Querying the Web of Data

1. Querying the Web of DataKennissystemen, December 2010 Rinke Hoekstra

2. Overview Linked (Open) Data The Web of Data Scalability issues Technology RDF Syntaxes RDF Storage and Querying Kennissystemen 2010

3. The Semantic Web Ideology Identity is everything Partial solutions are great too! Layer cake OWL Kennissystemen 2010

4. The Web of Data … does it exist? Kennissystemen 2010

5. Linked Data Kennissystemen 2010

6. Semantic Web <ul><li>Intially

7. `Metadata’ for web pages

8. Since ~2006

9. `Web of Data’

10. Semantic web as data source in its own right

11. Linked Data

12. A ‘Databaseesque’ Web

13. RDF Triple stores

14. Query languages</li></ul>Kennissystemen 2010

15. Storage (on the web) As documents .rdf, .n3, .turtle, .html RDF triple stores Sesame, Joseki, 4Store, AllegroGraph, OpenLink Virtuoso, SDB/TDB, Open Calais, SWI Prolog Reasoners ‘on top’, or via DIG Pellet, OWLIM, etc. SPARQL Endpoints Results as JSON, XML, CSV etc. Kennissystemen 2010

16. Data and the Web Need to add this ‘meta’ to my ‘data’ ‘Linking’ data across sites Web of Documents and the Web of Data Old fashioned HTML:<link rel='meta' type='application/rdf+xml' href='http://www.leibnizcenter.org/~hoekstra/foaf.rdf' title='FOAF'> URL-based HTTP 303 `see other’http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-vocab-pub/ RDFa Kennissystemen 2010

17. BBC Music Kennissystemen 2010

18. Kennissystemen 2010

21. Integration: 303 See Other Kennissystemen 2010

22. Integration: Inline RDFa Attributes on XHTML elements http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-rdfa-primer Kennissystemen 2010

23. Integration: RDFa Example <ul><li>In XHTML:</li></ul><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd"> <html xmlns:cal="http://www.w3.org/2002/12/cal/ical#"> <head><title>Jo's Friends and Family Blog</title></head> <body> <pinstanceof="cal:Vevent"> I'm holding one last summer Barbecue, on September 16th at 4pm. </body> </html> <ul><li>In RDF:</li></ul>_:blanknode0 rdf:typecal:Vevent; cal:summary ”one last summer Barbecue"; cal:dtstart "20070916T1600-0500" . Kennissystemen 2010

24. Legal InformationRetrievalforLaymen Kennissystemen 2010

25. Voorbeeld Kennissystemen 2010

26. So, where’s that data? I repeat: does it really exist? Kennissystemen 2010

27. Linked Open Data Kennissystemen 2010

28. November 2009: 13.1 Billion triples, 142 Million links Kennissystemen 2010

29. September 2010: 25 Miljard triples, 395 Miljoenlinks Kennissystemen 2010

30. Scalability How to deal with massive amounts of data? Consequences for reasoning Billion Triple Challenge (864.8 Million Triples) Consequences for querying Table lookups, joins etc. … and what about … Dealing with change, provenance, trust? Kennissystemen 2010

31. A rough idea… I can crash a DL reasoner using an ontology of ~15 classes and 5 individuals (honestly) What if my ontology contains thousands of classes and billions of individuals? Kennissystemen 2010

32. Reasoning Reasoning with inconsistent knowledge incomplete knowledge Complete vs. incomplete reasoning Kennissystemen 2010

33. Reasoning <ul><li>When?

34. Realtime vs. in advance

35. Lightweight reasoning (RDFS, OWL 2 RL)

36. Implementable using forward chaining rules

37. Still problems with scalability

38. Distributed reasoning (DAS-3)

39. MaRVIN

40. ‘SpeedDate’ distrubution of triples across nodes

41. MapReduce

42. Full closure of BTC in 57 minutes

43. Output: 30B triples

44. And what to do with the results?</li></ul>Kennissystemen 2010

45. 2 Degrees from Kevin Bacon PREFIX p: http://dbpedia.org/property/ SELECT ?film1 ?actor1 ?film2 ?actor2 WHERE { ?film1 p:starring <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Kevin_Bacon> . ?film1 p:starring ?actor1 . ?film2 p:starring ?actor1 . ?film2 p:starring ?actor2 .} DBPedia: 150M triples Kennissystemen 2010

46. Another rough idea… <ul><li>1 Billion triples in MySQL

47. Load time

48. … a couple of hours

49. Simple table lookup (one-variable query)

50. … about 5 minutes

51. Single join (two-variable query)

52. … a couple of hours

53. Better indexes?

54. Harddisk access times are the bottleneck (9ms)

55. More targeted reasoning, querying, federation.</li></ul>Kennissystemen 2010

56. SPARQL Querying the linked data cloud Kennissystemen 2010

57. Languages <ul><li>Multiple Languages

58. RDF, RDFS and OWL

59. Multiple Syntaxes</li></ul>RDF/XML, Turtle (Restricted N3), Ntriple Functional Syntax, Manchester Syntax, OWL XML <ul><li>RDF

60. Triples <subject, predicate,object>

61. Distributed

62. Always about something else

63. ... but can be about other RDF triples as well.</li></ul>Kennissystemen 2010

64. Languages: RDF(S)/XML <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=“http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#” xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/" xmlns:owl=“http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#” xmlns:uva=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#” xmlns=“http://www.uva.nl/people”> <rdf:Descriptionrdf:ID=“#radboud”> <rdf:typerdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#AssociateProfessor”/> <uva:name>RadboudWinkels</uva:name> <uva:teachesrdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/courses#ks2009”/> </rdf:Description> <uva:Courserdf:about=“http://www.uva.nl/courses#ks2009”/> <rdfs:Classrdf:about=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#AssociateProfessor”> <rdfs:subClassOfrdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#StaffMember”/> </rdfs:Class> <owl:ObjectPropertyrdf:about=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#teaches”> <rdfs:domainrdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#Professor”/> <rdfs:rangerdf:resource=“http://www.uva.nl/rdf#Course”/> </owl:ObjectProperty> </rdf:RDF> Kennissystemen 2010

65. Languages: FS Namespace(=<http://www.uva.nl/people#>) Namespace(owl=<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>) Namespace(uva=<http://www.uva.nl/rdf#>) Namespace(courses=<http://www.uva.nl/courses#>) Declaration(Class(uva:Course)) Declaration(Class(uva:StaffMember)) Declaration(Class(uva:AssociateProfessor)) SubClassOf(uva:AssociateProfessoruva:StaffMember) Declaration(DataProperty(uva:name)) Declaration(ObjectProperty(uva:teaches)) ObjectPropertyDomain(uva:teachesuva:AssociateProfessor) ObjectPropertyRange(uva2:teaches uva:Course) Declaration(Individual(courses:ks2009)) Declaration(Individual(radboud)) ObjectPropertyAssertion(uva:teachesradboud courses:ks2009) DataPropertyAssertion(uva:nameradboud "RadboudWinkels") Kennissystemen 2010

66. Languages: Turtle @prefix rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>. @prefix rdfs:<http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/>. @prefix owl:<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>. @prefix uva:<http://www.uva.nl/rdf#>. @prefix courses:<http://www.uva.nl/courses#>. @prefix :<http://www.uva.nl/people#>. uva:AssociateProfessor a rdfs:Class; rdfs:subClassOfuva:StaffMember. uva:teaches aowl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:domainuva:AssociateProfessor; rdfs:rangeuva:Course. :radboud a uva:AssociateProfessor; uva:name ”RadboudWinkels”^^xsd:string; uva:teachescourses:ks2009. courses:ks2009 a uva:Course. Kennissystemen 2010

67. Turtle Syntax Simple abbreviations :xgeo:name “A’dam” . :xgeo:areacode “020” . :xgeo:name “A’dam” ; geo:areacode “020” . Nesting :nlgeo:capital [ geo:name “A’dam” ] . Blank nodes :nlgeo:capital _:bnode1 . _:bnode1 geo:name “A’dam” . Kennissystemen 2010

68. Querying Originally there were many languages SPARQL, nRQL, SeRQL, etc. SPARQL: SPARQL Query Language for RDF http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/ Version 1.1 in the making... Kennissystemen 2010

69. Do you know SQL? Formulate a query on the relational model students(name, age, address) Structured Query Language SELECT namedata needed FROM student data source WHERE age > 20 data constraint Kennissystemen 2010

70. SPARQL Query Syntax Inspired by SQL (select-from-where) select: the entities (variables) you want to returnSELECT ?city from: a datasource (RDF graph)FROM <http://example.org/geo.rdf> where: the (sub)graph you want to get information fromWHERE {?city geo:areacode “010”. } Including additional constraints on objects, using operatorsWHERE {?city geo:areacode ?c . FILTER (?c > 010). } PREFIX geo: <http://example.org/geo/> SELECT ?city FROM <http://example.org/geoData.rdf> WHERE { ?city geo:areacode ?c . FILTER (?c > 010) } Kennissystemen 2010

71. SPARQL Graph Patterns WHERE clause specifies graph pattern pattern should be matched pattern can match more than once Graph pattern: an RDF graph with some nodes/edges as variables :EuropeanCountry “020”^^xsd:integer :hasCapital ? rdf:type ? ? Kennissystemen 2010

72. Basis: triple patterns Triples with one/more variables Turtle syntax ?xgeo:hasCapitalgeo:Amsterdam ?xgeo:hasCapital ?y ?xgeo:areacode “020”^^xsd:integer ?x ?p ?y All of them match the graph: “020”^^xsd:integer :Netherlands :Amsterdam geo:areacode geo:hasCapital Kennissystemen 2010

73. Conjunctions: several patterns A pattern with several graphs, all must match equivalent to PREFIX geo: <http://example.org/geo/> SELECT ?x FROM <http://example.org/geoData.rdf> WHERE { {?xgeo:hasCapital ?y } {?ygeo:areacode “020”^^xsd:integer } } PREFIX geo: <http://example.org/geo/> SELECT ?x FROM <http://example.org/geoData.rdf> WHERE { ?xgeo:hasCapital ?y . ?ygeo:areacode “020”^^xsd:integer . } Kennissystemen 2010

74. Conjunctions: several patterns (2) A pattern with several graphs, all must match equivalent to PREFIX geo: <http://example.org/geo/> SELECT ?x FROM <http://example.org/geoData.rdf> WHERE { {?xgeo:hasCapital ?y } {?ygeo:areacode “020”^^xsd:integer } } PREFIX geo: <http://example.org/geo/> SELECT ?x FROM <http://example.org/geoData.rdf> WHERE { ?xgeo:hasCapital [ geo:areacode “020”^^xsd:integer ]. } Kennissystemen 2010

75. Alternatives: UNION A pattern with several graphs At least one should match PREFIX geo: <http://example.org/geo/> SELECT ?city FROM <http://example.org/geoData.rdf> WHERE { { ?city geo:name “Parijs”@nl . } UNION { ?city geo:name “Paris”@fr . } } Kennissystemen 2010

76. Optional Graphs RDF allows for ‘partial’ representations “Give me all people with names, and if known their email address” Use an OPTIONAL graph expression PREFIX geo: <http://example.org/geo/> SELECT ?person ?name ?email WHERE { ?person :name ?name . OPTIONAL { ?person :email ?email } } Kennissystemen 2010

77. Testing values of nodes Tests in FILTER clause have to be validated for matching subgraphs Functions isLiteral(?aNode) isURI(?aNode) str(?aResource) for resources with partially known names for literals with unknown language tag PREFIX geo: <http://example.org/geo/> SELECT ?x ?n WHERE { ?x ?p ?n. FILTER ( str(?p) = “areacode”) } Kennissystemen 2010

78. Testing values of nodes Tests in FILTER clause Comparison (<=, <, =, etc.) Arithmetic operators (+, -, etc.) String matching using regular expressions regex(?x, “netherlands”, “i”) ... matches “The Netherlands” Boolean combination of these && (and), || (or), ! (not) (?y >10 && ?y <30) || !regex(?z, “Rott”) Kennissystemen 2010

79. Boolean comparisons and datatypes RDF has basic datatypes for literals xsd:integer, xsd:float, xsd:string, xsd:dateTime etc. Datatypes can be used in value comparisons ?x < “21”^^xsd:integer ... and be obtained from literals datatype(?aLiteral) Kennissystemen 2010

80. Solution modifiers Sorting using ORDER BY Limiting the number of results: LIMIT PREFIX geo: <http://example.org/geo/> SELECT ?dog ?age WHERE { ?dog a :Dog; ?dog :age ?age .} ORDER BY DESC(?age) PREFIX geo: <http://example.org/geo/> SELECT ?dog ?age WHERE { ?dog a :Dog; ?dog :age ?age .} ORDER BY ?dog LIMIT 10 Kennissystemen 2010

81. SPARQL query types SELECT: table with variable bindings SELECT ... WHERE { ... } CONSTRUCT: returns a graph CONSTRUCT { ... } WHERE { ... } ASK: returns yes/no ASK { ... } DESCRIBE: returns a graph DESCRIBE dbpedia:Amsterdam Kennissystemen 2010

82. SELECT Query Results Solutions consist of variable bindings For each variable in the query, it gives a value (or list) The result is a table, where each column is a variable and each row a combination of variable bindings PREFIX geo: <http://example.org/geo/> SELECT ?x >y ?x WHERE { ?xgeo:contains ?y . OPTIONAL { ?ygeo:areacode ?z }} Kennissystemen 2010

83. CONSTRUCT query results Construct queries return RDF statements The query result is either a subgraph or a transformed graph. PREFIX geo: <http://example.org/geo/> CONSTRUCT {?xgeo:hasCapital ?y . } WHERE { ?xgeo:containsCity ?y . ?ygeo:name “Amsterdam”@nl. } Kennissystemen 2010

84. Recap SPARQL is the query language for the web of data Queries are sent to ‘endpoints’ on the web Queries describe graph patterns with variables Graph patterns match the graphs in the triple store Results are typically returned as a table Kennissystemen 2010

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