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ConstantinoUrcuyo
Reflexionessobre
Institucionalidad
yGobernabilidad
Democrática
Unavisióndesdeel
contextocentroamericano
Reflexiones sobre Institucionalidad
y Gobernabilidad Democrática
Una visión desde el contexto centroamericano
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FLACSO
Secretaría General
Flacso Secretaría General
Francisco Rojas Aravena 
Secretario General
Juany Guzmán León 
Coordinadora Académica Regional
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Coordinadora de Cooperación Internacional
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Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad
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Reflexiones sobre institucionalidad_y_gobernabilidad

  • 3. Flacso Secretaría General Francisco Rojas Aravena  Secretario General Juany Guzmán León  Coordinadora Académica Regional ."$/0/(12%3&##(4"*56# Coordinadora de Cooperación Internacional !"#"$%&'"()(&*+"),'(-./0%&'12%313 4)5&*"+'1*%2%313)6"7&0+8-01 9'1):%(%;')3"(3")"2)0&'."$.&)0"'.+&17"+%01'& !"#$%&#'#"()*+,-" Diseño, diagramación y producción: !"#$%"&'()*+,-,.)/*0121 2010, FLACSO, 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r Urcuyo, Constantino !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%#&'()#*!*(+,#!')*-'-./'()0%'101!2!3(+#,)0+'%'101 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1#4/,5-'/0!6!.)0!7'*'8)!1#*1#!#%!/()-#&-(!9#)-,(04:,'; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!/0)(!<!9()*-0)-')(!=,/.2(>!;;?@!#1>;;!A0)!B(*:C !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!9>">!6!DEF9AGC!HI?I> !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!JI!K>!L!HM!&!H?!/4> !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!NAOP!QMR;QQMM;JR;H?M;S !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?>!N)*-'-./'()0%'101>!H>!T#4(/,0/'0!U!F4:,'/0!9#)-,0%> !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!V>!W(+#,)0+'%'101!U!F4:,'/0!9#)-,0%>!XY-.%(
  • 4. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !"#$%&'#$()*+,&-#$'./)-01,&-#$.2$)0'.3#'#$()0$*#2$&32,&,4-&)3.25$$"#$-)/43&'#'$()*+,&-#$.2$43#$ -)36&740#-&83$ '.$ &32,&,4-&)3.2$ )07#3&9#'#2$ :4.$ '.6&3.$ .*$ /#0-)$ '.3,0)$ '.*$ -4#*$ )-400.3$ *#$ 7);.03#39#$ <$ *#$ .*#;)0#-&83$ '.$ *#2$ ()*+,&-#2$ (=;*&-#25$ >3#$ &32,&,4-&83$ .2$ 43$ -)3?43,)$ 0.*#,&%#/.3,.$ .2,#;*.$ '.$ 0.7*#2$ <$ (01-,&-#2$ #*)?#'#2$ .3$ .2,04-,40#2$ '.$ 0.-402)2$ :4.$ @#-.3$ ()2&;*.$ *#$ #--&83$ )07#3&9#,&%#A$ 6&3#3-&.0)B#'/&3&2,0#,&%#A$ <$ .2,04-,40#2$ '.$ 2&73&6&-#')$ :4.$ .C(*&-#3$<$?42,&6&-#3$.*$-)/()0,#/&.3,)A$0)*.2A$&'.3,&'#'.2$<$(.0,.3.3-&#2A$(0)(82&,)2$-)/43.2$ <$ -0..3-&#2$ )-#2&)3#*.2$ <$ 3)0/#,&%#25$ "#2$ &32,&,4-&)3.2$ 2)3$ #00.7*)2$ )07#3&9#-&)3#*.2$ :4.$ %&3-4*#3$ 0)*.2$ .$ &'.3,&'#'.2$ %.02&)3.2$ '.$ 2&,4#-&)3.2A$ 0.-402)2$ <$ 0.7*#2$ <$ (01-,&-#2$ (0.2-0&(,&%#25$ D**#2$ -0.#3$ #-,)0.2$ <$ .2(#-&)2$ '.$ .3-4.3,0)$ <$ )07#3&9#3$ *#2$ 0.*#-&)3.2$ .$ &3,.0#--&)3.2$.3,0.$#-,)0.2A$74+#3$.*$-)/()0,#/&.3,)$<$.2,#;&*&9#3$*#2$.C(.-,#,&%#25E$$ $ F"#$%&'!(#)*+!,!-!./+*0'!(1&#0!23!G@.$")7&-$)6$H((0)(0&#,.3.223!405!!"#$%&'()*$+,-*.((/$ ('$0(12324,1!542#-4#3!.671$8!90:;*$+:<=!2$*++3!>*?!@1$A'!BCCD3E*/!+FG$#=#81!*+!8*/!#F<1$H! !
  • 5.
  • 6. 3"4"5,67"$*$68#"*97$'.:&,67)/,;);*<*=68"#7)8,/,;);*+">6&#?'&) Una visión desde el contexto centroamericano 5 Presentación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`(*!')*-'-./'()0%#*!*()!/%07#*! #)!#%!1#*0,,(%%(!1#!/.0%.'#,!#4K,#*0!/(%#/-'70> "#/()(/#4(*!%0*!3,0)1#*!/(4K%#]'101#*!1#!%0!/()*-,.//'8)!')*-'-./'()0%C!0*Y!/(4(!1#!-(10!0*K',0/'8)! K(,! #%! [(,-0%#/'4'#)-(! 1#! #%%0*>! =)0! -0,#0! K#,40)#)-#! #)! F4:,'/0! %0-')0! #*! %0! /()*(%'10/'8)C! 4#](,04'#)-(!2!#%!1#*0,,(%%(!1#!%0!')*-'-./'()0%'101!,#[#,'10*!0!%0!3(+#,)0)_0!#)!%0!,#3'8)!2!1#!/010! .)(*!1#!%(*!*'*-#40*!1#4(/,5-'/(*!1#!*.*!K0Y*#*>!!9()*'1#,04(*!.#!%(*!0)5%'*'*!2!K,(K(*'/'()#*! .#!#%!a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`(%0!1#!9((K#,0/'8)!N)-#,)0/'()0%! K0,0!#%!T#*0,,(%%(!bFZ9NTc!1.,0)-#!#%!K#,Y(1(!HIIQ!0%!HI??>!!Z*-#!^0!*'1(!.)!K,(2#/-(!.#C!#)-,#!(-,(*! (+]#-'7(*C!*#!K,(K.*(!070)_0,!#)!%0!3#)#,0/'8)!1#!/()(/'4'#)-(!*(+,#!%0!/()7'7#)/'0!1#4(/,5-'/0!2! %0*!70,'0+%#*!.#!%0!/()*-,.2#)!2!1#[')#)>!!Z)!K0,-'/.%0,C!#*-#!%'+,(!/()*-'-.2#!.)!0K(,-#!*.*-0)-'7(! #)!#*-0!1',#//'8)C!2!DEF9AG!%(!K()#!0!%0!/()*'1#,0/'8)!)(!*(%04#)-#!1#!0/01:4'/(*!2!#*-.1'(*(*!1#! %0!K(%Y-'/0!2!%0*!*(/'#101#*!%0-')(04#,'/0)0*C!*')(!-04+':)!1#!.'#)#*!-(40)!1#/'*'()#*!Kd+%'/0*!2! -'#)#)!%0*!,#*K()*0+'%'101#*!1#!')/'1#)/'0!!2!1#!(,'#)-0/'8)!1#!%0*!,.-0*!!)0/'()0%#*!2!,#3'()0%#*!1#%! 1#*0,,(%%(!#)!F4:,'/0!E0-')0>! Z%!T,>!9()*-0)-')(!=,/.2(!0)0%'_0!04K%'04#)-#!#)!#%!K,#*#)-#!-#&-(!%0*!.#!^0!%%0401(!*.*!e"#[%#&'()#*! *(+,#!N)*-'-./'()0%'101!2!W(+#,)0+'%'101!T#4(/,5-'/0f>!!F%!,#*K#/-(C!10!/.#)-0!1#!0*.)-(*!/%07#!-0%#*! /(4(6!%(*!1'*-')-(*!#)[(.#*!K0,0!#%!0)5%'*'*!1#!%0*!')*-'-./'()#*!2!*.!,#%0/'8)!/()!%0!3(+#,)0)_0L!%(*! 1'*#`(*!')*-'-./'()0%#*!2!%(*!K,(/#*(*!1#!#70%.0/'8)L!%0!)(,40-'70L!%0!%#3'-'4'101!1#!%0*!')*-'-./'()#*L! %(*!%Y4'-#*!#)-,#!,#K,#*#)-0/'8)!2!K(K.%'*4(L!%0!'4K(,-0)/'0!1#!*'-.0,)(*!#)!.)0!K#,*K#/-'70!.#! ,(4K#![,()-#,0*!2!-(40!#)!/.#)-0!%(*!K,(/#*(*!1#!3%(+0%'_0/'8)>!!D')0%4#)-#C!,#/.K#,0C!K(,!0/-(,#*!(! #]#*!1#!1#+0-#!%0!1'*/.*'8)!*(+,#!%0!.#!1#)(4')0!%0!e^'*-(,'_0/'8)!1#!%0!K(%Y-'/0!2!*.!,#%0/'8)!/()!%(! K(%Y-'/(f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
  • 7. FLACS2 6 E0*! '1#0*C! 0)5%'*'*C! *.3#,#)/'0*! 2! K,(K(*'/'()#*! 1#! #*-#! %'+,(! [.#,()! 1#+0-'1(*! #)! -0%%#,#*! 2! *#4')0,'(*!.#!+.*/0,()!K,([.)1'_0,!#)!%(*!'4K0/-(*!#)!1'7#,*(*!0/-(,#*!*(/'0%#*!2!*(+,#!/84(! #*-(*!*#!,#%0/'()0)!/()!%0!')*-'-./'()0%'101>!Z)!.)0!*#3.)10!*#//'8)!*#!,#/(3#)!%0*!,#[%#&'()#*!1#!%0! T,0!B.0)2!W._40)C!#)!,#%0/'8)!/()!4',010*!*(+,#!#*-(*!0/-(,#*>! E#!#&K,#*04(*!).#*-,(!,#/()(/'4'#)-(!0%!T,>!=,/.2(!2!).#*-,0!3,0-'-.1!0!%0!FZ9NT!.#!^0!0K(201(! #%! 1#*0,,(%%(! 1#%! a,(3,040! "#3'()0%! 1#! W(+#,)0+'%'101! 2! 9()7'7#)/'0! T#4(/,5-'/0! #)! F4:,'/0! E0-')0>!Z*-#!%'+,(!#*!.)(!1#!*.*!,#*.%-01(*C!0!%(*!.#!*#!.)#)!#*-.1'(*!1#!(K')'8)C!0)5%'*'*!1#!0/-(,#*! 2!-#)1#)/'0*C!2!4#4(,0)1(*!1#!K(%Y-'/0>!!F!-(1(*!#%%(*C!#)!*.!7#,*'8)!/(4K%#-0C!*#!K.#1#!0//#1#,!7Y0! g#+6!ggg>/()7'7#)/'01#4(/,0-'/0>(,3!(!#)!ggg>[%0/*(>(,3! D,0)/'*/(!"(]0*!F,07#)0! A#/,#-0,'(!W#)#,0% DEF9AG
  • 8. Índice N>! N)-,(1.//'8)..................................................................................................................................................................9 NN>! E(!N1#0%.........................................................................................................................................................................?H NNN>! E0*!')*-'-./'()#*6!1'7#,*(*!#)[(.#*...............................................................................................................11 0>! N)*-'-./'()0%'*4(!^'*-8,'/(..................................................................................................................................13 ! +>! N)*-'-./'()0%'*-0*!A(/'(%83'/(*...............................................................................................................14 ! />! "0-'()0%!9^('/# .............................................................................................................................................14 Nh>! N)*-'-./'()#*!2!W(+#,)0)_0.................................................................................................................................15 ! 0>! T#$')'/'8) ........................................................................................................................................................15 ! +>! Z*-01(*!D0%%'1(*............................................................................................................................................16 ! />! T#4(/,0/'0C!0.-(,'101!#!')/%.*'8).......................................................................................................16 h>! =)0!,#%0/'8)!/(4K%#]0!40,/010!K(,!%0!%83'/0!1#4(/,5-'/0 ...................................................................17 hN>! T'*#`(*!2!#70%.0/'8)...............................................................................................................................................18 ! 0>! T'*#`(*!2!#70%.0/'8) ..................................................................................................................................18 ! +>! EY4'-#*..............................................................................................................................................................19 hNN>! "#*K0%1(!2!E#3'-'4'101.........................................................................................................................................HI hNNN>! P(,40-'7'101!2!T'*/,'4')0/'8)!#)!F4:,'/0!E0-')0..................................................................................HI Ni>! 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  • 9. FLACS2 8 ihNNN>! Z)[(.#!0/#,-01( .....................................................................................................................................................VH iNi>! n'*-(,'_0/'8)!1#!%0!K(%Y-'/0!2!*.!,#%0/'8)!/()!%(!K(%Y-'/(.........................................................................34 ii>! E0!1'4#)*'8)!K,([.)10!1#!%(*!/()$%'/-(*.......................................................................................................37 iiN>! E0!3(+#,)0+'%'101!)(!#*!.)!4#,(!K,(+%#40!-:/)'/(.................................................................................38 iiNN>! N)*-'-./'()0%'101C!W(+#,)0+'%'101!2!K.#+%(*!')1Y3#)0*..........................................................................39 ! 0>! a0,-'1(*!Z&'-(*(*..........................................................................................................................................39 ! +>! N))(70/'()#*..................................................................................................................................................SI iiNNN>! j.]#,#*!2!B87#)#*.....................................................................................................................................................41 iiNh>! "#K,#*#)-0/'8)C!a0,-'/'K0/'8)!2!T#%'+#,0/'8).............................................................................................SH ! 0>! h#)-0]0*............................................................................................................................................................SH ! +>! N)/()7#)'#)-#*..............................................................................................................................................44 iih>! E0*!/()*#/.#)/'0*!K(%Y-'/0*!1#!%(*!1'7#,*(*!4(1#%(*!/()*-'-./'()0%#*............................................44 iihN>! 9()/%.*'()#* ..............................................................................................................................................................47 ! P(-0*!K0,0!#%!1#+0-#!*(+,#!3(+#,)0)_0!#!')*-'-./'()0%'101!1#4(/,5-'/0.......................................53 ! B.0)2!W._45)!E#8)
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  • 14. 3"4"5,67"$*$68#"*97$'.:&,67)/,;);*<*=68"#7)8,/,;);*+">6&#?'&) Una visión desde el contexto centroamericano 13 6667 B,=$2-=323842(-#=D$*2E#)=(=$#-'(F8#=$ 2$*;:1! #! G$:08#$! F0#! 8*7:0:%:Q0! 8*! :0+<:<F%:Q0! *+! 0*%*+#$:1! *6I/:%:<#$! XF*! */! *071XF*! :0+<:<F%:10#/:+<#! :)I/:%#! ;#$:#+! #I$16:)#%:10*+g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g! i^#+*5! ! j#//'! 2*<*$! T! =! h#=/1$'! k1+*)#$=3! ! M)*&,&-#*$ N-&.3-.$ #3'$ ,@.$ G@0..$ O.P$ L32,&,4,&)3#*&2/23!! 21/:<:%#/!S<F8:*+!ERDDeH'!l[Ki'!DYemDa`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i^#+*5!(*++1I'!n1G3!!G@.$N,#,.$#3'$N,#,.$Q4&*'&373!!h&*!.671$8!j#08G11A!17!21/:<:%#/!K0+<:<F<:10+3!.I! %:<3!IIRRYmRYC! RR!2*$+10'!2#F/3!!!"#$%&'(")*+%,-$"'.*/&,0*1%2%"3%"#%.*&"3*,0%*4,-35*67*/689,('7$$T)*$:%#0!21/:<:%#/! S%:*0%*!k*;:*?3!!i1/3!Dd3!>3B3!(F0*!BCCC3!
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  • 16. 3"4"5,67"$*$68#"*97$'.:&,67)/,;);*<*=68"#7)8,/,;);*+">6&#?'&) Una visión desde el contexto centroamericano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a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a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n/108*/'! (*#03! ! :;6-,* ("',(,-,(6"'.* <&("85.* ;-,* "6,* %=#8-'(>%85.*268(,(#&8?!!405!%&'()*$+,-*.((/$0(12324,1$6-=323832(-=7$$.671$8!90:;*$+:<=!2$*++3!>*?! @1$A'!BCCD3!
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  • 20. 3"4"5,67"$*$68#"*97$'.:&,67)/,;);*<*=68"#7)8,/,;);*+">6&#?'&) Una visión desde el contexto centroamericano 19 71$)#/*+!I#$#!*//1'!%1)1!/#+!*/*%%:10*+'!*!:071$)#/*+'!%1)1!+10!/#+!*0%F*+<#+!8*!1I:0:Q0'! #)G1+! +F):0:+<$#0! #/NF01+! :08:%:1+! I#$#! %1)I#$#$! */! $*+I#/81! 8*+8*! F0#! I*$+I*%<:;#! I1+:<:;#3! W1/1)*$!+*U#/#!#/!$*+I*%<1Bd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q*;#/F#$q! 8:%*'! *0! #/NF0#! )*8:8#'! q%10<#G:/:P#$q! =! XF:*0! 8:%*! q%10<#G:/:P#$q! 8:%*'! I1$! 8*7:0:%:Q0'! $*8F%:$! #/! +*$! &F)#01! =! #! /1+! I$1%*+1+! +1%:#/*+! #! +F! 8:)*0+:Q0!%F#0<:7:%#G/*3! >1! +*! 0:*N#! *+<#! 8:)*0+:Q0'! <#0! +1/1! +*! +1+<:*0*! XF*! &#=! XF*! <*0*$! I$*+*0<*! XF*! /#! *;#/F#%:Q0! XF*! %10<#G:/:P#! 01! IF*8*! 8#$! %F*0<#! 8*! /#+! %10+*%F*0%:#+! 01! XF*$:8#+! 8*! /#! #%%:Q0!=!8*!/#!+:0NF/#$:8#8!8*!/1+!I$1%*+1+!&:+<Q$:%1+3!oWFM/!*+!*/!I#$M)*<$1!:0#/<*$#G/*!8*! /*N:<:):8#8!XF*!+*!IF*8*!#I/:%#$!#!%10<*6<1+!&:+<Q$:%1+!8:7*$*0<*+pBa!oWQ)1!:8*0<:7:%#$/1p! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! IF*8*!%#*$!*0!*/!I1IF/:+)1!=!/#!#0<:I1/V<:%#'!1G+<M%F/1+!I#$#!/#!71$)F/#%:Q0!I1+:<:;#!8*!F0!)F081! %1)O03! Bd!W1/1)*$'!(1+*I3!S)/(#0#,&%.$S)32,&,4,&)32!3!!40K$k3T3r!k&18*+3'!n:08*$'!S#$#&'!k1%A)#0'!n*$<!T3!! !"#$%&'()*$+,-*.((/$('$0(12324,1$6-=323832(-=7$$.671$8!90:;*$+:<=!2$*++3!!>*?!@1$A'!BCCD3!I3!BYC3! Ba! >1! $*%&#P#)1+! /#! :8*#! 8*! /#! *6:+<*0%:#! 8*! %:*$<1+! F0:;*$+#/*+! XF*! IF*8#0! +*$! %1)I#$<:81+! *0! %10<*6<1+!%:;:/:P#%:10#/*+!+:):/#$*+3![#!*;1/F%:Q0!8*!/#!&F)#0:8#8!&#!I$18F%:81!#/NF01+!IF0<1+!8*! %10+*0+1! #6:1/QN:%1'! %1)1! +10! /1+! L*$*%&1+! jF)#01+'! #F0XF*! *6:+<*! %10<$1;*$+:#! +1G$*! /#! $*/#<:;:8#8!%F/<F$#/!8*!#/NF01!8*!*//1+3!
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  • 24. 3"4"5,67"$*$68#"*97$'.:&,67)/,;);*<*=68"#7)8,/,;);*+">6&#?'&) Una visión desde el contexto centroamericano 23 o21$! XF^! /#! N*0<*! 01! +*! +:*0<*! $*I$*+*0<#8#! I1$! /#+! *+<$F%<F$#+! I1/V<:%#+p! o21$! XF^! /1+! +:+<*)#+! 8*! I#$<:81+! %1/#I+#0p! o21$! XF^! *)*$N*0! 71$)#+! #/<*$0#<:;#+! #! /#! 81):0#%:Q0! I1/V<:%#!<$#8:%:10#/p! 4/!I$1G/*)#!8*!/#!$*I$*+*0<#%:Q0!IF*8*!/:N#$+*!#/!8^7:%:<!8*!/1N$1+!I1$!I#$<*!8*!/1+!+:+<*)#+! I1/V<:%1+!/#<:01#)*$:%#01+YB3!4/!8^7:%:<!*0!*/!<*$$*01!8*!/#!:NF#/8#8!8:+):0F=*!/#!/*N:<:):8#8! 8*! *J*$%:%:1'! I*$1! <#)G:^0! &#=! XF*! +*U#/#$! */*)*0<1+! 8*! V081/*! *+<$F%<F$#/5! /#! :0+#/;#G/*! +*I#$#%:Q0!*0<$*!*/!+:N01!=!/#!%1+#'!*0<$*!*/!IF*G/1!)V<:%1!=!*/!IF*G/1!$*#/3! 4+! F0! I$1G/*)#! 8*! N1G*$0#G:/:8#8! 8*)1%$M<:%#! IF*+! /#! /*N:<:):8#8! 8*! *J*$%:%:1! *0<$#! *0! %$:+:+! #F0XF*! /#! /*N:<:):8#8! 8*! 1$:N*0! +*#! :)I*%#G/*Z! :0+<:<F%:10*+! */*%<1$#/*+! 01! 8:+%$:):0#<1$:#+!*!:0%/F+:;#+!IF*8*0!I$18F%:$!8^7:%:<+!8*)1%$M<:%1+!8*$:;#81+!8*!/#!)#/#! N*+<:Q0!8*!+F+!$*I$*+*0<#0<*+3! 21$!1<$#!I#$<*'!/#!$*I$*+*0<#%:Q0!+:*)I$*!%10//*;#!81G/*!7#//#5!/#!I*$+10#!$*I$*+*0<#0<*!01! *+! :8^0<:%#! #! /#+! $*I$*+*0<#8#+! =! /#! $*I$*+*0<#%:Q0_! 8*/! IF*G/1m%:F8#8#0V#! +:*)I$*! +*! +*I#$#!8*!/#!$*#/:8#8!&*<*$1N^0*#!8*!*+<*3! ;5 S0&2&2$'.$0.(0.2.3,#-&83K$*#$6#**#$.2,04-,40#*$ ! 4+<#!/:):<#%:Q0!8*!/#!8*)1%$#%:#!$*I$*+*0<#<:;#!o+*U#/#!F0#!:0+F7:%:*0%:#!#G+1/F<#p'!o8*G*! //*;#$01+! #! 8*+%#$<#$! /#! 8*)1%$#%:#! $*I$*+*0<#<:;#! 1! #! #%*I<#$! +F+! /:):<#%:10*+p! [#! 01! %10%1$8#0%:#!*0<$*!/1!)V<:%1!=!/1!$*#/!IF*8*!//*;#$!#!#I1+<#$!I1$!F01!1!I1$!*/!1<$13! &5 D*$0.#*&2/)$ ! 40!*/!%#+1!8*!#8&*$:$+*!#!/#!1I%:Q0!$*#/:+<#'!/#!+#/:8#!/QN:%#!+:*)I$*!*+<M!//*0#!8*!7#/<#+'!IF*+! /#! #IF*+<#! I1$! /1! $*#/_! :)I/:%#! +:*)I$*! F0! JF:%:1! 8*! $*#/:8#8! 8*! F0! +FJ*<1! XF*! #/! I$10F0%:#$/#!+*!<$#0+71$)#!*0!*/!8*):F$N1!8*!*+<#'!*0!F0!+FJ*<1!%10+<$F%<1$!8*!$*#/:8#8!=! +F$N*!/#!I$*NF0<#!oXF:^0!*+!*+*!+FJ*<1!XF*!%10+<$F=*!#/!IF*G/1!$*#/p! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! YB! "#:0?#$:0N'! S%1<<Z! n*J#$#01'! T0#! "#$V#Z! #08! 2:P#$$1'! 48F#$813! ! !"#$ C)2=2=$ ('$ <#>(4),324$ Q#L)#=#-3,32(-$2-$3"#$@-*#=3!!S<#071$8!90:;*$+:<=!2$*++3!BCCe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a3!![1+! +FG$#=#81+!+10!8*/!#F<1$3$
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  • 26. 3"4"5,67"$*$68#"*97$'.:&,67)/,;);*<*=68"#7)8,/,;);*+">6&#?'&) Una visión desde el contexto centroamericano 25 ! S67 B,$E2=29-$3#4-(4)?324,$#=$2-=8'242#-3#$ ! 46I/:%#$!/1+!I$1G/*)#+!8*!N1G*$0#G:/:8#8!%1)1!F0!I$1G/*)#!8*!%#I#%:8#8*+!:0+F7:%:*0<*+!1! 01! 8*+#$$1//#8#+! 8*/! #I#$#<1! 8*! *+<#81Yd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a! [#+! :0+<:<F%:10*+! 01! IF*8*0! +*$! *0<*08:8#+! +:0! $*7*$*0%:#! #! /#! I$1G/*)M<:%#! 8*! /#+! #+:)*<$V#+!8*/!I18*$Ye3! [1+! %107/:%<1+! +1%:1I1/V<:%1+! 01! +10! )*$#+! /:):<#%:10*+! #! /#! %#I#%:8#8! :0+<:<F%:10#/! I#$#! I$1;**$! G:*0*+! I1/V<:%1+3! 21$! 1<$#! I#$<*! *+! 0*%*+#$:1! $*%101%*$! XF*! */! 4+<#81! =! /#+! :0+<:<F%:10*+!%#)G:#0!=!+*!8*+#$$1//#0!*0!*/!%10<*6<1!8*/!%107/:%<1!+1%:#/!=!8*!/#+!G$*%&#+! *+<$F%<F$#/*+3!KNF#/)*0<*!/#!;:+:Q0!XF*!&#%*!#G+<$#%%:Q0!8*/!%107/:%<1!<*$):0#!7#;1$*%:*081! :0<*$*+*+!*+I*%V7:%1+3! S667<#=*#$#1$U=3,*($ ! 4071%#$! N1G*$0#G:/:8#8b:0+<:<F%:10*+! =! %10;:;*0%:#! 8*+8*! /#! I*$+I*%<:;#! 8*/! 218*$! 8*! 4+<#81!E%1$$*/#%:Q0!8*!7F*$P#+!+1%:#/*+!=!I1/V<:%#+H!=!8*/!TI#$#<1!8*!4+<#81!EGF$1%$#%:#+'! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Yd!k*8F%%:10:+)1!8*/!)#0#N*)*0<_3! Ya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j#//'!2*<*$!=!h#=/1$'!k1+*)#$=!W3k3!!M)*&,&-#*$ N-&.3-.$#3'$,@.$,@0..$O.P$L32,&,4,&)3#*&2/23!!21/:<:%#/!S<F8:*+!ERDDeH'!l[Ki'!DYemDa`! Ye40!/#!*$#!I1+<!NF*$$#!7$V#!+*!&#!8*+#$$1//#81!F0#!/:<*$#<F$#!;1/F):01+#!I#$#!8*7:0:$!/1+!*+<#81+! 7#//:81+'! :8*0<:7:%#$! /#+! %#F+#+! =! I#$M)*<$1+! 8*! +F! 7*0Q)*01'! =! <$#<#$! 8*! *0%10<$#$! )#0*$#+! 8*! *07$*0<#$!/1+!I$1G/*)#+!#+1%:#81+!%10!/#!7$#N:/:8#8!=!/1+!7#//1+!8*!*+<#813!":*0<$#+!XF*!*6:+<*!F0#! %:*$<#!8:;*$+:8#8!<*Q$:%#!*0!*+<#!/:<*$#<F$#!t01<#G/*)*0<*!*0<$*!0*1/:G*$#/*+!:0+<:<F%:10#/:+<#+!=!0*1m ?*G*$:#01+! :0+<:<F%:10#/:+<#+m! */! 7#//1! *+<#<#/! *+! 8*7:0:81! %1)O0)*0<*! *0! <^$):01+! 8*! %#I#%:8#8! *+<#<#/3!L*+8*!XF*!/#!%#I#%:8#8!*+!%10%*G:8#!*0!<^$):01+!<^%0:%1+!=!1GJ*<:;1+_'!/#!0#<F$#/*P#!I1/V<:%#! 8*! /1+! I$1=*%<1+! 8*! %10+<$F%%:Q0! *+<#<#/! E=! $*%10+<$F%%:Q0H! <*$):0#! +:*081! ;*/#8#3! TF0XF*! *+<#! /:<*$#<F$#!#!;*%*+!$*%101%*!/#!*6:+<*0%:#!8*!/F%&#+!+1%:#/*+!=!I1/V<:%#+!8*!;#$:1+!<:I1+'!*+<1+!%107/:%<1+! +10! #G+<$#V81+! 8*! /#+! :0+<:<F%:10*+! I1/V<:%#+! =! +1%:#/*+3_! j#)*$*:'! S&#&#$3! V#&*.'$ N,#,.2$ )0$ #$ 6#&*.'$ (#0#'&7/Y! N,#,.$ -#(#-&,<$ #3'$ ,@.$"&/&,2$ )6$&32,&,4,&)3#*&2/3!!(1F$0#/!17!K0<*$0#<:10#/!k*/#<:10+!#08! L*;*/1I)*0<'!BCC`'!RC'!ERBBmRdDH3!
  • 27. FLACS2 26 1$N#0:P#%:10*+! *+<#<#/*+H! *+! F0! I$:)*$! I#+13! [1! #0<*$:1$! *+! /1! XF*! &*)1+! 8*7:0:81! %1)1! *071XF*!*+<$#<^N:%1!$*/#%:10#/3! ! T!+F!;*P'!*+<#!I*$+I*%<:;#!8*G*!+*$!*0$:XF*%:8#!%10!F0#!@&2,)0&9#-&83!8*/!8*+#$$1//1!*+<#<#/! *0! T)^$:%#! [#<:0#3! 40! %#8#! +:<F#%:Q0! 0#%:10#/! %#G*! I/#0<*#$+*5! oL*+8*! %FM081! 8#<#! */! *+<#81! 8*)1%$M<:%1'! +:! *+<*! *6:+<:Q! #/NF0#! ;*Pp! osF^! I#+#! *0! /#+! +:<F#%:10*+! *0! XF*! /1+! *+<#81+! &#0! %1/#I+#81! ;#$:#+! ;*%*+! *0! I$1%*+1+! 0#%:10#/*+! *+I*%V7:%1+p! o@! XF^! +F%*8*! %F#081!/1+!*+<#81+!#%<F#/*+!+10!71$)#+!%10<:0F#8#+!8*!/#!81):0#%:Q0!%1/10:#/p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oj#=!%10+1/:8#%:10*+!8*)1%$M<:%#+!*6:<1+#+p'!o%Q)1!/#+!8*7:0:)1+p! ! >1!I$*<*08*)1+!%10!/1!#0<*$:1$!#81I<#$!F0#!;:+:Q0!*+<#<1m%*0<$:+<#!8*!/#!N1G*$0#G:/:8#8!1! 8*! /#+! :0+<:<F%:10*+! I1/V<:%#+3! S*! %10+:8*$#! #XFV! XF*! */! *+<#81! 7F0%:10#! =! *6:+<*! %1)1! %10+*%F*0%:#! 8*! I$M%<:%#+! %10<:0N*0<*+Y`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`!i^#+*!(*++1I3!n1G3!!.I!%:<'!IMN!RBC!
  • 28. 3"4"5,67"$*$68#"*97$'.:&,67)/,;);*<*=68"#7)8,/,;);*+">6&#?'&) Una visión desde el contexto centroamericano 27 4/!#0M/:+:+!8*!0F*;#+!#/:#0P#+!*0<$*!/1+!*+<#81+!8*!/#!$*N:Q0!/#<:01#)*$:%#0#!=!8*!/#!$*#%%:Q0! 01$<*#)*$:%#0#!7$*0<*!#!*+<#+!*+!:)I1$<#0<*!I#$#!/#!*6I/:%#%:Q0!8*!/#!N1G*$0#0P#!$*N:10#/3! ! 40!T)^$:%#![#<:0#'!/#!<$#0+71$)#%:Q0!8*/!+:+<*)#!:0<*$0#%:10#/!XF*!I#+Q!8*!/#!G:I1/#$:8#8!#! /#!F0:I1/#$:8#8!=!XF*!&1=!8V#!+*!%#$#%<*$:P#!I1$!I$1%*+1+!8*!)F/<:I1/#$:P#%:Q0!&#!<*0:81!F0! :)I#%<1!+1G$*!/#+!8:0M):%#+!I1/V<:%#+!:0<*$0#+!=!+1G$*!/#+!$*/#%:10*+!*0<$*!*+<#81+3! ! [#!I$*+*0%:#!8*!F0#!i*0*PF*/#!%&#;:+<#'!I1IF/:+<#!$#8:%#/!1!%1)1!+*!/*!XF:*$#!//#)#$'!&#!+:81! I1+:G/*!I1$!/1+!I$1I:1+!I$1%*+1+!:0<*$01+!8*!*+*!I#V+!I*$1!<#)G:^0!I1$!*/!$*/#<:;1!#G#08101! 8*!/#!$*N:Q0!I1$!I#$<*!8*/!&*N*)Q0_!01$<*#)*$:%#013! ! ;5 U&%&2&83$ ! 4/! +FIF*+<1! 7:0! 1! 8*G:/:<#):*0<1! 8*! /#! L1%<$:0#! "10$1*Yg! &#! <*0:81! %10+*%F*0%:#+! :)I1$<#0<*+!*0!/#!%10+<$F%%:Q0!8*!/#!#/<*$0#<:;#!G1/:;#$:#0#'!I$:)*$1'!=!8*+IF^+!+1%:#/:+<#'! XF*!&#!:81!*8:7:%#081!jFN1!W&M;*P3! ! [#!*6:+<*0%:#!8*/!//#)#81!G/1XF*!I1IF/#$!8*!I18*$!$*N:10#/!En22kH!*0%#$0#81!*0!*/!T[nT! ET/<*$0#<:;#! n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n$#+:/H!=!/1+!XF*!#G:*$<#)*0<*!%$*#0!F0! )18*/1! 8*! $*/#%:10#):*0<1! :0<*$0#%:10#/! =! 8*! :0+<:<F%:10#/:8#8! I1/V<:%#! 8:7*$*0<*! #/! 8*! r#+&:0N<10!Ei*0*PF*/#'!>:%#$#NF#'!n1/:;:#'!4%F#81$H3! ! 4/!7#//:81!*6I*$:)*0<1!8*!I18*$!I1IF/#$!8*!u*/#=#!*0!j108F$#+!*+!F0!:08:%#81$!)F=!I$*%:+1! 8*! %Q)1! *+<#+! %107$10<#%:10*+'! *+<1+! %107/:%<1+! :0<*$*+<#<#/*+! *! :8*1/QN:%1+! #7*%<#0! /#! N1G*$0#G:/:8#8!8*!F0!I#V+3!T/!IF0<1!8*!%10JFN#$+*!%10!/1+!7#%<1$*+!I$1I:#)*0<*!:0<*$01+! I#$#!I$18F%:$!F0#!$FI<F$#!8*/!1$8*0!I1/V<:%1!=!I$1IF/+#$!8*!0F*;1!/#!:0<*$;*0%:Q0!):/:<#$! *0!/#!I1/V<:%#3! ! 4/! +1%:#/:+)1! 8*/! +:N/1! llK! =! /#! $*;1/F%:Q0! G1/:;#$:#0#! I*0*<$#0! I$17F08#)*0<*! *0! /#! 8:0M):%#!8*!%#8#!F01!8*!*//1+'!%$*#081!/*N:<:):8#8*+!0F*;#+!E$*7F08#%:Q0!8*!/1+!*+<#81+! 0#%:10#/*+!I1$!)*8:1!8*!%10+<:<F%:10*+!0F*;#+H!7F08#8#+!)F%&#+!8*!*//#+!*0!/#!#I*/#%:Q0!#! /#! 8*)1%$#%:#! 8:$*%<#! I1$! )*8:1! 8*! I/*G:+%:<1+! =! $*7*$^08F)+3! [#! #I#$:%:Q0! 8*! 0F*;#+! :0+<:<F%:10*+! I1/V<:%#+! E4+<#81! 2/F$:0#%:10#/! *0! n1/:;:#H! <#)G:^0! 01+! &#G/#! 8*! *+#! 0F*;#! /*N:<:):8#8!XF*!:0*;:<#G/*)*0<*!I/#0<*#!0F*;1+!$*<1+!*0!*/!<*$$*01!8*!/#!N1G*$0#G:/:8#83! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Yg! T)^$:%#! [#<:0#! <:*08*! #! 8*J#$! 8*! +*$! /#! P10#! 8*! %&#++*! N#$8^*_! 8*! /#! +FI*$I1<*0%:#! 01$<*#)*$:%#0#'! I1$! /1! )*01+! 8*/! 4%F#81$! &#%:#! */! SF$3! 4/! 8*+#$$1//1! #%*/*$#81! 8*! n$#+:/! *+! F0#! )F*+<$#!8*!*//13![#!I$*+*0%:#!8*!W&:0#!%$*#!!8F8#+!+1G$*!*/!I1+<F/#81!8*!"10$1*5!T)^$:%#!I#$#!/1+! #)*$:%#01+3!
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