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Examples Of Valid Arguments
1.A valid argument is an argument which has a conclusion that follows its premises. The premises
can be true or false. When one or both premises are false it is possible that the argument seems
completely valid, but it has false conclusion. An example for a valid argument which has a false
premise is:
Permise1: If dog can fly.
Permise2: Terrier is a kind of dog
Conclusion: terrier can fly
(Here the argument is valid, but the first premise is false, and makes the argument unsound.
A valid argument can have true premises which lead to a true conclusion as well. For example:
Permise1: Human needs water to stay alive.
Permise2: John is human.
Conclusion: John needs water to stay alive.
This kind of argument is valid and sound because it has...show more content...
Aristotle argues that practice virtues, and learning from virtuous people enable us to flourish. To
become a good person, we must practice virtuous acts regularly. Gradually, these acts become our
habits. Good habits and moral virtues are the principle to have a good and happy life. Virtuous
people train us how to be more virtuous. Aristotle explains that if we want to achieve moral
excellence, we need to practice the virtues. Moreover, we need virtues friends, and a moral exemplar
to imitate them to improve our virtues. As we develop our moral behavior, we gradually will find
more happiness in our lives. Although Aristotle admits that health, success, and money play an
important role to make a person happy, he argues that the virtues are the most important factors that
determine one is truly happy or not. So, just thinking of virtues is not
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What Makes An Effective Argument Ineffective?
1.The basic parts of an effective argument are a stated clearly defined issue, makes a claim, and
offers support for that claim. Sometimes an argument may also recognize opposing viewpoints and
incorporate them into the argument
2.What makes an argument ineffective is when using emotional appeals to distract a reader from a
lack of evidence. Also the use of faulty reasoning, and inaccurate facts.
3.An issue is a problem, controversy, or an idea that people can have different viewpoints about.
The term claim is a point in which a writer is trying to prove. This is typically the writer's viewpoint
on the issue. A refutation is recognizing and auguring against opposing viewpoints.
4.A claim of value focuses on an opinion or judgment about
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Example Of An Argument
ii) What is an argument? Elaborate with examples. In everyday life, people use argument to
connote a squabble between people. But in critical thinking and logic, an argument is a list of
statements, which consist of two or more premises or assumptions and a conclusion of the
argument. To accord an argument is to provide a set of premises as reasons for giving credence to
the conclusion and not necessarily to attack or criticise someone. Arguments can also be a tool to
underpin other people's opinions.
Here is an example of an argument:
If you want to find a good job, you should study smart
You do want a good job
So, you should study smart.
The first two sentences are the premises of the argument and the final sentence is the conclusion. To
...show more content...
Therefore, the patient does not have malaria.
Referring back to the criteria that has to be fulfilling to produce a valid argument, the given
example obeys the criteria with a true premise which leads to a true conclusion. This is how a valid
argument is identified. For valid arguments, the addition of extra premises will not change the
conclusion. A valid conclusion is deduced from a set of premises can never be changed by the
addition of new premises.
b)Invalid arguments
If an argument is invalid, then it is possible for a false conclusion even though all the premises are
true. It is logically possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.
Here is an example of an invalid argument:
All actors are robots
Johny Dep is a robot.
Therefore, Johny Dep is an actor.
Now, if these premises are true, it does not follow that Johny Dep is an actor. It would follow if we
mention that only actors are robots in the premises, but it does not say that. We can assume that
anyone in the acting ccupation is a robot, but robots might be doing different jobs besides acting.
So, the fact that Johny Dep is a robot does not guarantee that he is also an
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The Argument Of Food Waste
When we think of food waste we tend to assume that because food can decompose we are not
harming the environment. This is absolutely incorrect; there are different resources that are utilized
to make the food taste up to par and stay fresh up until being displayed on the shelves and beyond.
All the food we do not consume they have to be dumped somewhere and that will be in the landfills
we create. When there is food decomposed in landfills "[it] hastens the building of new ones, with
their environmental concerns. In short, we're burying more pockets of potential pollution, with storm
overflow and leachate leakage major concerns" (Bloom, p. 10). We are polluting our air with the
amount of food we throw away causing the landfills to no longer be an open space but a concealed
zip log bag that contains the food we no longer wanted. The amount of food waste that can be
recycled is the bare minimum to none. Have you ever drove on through an area and began to
smell rotten eggs? Well, that is all because of these landfills we enjoy creating to hold our
unwanted food. We can prevent the amount of food we waste and landfills created if the awareness
of food waste stays relevant....show more content...
Before we know it we will be covered in food that have not been consumed over the years. There
are plenty of ways to decrease our waste of food. We need to only take what we can eat and stop
overindulging; this helps les food to be thrown away and can create left overs that will give you
another meal whenever you become hungry or the next day. Think before you decide to take or
buy more than you can eat because there are people in this world who are less fortunate and cannot
predict when their next meal is. Continue to make awareness because we need to put a stop to the
food chain madness before it takes over
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Argumentative Essay On Memorials
Memorializing events in the history of the world for any purpose has it's positives as well as the
negatives. Ranging from a memorial of a popular United States president from a loved one of a
family, memorials have generally served as a purpose of remembrance from the past of said event.
The purpose of the memorial is usually associated with a positive, uplifting feeling towards the
deceased individual or past event. While this is more or less simply defining what memorials are
for, what is the meaning behind them? What purpose do they serve besides the simplicity that they
are? Important messages from a few varied sources will give a differing viewpoint on memorials
from one to another. The first thought of memorials is the simple, generic...show more content...
Memorials are meant to be striking in the sense that you will notice said memorial and donate some
attention to it. The views of these see this attention capturing as exceedingly high for some purposes.
Some memorials are outstanding in their craftsmanship and aesthetics. This makes people wonder
what could be lurking inside the memorial, or what is near that memorial. What we've got here is a
formula, striking looks of the monument is almost guaranteed to attract some form of attention.
According to Source G, the analogy of tainting the planet with specific memorials are ridiculous, "I
imagined taking a knife and cutting into the earth, opening it up, an initial violence and pain that in
time would heal. The grass would grow back, but the initial cut would remain a pure flat surface in
the earth with a polished, mirrored surface, much like the surface on a geode when you cut it and
polish the edge. The need for the names to be on the memorial would become the memorial; there
was no need to embellish the design further. The people and their names would allow everyone to
respond and remember. The ideals of such nonsensical placements of the memorials are just irritable
at the
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Argumentative Essay On Poverty
Thousands of individuals are living in poverty. Why is it that this worldwide dilemma is still
rising in rapid numbers till this day? Is it because of a lack of authoritative power, or a lack of
one's self control to do good? Despite the unknown cause, it has managed to drastically affect the
lives of many. Poverty is like a curse, one that is wrongfully placed, difficult to get out of, and
resistant to many forms of help. The pinpoint cause of poverty is challenging to find. People who
live well off and are above the poverty line may be quick to assume that laziness, addiction, and
the typical stereotypes are the causes of poverty. Barbara Ehrenreich, a well known writer on
social issues, brings attention to the stereotypical ideology at her time, that "poverty was caused,
not by low wages or a lack of jobs, but by bad attitudes and faulty lifestyles" (17). Ehrenreich is
emphasizing the fact that statements like the one listed, often influence readers to paint
inaccurate mental pictures of poverty that continue to shine light on the ideology of stereotypes
being the pinpoint cause to poverty. However, there are many other causes that are often
overshadowed, leaving some individuals to believe that poverty was wrongfully placed upon
them. Examples would include: high rates of unemployment, low paying jobs, race, and health
complications. Which are all out of one's ability to control. There is no control over a lack of jobs
and high rates of unemployment, nor the amount of inadequate wages the working poor receive.
Greg Kaufmann, an advisor for the Economic Hardship Reporting Project and The Half in Ten
campaign, complicates matters further when he writes, "Jobs in the U.S. [were] paying less than
$34,000 a year: 50 percent. Jobs in the U.S. [were] paying below the poverty line for a family of
four, less than $23,000 annually: 25 percent" (33). Acknowledging Kaufmann's fact, the amount
received for a family of four is fairly close to the yearly salary of a high school graduate, which
means, receiving that kind of pay for one man may seem challenging, now imagine caring for the
needs of four individuals. To make matters worse, certain families receive that amount of money and
carry the burden of paying for
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Example Of An Argument Analysis
Samuel, I think you have a strong argument overall. I understand where you are coming from when
you are saying that you believe that the judiciary should leave it up to Congress and the President to
determine the policies and procedures. I think that this argument is well supported by Scalia's
assertion in his dissent. He states that" the Court [breaks] a chain of precedent as old as the common
law that prohibits judicial inquiry into detentions of aliens abroad absent statutory authorization"
(page 227). Furthermore, while I see that taking away a person's right to habeas corpus who are not
US Citizen's might be against the Framers intent, I would have to agree with more of the dissenters'
opinions for the outcome of Boumediene v. Busch.
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Argumentative Essay On Organ Donation
The medical industry had been achieving more in the stage of medical advancements, though they
are still in the early phase. Artificial organs have been one of those achievements. Although they
have achieved such, artificial organs are not perfect. Most doctors as well as patients would prefer
to replace a dying organ with a compatible human organ, rather than with an artificial or animal
organ. Yet due to a there being less organs donated than recipients, artificial and animal organs are
becoming more common in transplants. Most of this issue is because people are unaware of how
organ donation works, the organs that can be donated, how many people are in need, and the
advancements that have happened in the field. Organ donation saves hundreds of lives every year,
but many lives are recklessly lost due to a shortage of organ donors.
Organ donation is the medical process of voluntarily giving one or more of your organs to
someone in need, whether it be someone you know or a stranger. It is strictly voluntary, no
payment for the organ/s will be given from the hospital, the recipient or the recipients family. In
organ donation, there are two types of donations, living organ donation and deceased organ
donation. Living organ donation is when the donor is still alive and voluntarily chooses to donate
one or more of their organs to a recipient(s) in need. Whereas, deceased organ donation happens
after the donor has passed away, and consent was given to be able to donate their organs.
In living organ donation, before a donor can donate there are tests administrated to see if the donor is
suitable to donate. There is an evaluation of the donor done to make sure that no physical,
psychological, or emotional harm will happen to them before, during, or after donating
(Organdonor.gov U.S. Government Information on Organ Donation and Transplantation). In living
organ donation, most donations happen within family members, or between close friends, although
there are stranger donations that happen. Living organ donors should generally be physically fit, in
good health, and between the ages of 18 to 60. They should not have a history or have diabetes,
cancer, high blood pressure, kidney disease, or heart disease
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Argumentative Essay On Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence is a topic within the public media that has existed for decades, but is now a
concern due to the reality of human advancement and innovation in the field of science and
technology. Many people believe that computers will become self–aware or sentient and view
humanity as a disposable resource and gain supremacy. Reasoning that research on the technology
should halt and not become more advance. Whereas others believe they will help catapult research
and the economy forward, supporting the operations and innovations the technology offers. The
complicated and divided solutions to the debate aren't obvious, but there are more benefits to
improving artificial intelligence than there is stopping it. Therefore, the negative effects people
believe will occur can be resolved. There are different types of artificial intelligence that many
institutes and companies believe in. However, they all share the same belief of a self–aware,
conscious, human–like, computer system, the type of AI people fear. Disregarding that an AI is a
computer much like a phone or laptop, one must consider that if something is sentient like a person
or animal, should they be treated like one? And if not, is it discrimination or racism when it is
treated like an item? Slavery treated people based on race or social status differently, the bottom
being slaves. Some might argue that machines don't have a "soul" or aren't alive. There are hundreds
of questions and ideas that have no clear
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Argument Reflection Paper
Thank you for reaching out to me about this. I am ecstatic to hear that you enjoyed your time at the
camp, and that you are attempting to apply what you learned there in everyday life. First off, there
is no need to beat yourself up about not understanding how to analyze everyday arguments. The
types of arguments we use on a daily basis rarely follow the patterns that we taught you classify
them by, so it is understandable that you might get confused when trying to analyze them. That
being said, understanding how to deal with these arguments would be a very useful thing to know,
so I am going to try my best to help you strengthen the three main skills of critical thinking. Which,
of course, you know to be analyzing an argument, evaluating the premises for relevance, and
evaluating the premises for truth. I am going to go step by step through an example of an everyday
argument, which I have attached to this email, so that I can hopefully help you with your problem.
We are going to first start with an analysis of the argument. Just to make it a little easier to
understand, I am going to split this analysis into two parts. This first part is simple going to involve
a surface analysis of the argument. We will determine the issue, conclusion, and premises. The
second part will involve a somewhat deeper analysis. This will include diagraming the argument and
determining the line of reasoning for each argument and sub argument. Determining if they are
inductive/deductive and the
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Argumentative Essay On Climate Change
Climate change can be traced down to since the mid–1800s, when the industrial revolution first
started taking place all around the world. Lives of human and animal species have been negatively
affected since then, with events such as natural disasters, the melting of ice in polar regions, and
change in weather and living conditions. Climate change in polar regions, in particular, has faced
the most damage compared to any other region because of its location in regard to the sun. Climate
change holds many different views and opinions about the effects, and even the existence itself, but
evidence is clear and unmistakable in global ramifications and local impact in polar regions.
"...Climate change [is] the 'greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people'", skeptics like
Senator Inhofe of Oklahoma like to say. Climate change is change in climate patterns due to an
increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases produced by certain human activity.
According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, data taken by satellite has shown that the
Arctic cover has decreased by 30% over the past 30 years, and this change, which also include
change in sea ice and permafrost, in artic weather and climate is caused by humans. Although
numerous scientists have confirmed the legitimacy of climate change, there are different views on
whether climate change is real or not. Government officials like Senator Jim Inhofe of Oklahoma or
Senator Marco Rubio of Florida have explicitly stated that they do not believe climate change is
neither real, nor caused by humans (Tom McCarthy, 2014). On the other hand, mainstream media
and other media outlets, such as The Independent and The Economist, have reported their findings
of climate change and its legitimacy. The Independent (Conner, S. 2011) reported that records of
these changes were taken by military submarines, land measurements, and satellite data to prove ice
in polar regions are melting faster and faster. Satellites have tracked sea ice since the 1970s and by
nuclear submarines since the Cold War,
according to Peter Wadhams of Cambridge University and it was predicted that by September
2015, there would be no more sea ice. (Conner, S. 2011). Luckily, sea ice has not
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Writer's Statement
Thesis Statement: Climate change is natural; however, advances of human society such as
deforestation, industrialization, and the burning of fossil fuels, have increased the rate at which the
climate is changing.
My three major sources stood out when writing my research paper on climate change. My main
source was Louis Bergeron's, "The World Can be Powered by Alternative Energy, Using Today's
Technology, in 20–40 Years, Says Stanford Researcher Mark Z. Jacobson." In this article, Bergeron
describes an energy researcher's plan to power the world with renewables within the next few
decades. My second source was Marc Lallanilla's, "Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Causes and
Sources." In this article, Lallanilla talked about the
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Sample Argumentative Essay
Skills vs. Knowledge in Education
Jonan Donaldson
Introduction
Main Idea One: The Other Side – Learning Information is needed for tests a) Tests are the best way
to compare students b) Tests measure if you understand something c) Not all students can have the
same skills, but all can have the same knowledge
Main Idea Two: My Side 1– Education is about understanding a) Knowledge is limited, but
imagination encircles the world (creativity) b) Knowledge is what other people think about
something, but understanding is what you think. c) Everybody sees, hears, feels, and thinks
differently, so each person will have a different understanding of the same thing.
Main Idea Three:...show more content...
If a person knows many facts, it is impressive, but not very useful. It is of much greater importance
to be able to find information quickly, organize that information, analyze and understand the main
ideas, put different pieces of information together (synthesize), and create new information. Together
these skills make what we call information management and innovation, the skills which are most
desired in the business world. Most people in the world believe that education is about remembering
things to take tests which measure one's performance against other people who have studied the
same information. However, this idea no longer matches the reality of the modern world in which
knowledge is less important than creativity and deep understanding. To be successful in the age of
technology, education must focus on helping students gain information management and innovation
skills.
Sources Cited
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. New York,
NY: Basic Books.
Needle, Andrew, et al. (2007). Combining art and science in 'arts and sciences' education. College
Teaching
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Argumentative Essay About Family
When I hear the word family, I think of people who are are blood related, the people you live
with, and the people you see all the time. They provide for you and embarrass you. People are also
family, even if they aren't blood related, but are there for you no matter what and they mean
everything to you. Family is always by your side when you need them. People hear family and
think about parents, I hear family and think about my parents, aunts, cousins, friends, and my karate
family. They are all so important to me and I don't know what I would do without them. On the
other hand, Romeo and Juliet displayed family in an interesting way. When Juliet said she didn't
want to marry Paris, her mother said she would disown her if she didn't do...show more content...
Loyalty is sticking with the people who have hurt you or lost your trust. It's having someone's back
even though they might've stabbed you in yours. When you have loyalty, you don't leave someone
just because they said something mean about you or you heard something from someone else. They
might have hurt you, or you might've gotten into an argument, but at the end of the day you will
always be best friends. When you have loyalty is doesn't matter what they said or what they did, you
love them anyway. Similarly, how Romeo and Juliet get married behind their parents' backs. Also,
how when Romeo thought that Juliet was dead, he went and got a poison and killed himself.
Another example is when Tybalt kept his loyalty to the Capulet family by killing Mercutio.
When I hear the word trust I think of friends. You have to have a lot of trust in your friends and
they need to be able to trust you. I have a huge amount of trust in my best friend, I tell her
everything. There are some people who say that you can trust them, but then it turns out that you
can't and they've told everyone your secret. I think that trust is confiding in a person or people that
you know if you say, "don't tell anyone," they won't tell anyone. For instance, in Romeo and Juliet,
Friar Laurence kept Romeo and Juliet's trust by not telling anyone about their marriage. I think that
Romeo and Juliet trusted each other enough
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Argumentative Essay On Arranged Marriage
People don't really know how to choose a long term partner" says Dr. Alvin Cooper (Razdan,
2014, p. 525), this statement comes from an essay titled "What's Love Got to Do with It?" by
Anjula Razdan. In the essay, Razdan invites the reader to consider arranged marriages and the
benefits that one could bring. In the beginning, she expresses her negative opinion on arranged
marriages but then goes on to provide the reader with different facts and statements from
professionals about why arranged marriages are a good thing. After considering the information
that was provided in the essay, like Razdan first stated, I also don't agree with arranged marriages.
Love should be the reason why people get married, not because their parents forced them to marry
someone or because they want social/economical gain. I was raised with the belief that I would
find my true love and when I found that person, he and I would get married because of love.
One of my biggest problems with arranged marriages is that they take away your sense of
freedom. Typically, in arranged marriages your lifelong partner is chosen by a family member and
most of the time, people don't even know the person they are getting married to. In the essay,
Razdan talks about her parents and how their relationship started. She says that her parent's
relationship was decided "over tea and samosas by their grandfathers" (Razdan, 2014, p.524) Then
she goes on to say that her parents "still barely knew each other on their wedding day – and they
certainly hadn't fallen in love" (Razdan, 2014, p.524) Unlike their experience and others who are
involved in an arranged marriage, when I get married I want to marry someone that I love and
know. I want to have a say in who I am going to spend the rest of my life with. Even Razdan
agrees, in her essay she says "The act of choosing whom to love represents the very essence of
freedom. To take away that choice seems like an attack not just on my autonomy as a person, but on
democracy itself." (Razdan, 2014, p.524).
The second reason for why I disagree with arranged marriages is because you're basically marrying
a stranger. Your partner is chosen by your family and most of the time, the couples don't even know
one another. How
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Example Of An Argument Analysis
Prompt: "Can an argument really be any text that expresses a point of view? What kinds of
arguments–if any–might be made by... a Tesla Model S electric car...the health warnings on a
package of cigarettes"– Page 6 An argument can be anything from a Tesla to the health warnings on
a package of cigarettes. An argument is any text that expresses a point of view, since it's a point
of view there is no right or wrong. Anything we wear, say or hear reflects something about
yourself, whether you know it does, or not. While driving a Tesla, you're telling the people around
you several things; the price of the car tells them that you're willing to spend at least $70,000 on a
car. The message of driving an electric car is that you are conscious...show more content...
The health warning could be a warning by the FDA, against cigarettes. This is a more literal
example, because the warning states reasoning behind why someone shouldn't smoke cigarettes.
However, the cigarette companies can have a counterargument, by how they display this health
warning. If it is small and in the corner, they may be implying that this information isn't important, or
irrelevant. Also the verbal warning in commercials could be a counterargument to the argument of
the health warning. Some may see the health warning as a way to show those around them that they
don't care about the risks, and are dangerous. When a cigarette company states these warnings
quietly this could mean they do not think the listener need to know this, or they do not want the
user to hear the message. The FDA could fight back, by creating laws about how large this label has
to be, or at which speed this message must be read at. Recently in India, it has been the law for
cigarette packages to display an image that covers 85% of their packaging. (Ananthanarayanan,
"Cigarette Health Warnings: Size Matters.") In a counter argument, cigarette companies have
stopped production, to protest this
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Argument Essay Example University
As higher education is becoming more and more expensive for students to attend college, it is
making it harder for students of different backgrounds, especially low–income and middle–income
families, to hold a degree beyond a high school level. Many colleges are not taking the initiative to
take care of these students and are preventing these individuals from growing and climbing the
socioeconomic ladder. Thus, it is imperative for a university to create opportunities for students of all
backgrounds to have a chance of gaining a college degree because there are many benefits to
furthering their education. At Example University, we will be the ones creating change towards our
current state of education.
Located at the heart of Philadelphia, Example University is a place where students will reach their
fullest potential and a place where we will fulfill their desires to learn and...show more content...
Students have hundreds of undergraduate degrees that they can explore from. Through each
program, they will become experts in the fields they wish to pursue. In addition, students have
hundreds of clubs and organizations that they can join to make connections because as a university,
we see the importance of creating well–rounded students. In addition, we seek to educate our
students by providing them a foundation of broad disciplinaries and enforcing practices that will
help them succeed in school and in the workforce. Furthermore, we pride ourselves on turning our
students into future leaders for their communities and for the nation as a whole. We believe that our
job is to foster the growth of each individual student and to help students constantly learn each and
every day while accounting for their own unique lives and goals. Thus, our ultimate mission is to
allow our students to reach their fullest potential as soon as they enter our
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Constructing An Argument Sample
Constructing an Argument Use the template and filled out example below to guide your work.
Guiding Question: (copy down the guiding question from your Investigational Design sheet)
Claim: (answer the question in a sentence that explains yes or no with your group's ranking of the
substances) Evidence: (provide the data you collected for your substances and then your
ranking)Justification: (explain why you ranked them that way and what that means for the relative
strength of electrical forces in each substance) Example: Guiding Question: What type of metal
are objects A, B, and C? Claim: Object A and B are tin, and Object C is lead. Evidence: The density
of objects A and B is 7.44 g/cm3 which is close to the density
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Example Of Knowledge Argument
INTRODUCTION OF THE THESIS According to Currie (2015), philosophy is the activity of
searching for a reflective understanding of ourselves and also to know about the natural and social
worlds we live in. As we know, philosophy is also related to the phrase thinking about thinking. We
can get to know what is actually happening in this world and we also will solve some of the
confusions that we face in life. Knowledge is the fact and information of knowing something that
through some experiences. In addition, argument is the process of arguing or disagreeing about a
statement that has discussed. For example, we might argue about the statement that we have the
opposite view from the others so we start to make up some proves to solve this matter. In this
assignment, we will discuss about the knowledge argument. From a thesis that we have read, we
could identify its position stated by Frank Jackson.
Knowledge argument stands against physicalism which is proposed by Frank Jackson. Physicalism or
materialism is distinguished with phenomenal consciousness of experiences that depicts mind is
subjective and implies physicality.
Frank Jackson believes that the physical truth seen is not always the whole truth. There is also
phenomenal truths learnt through the things we see where...show more content...
Broad and Thomas Nagel. Thomas Nagel's "What is it Like to be a Bat?" has appeared in recent
writing, which brings the meaning of human need to understand how bats use the sonar system to
determine its direction (Alter, n.d.). I believe that those bats will never understand why they need to
use sonar for movement. So, why as a human we ought to understand it? Although every living
things are created by nature, which is abstract. Nagel (1974) said that we know everything there is
to know 'from an objective perspective' about the bats' sonar system but there also has something that
we do not know 'what it is like' with it (Rumelin,
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Sample Argument Essays

  • 1. Examples Of Valid Arguments 1.A valid argument is an argument which has a conclusion that follows its premises. The premises can be true or false. When one or both premises are false it is possible that the argument seems completely valid, but it has false conclusion. An example for a valid argument which has a false premise is: Permise1: If dog can fly. Permise2: Terrier is a kind of dog Conclusion: terrier can fly (Here the argument is valid, but the first premise is false, and makes the argument unsound. A valid argument can have true premises which lead to a true conclusion as well. For example: Permise1: Human needs water to stay alive. Permise2: John is human. Conclusion: John needs water to stay alive. This kind of argument is valid and sound because it has...show more content... Aristotle argues that practice virtues, and learning from virtuous people enable us to flourish. To become a good person, we must practice virtuous acts regularly. Gradually, these acts become our habits. Good habits and moral virtues are the principle to have a good and happy life. Virtuous people train us how to be more virtuous. Aristotle explains that if we want to achieve moral excellence, we need to practice the virtues. Moreover, we need virtues friends, and a moral exemplar to imitate them to improve our virtues. As we develop our moral behavior, we gradually will find more happiness in our lives. Although Aristotle admits that health, success, and money play an important role to make a person happy, he argues that the virtues are the most important factors that determine one is truly happy or not. So, just thinking of virtues is not Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 2. What Makes An Effective Argument Ineffective? 1.The basic parts of an effective argument are a stated clearly defined issue, makes a claim, and offers support for that claim. Sometimes an argument may also recognize opposing viewpoints and incorporate them into the argument 2.What makes an argument ineffective is when using emotional appeals to distract a reader from a lack of evidence. Also the use of faulty reasoning, and inaccurate facts. 3.An issue is a problem, controversy, or an idea that people can have different viewpoints about. The term claim is a point in which a writer is trying to prove. This is typically the writer's viewpoint on the issue. A refutation is recognizing and auguring against opposing viewpoints. 4.A claim of value focuses on an opinion or judgment about Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 3. Example Of An Argument ii) What is an argument? Elaborate with examples. In everyday life, people use argument to connote a squabble between people. But in critical thinking and logic, an argument is a list of statements, which consist of two or more premises or assumptions and a conclusion of the argument. To accord an argument is to provide a set of premises as reasons for giving credence to the conclusion and not necessarily to attack or criticise someone. Arguments can also be a tool to underpin other people's opinions. Here is an example of an argument: If you want to find a good job, you should study smart You do want a good job So, you should study smart. The first two sentences are the premises of the argument and the final sentence is the conclusion. To ...show more content... Therefore, the patient does not have malaria. Referring back to the criteria that has to be fulfilling to produce a valid argument, the given example obeys the criteria with a true premise which leads to a true conclusion. This is how a valid argument is identified. For valid arguments, the addition of extra premises will not change the conclusion. A valid conclusion is deduced from a set of premises can never be changed by the addition of new premises. b)Invalid arguments If an argument is invalid, then it is possible for a false conclusion even though all the premises are true. It is logically possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. Here is an example of an invalid argument: All actors are robots Johny Dep is a robot. Therefore, Johny Dep is an actor. Now, if these premises are true, it does not follow that Johny Dep is an actor. It would follow if we mention that only actors are robots in the premises, but it does not say that. We can assume that anyone in the acting ccupation is a robot, but robots might be doing different jobs besides acting. So, the fact that Johny Dep is a robot does not guarantee that he is also an Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 4. The Argument Of Food Waste When we think of food waste we tend to assume that because food can decompose we are not harming the environment. This is absolutely incorrect; there are different resources that are utilized to make the food taste up to par and stay fresh up until being displayed on the shelves and beyond. All the food we do not consume they have to be dumped somewhere and that will be in the landfills we create. When there is food decomposed in landfills "[it] hastens the building of new ones, with their environmental concerns. In short, we're burying more pockets of potential pollution, with storm overflow and leachate leakage major concerns" (Bloom, p. 10). We are polluting our air with the amount of food we throw away causing the landfills to no longer be an open space but a concealed zip log bag that contains the food we no longer wanted. The amount of food waste that can be recycled is the bare minimum to none. Have you ever drove on through an area and began to smell rotten eggs? Well, that is all because of these landfills we enjoy creating to hold our unwanted food. We can prevent the amount of food we waste and landfills created if the awareness of food waste stays relevant....show more content... Before we know it we will be covered in food that have not been consumed over the years. There are plenty of ways to decrease our waste of food. We need to only take what we can eat and stop overindulging; this helps les food to be thrown away and can create left overs that will give you another meal whenever you become hungry or the next day. Think before you decide to take or buy more than you can eat because there are people in this world who are less fortunate and cannot predict when their next meal is. Continue to make awareness because we need to put a stop to the food chain madness before it takes over Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 5. Argumentative Essay On Memorials Memorializing events in the history of the world for any purpose has it's positives as well as the negatives. Ranging from a memorial of a popular United States president from a loved one of a family, memorials have generally served as a purpose of remembrance from the past of said event. The purpose of the memorial is usually associated with a positive, uplifting feeling towards the deceased individual or past event. While this is more or less simply defining what memorials are for, what is the meaning behind them? What purpose do they serve besides the simplicity that they are? Important messages from a few varied sources will give a differing viewpoint on memorials from one to another. The first thought of memorials is the simple, generic...show more content... Memorials are meant to be striking in the sense that you will notice said memorial and donate some attention to it. The views of these see this attention capturing as exceedingly high for some purposes. Some memorials are outstanding in their craftsmanship and aesthetics. This makes people wonder what could be lurking inside the memorial, or what is near that memorial. What we've got here is a formula, striking looks of the monument is almost guaranteed to attract some form of attention. According to Source G, the analogy of tainting the planet with specific memorials are ridiculous, "I imagined taking a knife and cutting into the earth, opening it up, an initial violence and pain that in time would heal. The grass would grow back, but the initial cut would remain a pure flat surface in the earth with a polished, mirrored surface, much like the surface on a geode when you cut it and polish the edge. The need for the names to be on the memorial would become the memorial; there was no need to embellish the design further. The people and their names would allow everyone to respond and remember. The ideals of such nonsensical placements of the memorials are just irritable at the Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 6. Argumentative Essay On Poverty Thousands of individuals are living in poverty. Why is it that this worldwide dilemma is still rising in rapid numbers till this day? Is it because of a lack of authoritative power, or a lack of one's self control to do good? Despite the unknown cause, it has managed to drastically affect the lives of many. Poverty is like a curse, one that is wrongfully placed, difficult to get out of, and resistant to many forms of help. The pinpoint cause of poverty is challenging to find. People who live well off and are above the poverty line may be quick to assume that laziness, addiction, and the typical stereotypes are the causes of poverty. Barbara Ehrenreich, a well known writer on social issues, brings attention to the stereotypical ideology at her time, that "poverty was caused, not by low wages or a lack of jobs, but by bad attitudes and faulty lifestyles" (17). Ehrenreich is emphasizing the fact that statements like the one listed, often influence readers to paint inaccurate mental pictures of poverty that continue to shine light on the ideology of stereotypes being the pinpoint cause to poverty. However, there are many other causes that are often overshadowed, leaving some individuals to believe that poverty was wrongfully placed upon them. Examples would include: high rates of unemployment, low paying jobs, race, and health complications. Which are all out of one's ability to control. There is no control over a lack of jobs and high rates of unemployment, nor the amount of inadequate wages the working poor receive. Greg Kaufmann, an advisor for the Economic Hardship Reporting Project and The Half in Ten campaign, complicates matters further when he writes, "Jobs in the U.S. [were] paying less than $34,000 a year: 50 percent. Jobs in the U.S. [were] paying below the poverty line for a family of four, less than $23,000 annually: 25 percent" (33). Acknowledging Kaufmann's fact, the amount received for a family of four is fairly close to the yearly salary of a high school graduate, which means, receiving that kind of pay for one man may seem challenging, now imagine caring for the needs of four individuals. To make matters worse, certain families receive that amount of money and carry the burden of paying for Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 7. Example Of An Argument Analysis Samuel, I think you have a strong argument overall. I understand where you are coming from when you are saying that you believe that the judiciary should leave it up to Congress and the President to determine the policies and procedures. I think that this argument is well supported by Scalia's assertion in his dissent. He states that" the Court [breaks] a chain of precedent as old as the common law that prohibits judicial inquiry into detentions of aliens abroad absent statutory authorization" (page 227). Furthermore, while I see that taking away a person's right to habeas corpus who are not US Citizen's might be against the Framers intent, I would have to agree with more of the dissenters' opinions for the outcome of Boumediene v. Busch. Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 8. Argumentative Essay On Organ Donation The medical industry had been achieving more in the stage of medical advancements, though they are still in the early phase. Artificial organs have been one of those achievements. Although they have achieved such, artificial organs are not perfect. Most doctors as well as patients would prefer to replace a dying organ with a compatible human organ, rather than with an artificial or animal organ. Yet due to a there being less organs donated than recipients, artificial and animal organs are becoming more common in transplants. Most of this issue is because people are unaware of how organ donation works, the organs that can be donated, how many people are in need, and the advancements that have happened in the field. Organ donation saves hundreds of lives every year, but many lives are recklessly lost due to a shortage of organ donors. Organ donation is the medical process of voluntarily giving one or more of your organs to someone in need, whether it be someone you know or a stranger. It is strictly voluntary, no payment for the organ/s will be given from the hospital, the recipient or the recipients family. In organ donation, there are two types of donations, living organ donation and deceased organ donation. Living organ donation is when the donor is still alive and voluntarily chooses to donate one or more of their organs to a recipient(s) in need. Whereas, deceased organ donation happens after the donor has passed away, and consent was given to be able to donate their organs. In living organ donation, before a donor can donate there are tests administrated to see if the donor is suitable to donate. There is an evaluation of the donor done to make sure that no physical, psychological, or emotional harm will happen to them before, during, or after donating (Organdonor.gov U.S. Government Information on Organ Donation and Transplantation). In living organ donation, most donations happen within family members, or between close friends, although there are stranger donations that happen. Living organ donors should generally be physically fit, in good health, and between the ages of 18 to 60. They should not have a history or have diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure, kidney disease, or heart disease Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 9. Argumentative Essay On Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is a topic within the public media that has existed for decades, but is now a concern due to the reality of human advancement and innovation in the field of science and technology. Many people believe that computers will become self–aware or sentient and view humanity as a disposable resource and gain supremacy. Reasoning that research on the technology should halt and not become more advance. Whereas others believe they will help catapult research and the economy forward, supporting the operations and innovations the technology offers. The complicated and divided solutions to the debate aren't obvious, but there are more benefits to improving artificial intelligence than there is stopping it. Therefore, the negative effects people believe will occur can be resolved. There are different types of artificial intelligence that many institutes and companies believe in. However, they all share the same belief of a self–aware, conscious, human–like, computer system, the type of AI people fear. Disregarding that an AI is a computer much like a phone or laptop, one must consider that if something is sentient like a person or animal, should they be treated like one? And if not, is it discrimination or racism when it is treated like an item? Slavery treated people based on race or social status differently, the bottom being slaves. Some might argue that machines don't have a "soul" or aren't alive. There are hundreds of questions and ideas that have no clear Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 10. Argument Reflection Paper Thank you for reaching out to me about this. I am ecstatic to hear that you enjoyed your time at the camp, and that you are attempting to apply what you learned there in everyday life. First off, there is no need to beat yourself up about not understanding how to analyze everyday arguments. The types of arguments we use on a daily basis rarely follow the patterns that we taught you classify them by, so it is understandable that you might get confused when trying to analyze them. That being said, understanding how to deal with these arguments would be a very useful thing to know, so I am going to try my best to help you strengthen the three main skills of critical thinking. Which, of course, you know to be analyzing an argument, evaluating the premises for relevance, and evaluating the premises for truth. I am going to go step by step through an example of an everyday argument, which I have attached to this email, so that I can hopefully help you with your problem. We are going to first start with an analysis of the argument. Just to make it a little easier to understand, I am going to split this analysis into two parts. This first part is simple going to involve a surface analysis of the argument. We will determine the issue, conclusion, and premises. The second part will involve a somewhat deeper analysis. This will include diagraming the argument and determining the line of reasoning for each argument and sub argument. Determining if they are inductive/deductive and the Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 11. Argumentative Essay On Climate Change Climate change can be traced down to since the mid–1800s, when the industrial revolution first started taking place all around the world. Lives of human and animal species have been negatively affected since then, with events such as natural disasters, the melting of ice in polar regions, and change in weather and living conditions. Climate change in polar regions, in particular, has faced the most damage compared to any other region because of its location in regard to the sun. Climate change holds many different views and opinions about the effects, and even the existence itself, but evidence is clear and unmistakable in global ramifications and local impact in polar regions. "...Climate change [is] the 'greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people'", skeptics like Senator Inhofe of Oklahoma like to say. Climate change is change in climate patterns due to an increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases produced by certain human activity. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, data taken by satellite has shown that the Arctic cover has decreased by 30% over the past 30 years, and this change, which also include change in sea ice and permafrost, in artic weather and climate is caused by humans. Although numerous scientists have confirmed the legitimacy of climate change, there are different views on whether climate change is real or not. Government officials like Senator Jim Inhofe of Oklahoma or Senator Marco Rubio of Florida have explicitly stated that they do not believe climate change is neither real, nor caused by humans (Tom McCarthy, 2014). On the other hand, mainstream media and other media outlets, such as The Independent and The Economist, have reported their findings of climate change and its legitimacy. The Independent (Conner, S. 2011) reported that records of these changes were taken by military submarines, land measurements, and satellite data to prove ice in polar regions are melting faster and faster. Satellites have tracked sea ice since the 1970s and by nuclear submarines since the Cold War, according to Peter Wadhams of Cambridge University and it was predicted that by September 2015, there would be no more sea ice. (Conner, S. 2011). Luckily, sea ice has not Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 12. Writer's Statement Thesis Statement: Climate change is natural; however, advances of human society such as deforestation, industrialization, and the burning of fossil fuels, have increased the rate at which the climate is changing. My three major sources stood out when writing my research paper on climate change. My main source was Louis Bergeron's, "The World Can be Powered by Alternative Energy, Using Today's Technology, in 20–40 Years, Says Stanford Researcher Mark Z. Jacobson." In this article, Bergeron describes an energy researcher's plan to power the world with renewables within the next few decades. My second source was Marc Lallanilla's, "Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Causes and Sources." In this article, Lallanilla talked about the Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 13. Sample Argumentative Essay Skills vs. Knowledge in Education Jonan Donaldson Introduction Main Idea One: The Other Side – Learning Information is needed for tests a) Tests are the best way to compare students b) Tests measure if you understand something c) Not all students can have the same skills, but all can have the same knowledge Main Idea Two: My Side 1– Education is about understanding a) Knowledge is limited, but imagination encircles the world (creativity) b) Knowledge is what other people think about something, but understanding is what you think. c) Everybody sees, hears, feels, and thinks differently, so each person will have a different understanding of the same thing. Main Idea Three:...show more content... If a person knows many facts, it is impressive, but not very useful. It is of much greater importance to be able to find information quickly, organize that information, analyze and understand the main ideas, put different pieces of information together (synthesize), and create new information. Together these skills make what we call information management and innovation, the skills which are most desired in the business world. Most people in the world believe that education is about remembering things to take tests which measure one's performance against other people who have studied the same information. However, this idea no longer matches the reality of the modern world in which knowledge is less important than creativity and deep understanding. To be successful in the age of technology, education must focus on helping students gain information management and innovation skills. Sources Cited Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. New York, NY: Basic Books. Needle, Andrew, et al. (2007). Combining art and science in 'arts and sciences' education. College Teaching Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 14. Argumentative Essay About Family When I hear the word family, I think of people who are are blood related, the people you live with, and the people you see all the time. They provide for you and embarrass you. People are also family, even if they aren't blood related, but are there for you no matter what and they mean everything to you. Family is always by your side when you need them. People hear family and think about parents, I hear family and think about my parents, aunts, cousins, friends, and my karate family. They are all so important to me and I don't know what I would do without them. On the other hand, Romeo and Juliet displayed family in an interesting way. When Juliet said she didn't want to marry Paris, her mother said she would disown her if she didn't do...show more content... Loyalty is sticking with the people who have hurt you or lost your trust. It's having someone's back even though they might've stabbed you in yours. When you have loyalty, you don't leave someone just because they said something mean about you or you heard something from someone else. They might have hurt you, or you might've gotten into an argument, but at the end of the day you will always be best friends. When you have loyalty is doesn't matter what they said or what they did, you love them anyway. Similarly, how Romeo and Juliet get married behind their parents' backs. Also, how when Romeo thought that Juliet was dead, he went and got a poison and killed himself. Another example is when Tybalt kept his loyalty to the Capulet family by killing Mercutio. When I hear the word trust I think of friends. You have to have a lot of trust in your friends and they need to be able to trust you. I have a huge amount of trust in my best friend, I tell her everything. There are some people who say that you can trust them, but then it turns out that you can't and they've told everyone your secret. I think that trust is confiding in a person or people that you know if you say, "don't tell anyone," they won't tell anyone. For instance, in Romeo and Juliet, Friar Laurence kept Romeo and Juliet's trust by not telling anyone about their marriage. I think that Romeo and Juliet trusted each other enough Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 15. Argumentative Essay On Arranged Marriage People don't really know how to choose a long term partner" says Dr. Alvin Cooper (Razdan, 2014, p. 525), this statement comes from an essay titled "What's Love Got to Do with It?" by Anjula Razdan. In the essay, Razdan invites the reader to consider arranged marriages and the benefits that one could bring. In the beginning, she expresses her negative opinion on arranged marriages but then goes on to provide the reader with different facts and statements from professionals about why arranged marriages are a good thing. After considering the information that was provided in the essay, like Razdan first stated, I also don't agree with arranged marriages. Love should be the reason why people get married, not because their parents forced them to marry someone or because they want social/economical gain. I was raised with the belief that I would find my true love and when I found that person, he and I would get married because of love. One of my biggest problems with arranged marriages is that they take away your sense of freedom. Typically, in arranged marriages your lifelong partner is chosen by a family member and most of the time, people don't even know the person they are getting married to. In the essay, Razdan talks about her parents and how their relationship started. She says that her parent's relationship was decided "over tea and samosas by their grandfathers" (Razdan, 2014, p.524) Then she goes on to say that her parents "still barely knew each other on their wedding day – and they certainly hadn't fallen in love" (Razdan, 2014, p.524) Unlike their experience and others who are involved in an arranged marriage, when I get married I want to marry someone that I love and know. I want to have a say in who I am going to spend the rest of my life with. Even Razdan agrees, in her essay she says "The act of choosing whom to love represents the very essence of freedom. To take away that choice seems like an attack not just on my autonomy as a person, but on democracy itself." (Razdan, 2014, p.524). The second reason for why I disagree with arranged marriages is because you're basically marrying a stranger. Your partner is chosen by your family and most of the time, the couples don't even know one another. How Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 16. Example Of An Argument Analysis Prompt: "Can an argument really be any text that expresses a point of view? What kinds of arguments–if any–might be made by... a Tesla Model S electric car...the health warnings on a package of cigarettes"– Page 6 An argument can be anything from a Tesla to the health warnings on a package of cigarettes. An argument is any text that expresses a point of view, since it's a point of view there is no right or wrong. Anything we wear, say or hear reflects something about yourself, whether you know it does, or not. While driving a Tesla, you're telling the people around you several things; the price of the car tells them that you're willing to spend at least $70,000 on a car. The message of driving an electric car is that you are conscious...show more content... The health warning could be a warning by the FDA, against cigarettes. This is a more literal example, because the warning states reasoning behind why someone shouldn't smoke cigarettes. However, the cigarette companies can have a counterargument, by how they display this health warning. If it is small and in the corner, they may be implying that this information isn't important, or irrelevant. Also the verbal warning in commercials could be a counterargument to the argument of the health warning. Some may see the health warning as a way to show those around them that they don't care about the risks, and are dangerous. When a cigarette company states these warnings quietly this could mean they do not think the listener need to know this, or they do not want the user to hear the message. The FDA could fight back, by creating laws about how large this label has to be, or at which speed this message must be read at. Recently in India, it has been the law for cigarette packages to display an image that covers 85% of their packaging. (Ananthanarayanan, "Cigarette Health Warnings: Size Matters.") In a counter argument, cigarette companies have stopped production, to protest this Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 17. Argument Essay Example University As higher education is becoming more and more expensive for students to attend college, it is making it harder for students of different backgrounds, especially low–income and middle–income families, to hold a degree beyond a high school level. Many colleges are not taking the initiative to take care of these students and are preventing these individuals from growing and climbing the socioeconomic ladder. Thus, it is imperative for a university to create opportunities for students of all backgrounds to have a chance of gaining a college degree because there are many benefits to furthering their education. At Example University, we will be the ones creating change towards our current state of education. Located at the heart of Philadelphia, Example University is a place where students will reach their fullest potential and a place where we will fulfill their desires to learn and...show more content... Students have hundreds of undergraduate degrees that they can explore from. Through each program, they will become experts in the fields they wish to pursue. In addition, students have hundreds of clubs and organizations that they can join to make connections because as a university, we see the importance of creating well–rounded students. In addition, we seek to educate our students by providing them a foundation of broad disciplinaries and enforcing practices that will help them succeed in school and in the workforce. Furthermore, we pride ourselves on turning our students into future leaders for their communities and for the nation as a whole. We believe that our job is to foster the growth of each individual student and to help students constantly learn each and every day while accounting for their own unique lives and goals. Thus, our ultimate mission is to allow our students to reach their fullest potential as soon as they enter our Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 18. Constructing An Argument Sample Constructing an Argument Use the template and filled out example below to guide your work. Guiding Question: (copy down the guiding question from your Investigational Design sheet) Claim: (answer the question in a sentence that explains yes or no with your group's ranking of the substances) Evidence: (provide the data you collected for your substances and then your ranking)Justification: (explain why you ranked them that way and what that means for the relative strength of electrical forces in each substance) Example: Guiding Question: What type of metal are objects A, B, and C? Claim: Object A and B are tin, and Object C is lead. Evidence: The density of objects A and B is 7.44 g/cm3 which is close to the density Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 19. Example Of Knowledge Argument INTRODUCTION OF THE THESIS According to Currie (2015), philosophy is the activity of searching for a reflective understanding of ourselves and also to know about the natural and social worlds we live in. As we know, philosophy is also related to the phrase thinking about thinking. We can get to know what is actually happening in this world and we also will solve some of the confusions that we face in life. Knowledge is the fact and information of knowing something that through some experiences. In addition, argument is the process of arguing or disagreeing about a statement that has discussed. For example, we might argue about the statement that we have the opposite view from the others so we start to make up some proves to solve this matter. In this assignment, we will discuss about the knowledge argument. From a thesis that we have read, we could identify its position stated by Frank Jackson. Knowledge argument stands against physicalism which is proposed by Frank Jackson. Physicalism or materialism is distinguished with phenomenal consciousness of experiences that depicts mind is subjective and implies physicality. Frank Jackson believes that the physical truth seen is not always the whole truth. There is also phenomenal truths learnt through the things we see where...show more content... Broad and Thomas Nagel. Thomas Nagel's "What is it Like to be a Bat?" has appeared in recent writing, which brings the meaning of human need to understand how bats use the sonar system to determine its direction (Alter, n.d.). I believe that those bats will never understand why they need to use sonar for movement. So, why as a human we ought to understand it? Although every living things are created by nature, which is abstract. Nagel (1974) said that we know everything there is to know 'from an objective perspective' about the bats' sonar system but there also has something that we do not know 'what it is like' with it (Rumelin, Get more content on HelpWriting.net