
on Manila.
2 days after, he
reached Azearraga
Street.
Gen. Luna: forced
to retreat to Pulo,
Bulacan.
Americans:
realized the
significance of
Luna’s victory.

18.  Gen. Otis: offensive on the North.
 Gen. Henry W. Lawton: started the offensive in
South.
-Pulo was captured.
 March 30
- arrived at Malolos.
 Pres. Aguinaldo
-evaluated and transferred the capital to San
Isidro, Nueva Ecija.

19. Gen. Otis:
ordered
MacArthu
r to rest in
Malolos
Lawton: to
continue
his march
against
Cavite.
Filipinos won
very few
victories;
very costly to
the
Americans.

20. March 25
Filipino troops:
repulsed Gen.
Lloyd Wheaton
in the Battle of
Pulo, killed an
American Col.
In Quinguia,
Major James
Bell Franklin:
killed in combat;
defeated by
“boy” Gen.
Gregorio del
Pilar
April 23
Gen. John M.
Stotsenburg was
killed.
December 18
Gen. Licerio
Geronimo,
defeated the
Americans
under Gen.
Lawton (Battle
of San Mateo)
Gen. Lawton
was killed.

21. The Fall of the Mabini Cabinet
Apolinario
Mabini
Cabinet President;
Prime Minister;
Secretary of foreign
Affairs
He never used
his position to
enrich himself
Very poor when
he entered Gov.
service; poor
when he died.
Powerful
man outside
Aguinaldo
Hardworking
and honest;
incorruptible

22.  Americans tried to win-over the Filipinos with promises:
Freedom and Autonomy
 Mabini:
“This is a trick of the Americans”
INDEPENDENCE

23.  Enemies: Pedro A. Paterno, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Felipe
Buencamino (wealthy & powerful)  opposed him.
 belief: Autonomy will be good for the Filipinos.
 accepted the offer.
 persuaded Aguinaldo to remove Mabini.
 May 7
- Aguinaldo informed Mabini; Paterno formed a new Cabinet.
- Mabini sent a resignation letter of the Cabinet he was heading.
- spent his last years in his arm chair writing articles against the
Americans.

24. Assassination of Luna
 Gen. Antonio Luna
- most brilliant among Filipino Military Officers.
- born in Manila, district of San Nicolas.
- Manila & Spain: studied Pharmacy.
- defect: SHORT TEMPER.
- exiled to Spain by the Colonial Government.
*1898
- passed Hongkong.
- asked Felipe Agoncillo;
Letter of Recommendation to Gen. Aguinaldo.
- given the materials and a revolver.

25.  Luna: appointed (High Position)
- the army had no discipline.
- instilled discipline  did not like the attitude.
- Filipino-American War: chief of Military Zone (Cen. Luzon)
- slapped soldiers when they do not meet his standards.
 Bayambang, Pangasinan
- inspecting defenses.
 received a telegram from Kabanatuan, he was needed.
- his aide: Colonel Francisco Roman & soldiers.

26. Arrival in Aguinaldo’s
Headquarters:
Luna; angry
Heard a rifle shot, ran
down and cursed the
soldiers.
Slapped one of them.
Captain Pedro Kastila
(Cavite)
Hacked him.
More than 40 wounds
in his body and head.
Luna drew his revolver;
fell from the covenant
and died saying;
“COWARDS!”
“ASSASSINS!”
The soldiers boloed
him, shot him.

27. Conquest of the Visayas
 Marcus P. Miller
- instructed by Gen. Otis: invade Iloilo.
- Miller’s demand: Filipino troops surrender.
 Gen. Martin Delgado
- Bisayan patriots under him decided to fight.
- to prevent encapturement: burned the city.
 Americand landed in force.
 February 20  Jro, Santa Barbara, Oton and Mandurriao fell.
 Sent an expedition force to Cebu.
 The City surrendered Cebu Patriots: not give up easily.
 Guerrilla Warfare: led by Arcadio Maxilom & Leandro Fullom.

28.  Negros
- Wealthy Negrenses; symphatized with the Americans.
- arrival: raised the AMERICAN FLAG.
- Committee was sent to Manila to ask Gen. Otis to allow them of
arming a battalion to maintain peace & order.
- Gen. Otis approved; collaborated with them.
 March 1
- Gen. Otis issued an order: provide the creation for Military
District composed of Panay, Negros, Cebu.
Bisayan Military District
- Negrenses allowed to meet in a convention to frame a constitution.
Negros Constitution
Submitted to Pres. McKinley
Did not take it seriously.

29. Bates Treaty
 General John C. Bates
- dealt the Muslims: diplomatic way.
- negotiations: bases of Equality.
 Muslim Sultan of Sulu
- insisted that Americans should not occupy and Jolo except the
Jolo proper.
- collecting customs duties in places not occupied by the
Americans.
 August 20, 1899
- agreement: signed by Gen. Bates and Sultan of Jolo and datus.
B A T E S T R E A T Y

30.  PROVISIONS:
1. Sovereignty of the United States over the whole archipelago f
Jolo and it’s dependences should be recognized.
2. The rights of his Highness the Sultan and his datus shall be
fully respected.
3. Americans promised not to interfere in religious matters and
not to persecute anybody on account of his religious beliefs.
4. Americans agreed to pay the Sultan and his leading datus
monthly salaries.

31. The Retreat of Aguinaldo to Palanan
 Death of Gen. Luna
- many Filipino Commanders were demoralized.
-led to Gen. Otis’ plan to capture Aguinaldo.
 Pres. Aguinaldo
- ordered his troops and the people to conduct Guerrilla
Warfare.
- fled to Pangasinan- followed by the Americans.
- warned by the people about the trap.
- walked town to town with very little rest.
- left his family to spare them the hardship.
- walked to Teirra Virgen, Cagayan.
 September 6, 1900
- reached Palanan, Isabella. Headquarters Establishment.

32. The Battle of Pasong Tirad
 Gregorio del Pilar
- ordered by Aguinaldo to remain behind.
- purpose: to intercept the Americans.
- chose to delay the enemy at Pasong Tirad, with 60 soldiers.
**Pasong Tirad
- narrow pass 4,500 feet high; good view of the country.

33.  Major Peyton C. March
*December 2, 1899
- proceeded against del Pilar.
- Filipino troops hit the Americans at will and were forced
to retreat.
- an Igorot guided the Americans to the secret trail.
- a fierce battle ensued and del Pilar was shot in the neck.
- Americans looted his body for souvenirs.
- Igorots buried it in a shallow grave.

35. Capture of Aguinaldo
 Americans took advantage of the cooperative attitude of the
wealthy Filipinos and used them to persuade the people to
cooperate with them.
 Cruel Methods:
a. Water Cure
- forcing water into the stomach and if full, forced to lay on
their backs. An American soldier would jump on his stomach.
b. Rope Choke
- placing a rope on the neck and twisting it to choke.
c. Beat the Filipino until he was blue in the face.

36.  Samar
- in order to avenge the death of their comrades who were
massacred by the Filipino Guerrillas under Gen. Vicente Lukban,
burned down the whole town of Balangiga and killed all men even
boys under 10.
 Colonel Frederick Funston
- planned the capture of Aguinaldo.
 Lazaro Segovia
- Sapaniard who joined the Filipino forces against Americans.
- led the Macabebes and pretended to have captured enemies.
- walked to Palanan and informed Aguinaldo through a courier.

37.  Aguinaldo made preparations for the Filipino forces
against Americans.
 Segovia and his men signalled the men below to start the
firing.
 Aguinaldo rushed to the window as to what it was.
 Gen. Funston told him to surrender.
*Aguinaldo was brought to Manila
*April 1, 1901
- took the oath of allegiance to the United States Government.
 April 19
- Aguinaldo appealed to the Filipinos to accept the
Sovereignty of the United States.

38. End of the Guerrilla Warfare
 Gen. Miguel Malvar (Batangas)
- took over the leadership of the Filipino Government and
fought the enemy in running battles.
-Americans tried to frighten the civilian population by
reconcentrating them in a place and killing anybody found
outside the zone.
- called the “Sona System,” during the Japanese Period.

39.  February 27, 1902
- Gen. Vicente Lukban was captured in Samar.
-marked the end of the Guerrilla Warfare in that
province.
 April 16
- Gen. Malvar surrendered: to save his allies from the
brutality of the enemy and of hunger.
- systematic opposition to American Sovereignty
ceased.

40. E N D