An Urban Geography of Globalisation PART 2

AN URBAN
GEOGRAPHY OF
GLOBALISATION
UNDERSTANDING SPATIAL CHANGE IN THE
AGE OF HYPER-CONNECTIVITY
Roberto Rocco
Chair Spatial Planning & Strategy
Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)
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1Wednesday, 20April, 2011

PART 2:
How is
globalisation
impacting the
ground? An
illustration

Sao Paulo: a
divided global
city

http://www.youtube.com/
watch?
v=JXSTvjQTl1A&feature=
player_embeddeda

Sao Paulo

a
m
p
a
s
Bahia
Resistencia
Salta
San Miguel
De Tucuman
San Salvador
De Jujuy
Tarija
Campo
Grande
Concepcion
C. Oviedo
Durazno
Paysandu
Tacuarembo
Foz Do Iguacu
rgentina
Uruguay
Paraguay
> than
> than
> than
> than
São Pa
Belo Horizont
Rio de Jane
São Paulo
Curitiba
Buenos Aires
Montevideo
Florianopolis
Porto Alegre
Vitoria
Santos
Campinas
Joinville
Cordoba
Rosario
Santa Cruz
Asuncion

Pacific
Valdes
Penninsula
A m a z o n
B a s i n
esMountains
Mato Grosso
Plateau
A
n
des
Moun
t
a
i n
s
AtacamaDesert
ia
P
a
m
p
a
s
Macapa
Antofagasta
Arica
Concepcion
Iquique
Puerto Montt
Valparaiso
Cucuta
Mitu
Puno
Talara
Bahia
Blanca
Mendoza
Neuquen
Rawson
Resistencia
Salta
San Carlos
de Bariloche
San Miguel
De Tucuman
SanRafael
San Salvador
De Jujuy
Tarija
Aracaju
Boa Vista
Campo
Grande
Cuiaba
Imperatriz
Porto VelhoRio
Branco
Santarem
Tarauaca
Teresina
Valdivia
Pasto
Apoteri
Bluefields
Concepcion
C. Oviedo
Arequipa
Ayacucho
Cerro De Pasco
Cocama
Cuzco
Huanuco
Ica
Iquitos
Orellana
Sullana
Tacna
Durazno
Paysandu
Tacuarembo
Ciudad Bolivar
Maturin
Puerto
Ayacucho
San Cristobal
Foz Do Iguacu
Puerto
Cabezas
Barquisimeto
Brazil
Argentina
Uruguay
Paraguay
Bolivia
Peru
Chile
Ecuador
Colombia
Venezuela
Guiana
Suriname
French Guiana
> than 10 million inh.(megalopolis)
> than 5 million inh.(continental metropolis)
> than 3 million inh.(metropolis)
> than 1 million inh.(big city)
São Paulo > than 18 million inh.
Bogota
Medellin
Lima
Cali
Maracaibo
Caracas
Belem
Sao Luis Fortaleza
Recife
Salvador
Goiania
Belo Horizonte
Rio de Janeiro
São Paulo
Curitiba
Buenos Aires
Montevideo
Florianopolis
Porto Alegre
Manaus
Brasilia
Vitoria
Santos
Campinas
Natal
Maceio
Joinville
Cordoba
Rosario
Santiago
La Paz
Santa Cruz
Asuncion
Barranquilla
Quito
Guayaquil
Valencia
Callao

Buenos Aires
MontevideoSantiago
Lima
Porto Alegre
Sao Paulo
Rio
Salvador
Brasilia
Belo Horizonte
Curitiba
Cordoba
Asuncion

A Global Macrometropolis

Population (2010)
- Municipality
11.244.369
- Metro
19.672.582
Metropolitan Area: 8.051 km2
Urbanized Area: app.2.000 km2
Core Municipality: 1.500 km2

Different polycentricities

But which polycentricity are
we talking about?
Slide prepared by Renata Parente, MSC3 Spatial Planning & Strategy, TU Delft, 2009

São Paulo

Some basic starting points
• Brazil (and LA as a whole) has entered a new
demographic phase. Birth rates are lower, the
population is mostly urban (+80%).
• Many cities must face historically produced
problems, the result of decades of strong
demographic pressure, poor governance and
lack of effective planning strategies.
• Meanwhile, a new economic scenario
(globalisation?) is creating new urban form and
structures. Human activity is differently
distributed over the territory.
• Much of the continent is now democratic. This
makes an enormous difference on how cities are
planned and managed. The ‘right to the city’ has
become a central point of many governments
agendas.

The content of this
presentation in simple words
1. What IS São Paulo today
2. Historical origins and
growth process
3. Most relevant problems
today
4. How are ‘globalizing forces’
impacting the structures
and infrastructures of the
city

Utrecht
Rotterdam
Amsterdam
SPaulo
Santos
Campinas
0 10 20
Den Haag
0 10 20
Nordzee
S Atlantic
Area: 8.313 Km2 Area: 8.051 Km2
c. 2.000 urbanised
São Paulo ‘in comparison’ with the
Randstad
75km
50km

São Paulo ‘in comparison’ with
the Randstad
Randstad-Holland Sao Paulo Metropolitan

Possible contrast?

In 1494, with the seal of the Pope, Portugal and Spain
modestly divided the world amongst them. Most of South
and North America (then unknown) fell out of the
Portuguese share.
Why São Paulo is there?
The Tordesillas Treaty 1494

An Unimportant Colonial City
Sugarcane cycle
c.1530- 1640
Gold Cycle
c.1690- 1790
Coffee Cycle
1808-1929
Rubber cycle 1890-1945
Cacao cycle
c.1820-1920
In colonial times, S Paulo had very little importance.
First the sugar cane plantations in Pernambuco and then
the gold digging in Minas constituted the main colonial
activities, until the arrival of coffee plantations to the
South East part of the country.

An Unimportant Colonial City
Picture showing Benedictine Monastery
and Church and the Faculty of Law in
1860
1750:
Pop 20.000
In 1822, Brazil
got independent
from Portugal.
SP gained some
importance when
the Brazilian
Imperial court
chose to place a
Law Academy in
the city in 1827.

Eastern central area of the city in 1892 (Largo do
Bixiga). Market colonial forms.
An unimportant colonial city

1850:The Coffee Revolution
Sao Paulo Railway Station (1892) is built with
English investment.
1880:
Pop 31.000
The great coffee
plantations
commercialise their
products in the city.
The coffee economy
produces the
development of
urban activities,
because it demands
a complex
organisation of
ﬁnancing,
transport,
commerce and
export.

European Immigration
Workers at Textile Factory around 1910. The factory
belonged to Matarazzo family
The Black population is small in the city. Freed slaves
establish in peripheral areas (later districts of the city)
Slavery
abolished, it
was necessary
to have paid
labour force.
European and
Japanese
immigrants
come to the
city en masse.
1895
Pop 131.000
1900
Pop 239.820

European Immigration
The population of the city grows enormously:
1895: pop. 130.000 (54%of which were
foreigners).
1900: pop. 239.820 (growth of 84% in 5 years!)
Almost half of the population speaks
Italian. Others: Spanish and Portuguese.
1905: First Syrian and Lebanese (50.000
Lebanese until 1946)
1908: Fist Japanese (500.000 along the XX
century)
1920: Armenians, Jewish, Germans, Polish,
Russian
Pop in 1920: 579.000

New Urban Paradigms
Rua Direita. Central Core circa 1860.

New Urban Paradigms
The capital
generated by
coffee was (for
the ﬁrst time
in the history
of the country)
re-invested in
the country
itself. It meant
more and more
coffee
plantations but
also urban
transformation
.
L. Badaro street and
Dr Falcao st 1895 and 1915
c. 1895
In 1880 the
population was
31.000
1915
In 1920 the
population
was 579.000

New Urban Paradigms
The model for the
new architecture
was the French
eclectic style. Even
the simplest houses
tried to emulate its
forms. In the central
core, new services
are offered.
European
workforce provide
the basis for new
consumption and
architectural
patterns.

Industry and urban change
Workers in front of textiles factory c. 1900. Note the
large number of women and children (although the
picture does not let us know whether they were
employees of the factory or not.
Economic
progress brings
changes in
urban form,
structure and
economic bases.
Small industry
begins to appear
in order to tend
to the growing
agglomeration
necessities.

A new elite comes into view
Traditional Boarding School Des Oiseaux, c. 1900
Note Art Nouveau Style. The elite is composed by rich Portuguese
landowners and enriched Italian, German and Jewish families

A new elite comes into
view
1914 Opera House

The
construction
of a big opera
house is a sign
of the elite’s
search for a
more urban
and
sophisticated
life style.
Perhaps the
biggest sign of
change in
mentalities.

A new elite comes into view
Anhangabaú Valley in 1915, with Opera House and Hotel

The ‘European’ city
Anhangabaú Valley c. 1915

Central Cinema, c. 1916

Patriarca square c. 1925

Patriarca square in 1925.

Anhangabaú Valley, 1927

Anhangabaú Valley c. 1932

Central Business District
15 Novembro Street, c. 1915

Central Business District
15 de Novembro Street c. 1906

New urban facilities:
The Central Market
New City Market 1933 AE

New mentalities:
the urban man
In a country still
predominantly
agrarian, the surge
of a metropolis
represented the
appearance of a new
kind of mentality
and life style.
Sao Joao Avenue with Martinelli Building 1937
In 1940 the
pop reached
1.32 million

The urban man
Anhangabau Valley in 1929.

The urban man
Sao Jose Cinema in
1929

The urban man
Central Post Ofﬁce Ofﬁces in 1938

Urban Problems
Tramway at Cathedral Square in 1937

Wedding at Italian Family in 1940 (Bela Vista)
In the 40’s, the
city population
reaches its ﬁrst
million.
Thousands of
refugees arrive
from Eastern
Europe (Poland,
Ukraine), Germany
(Jews, but also
Germans) and
Italian.
After 1950,
European
immigration
decreases.
1940:
Pop 1.32
million
Immigration: 2nd WW

After WW II:
New Urban Paradigm
Anhangabau Valley in 1949
The new
prominence of
the USA in the
international
arena shifts
paradigms. New
urban models
come from the
North. The
belief in
“progress” and
the Fordist
model of
production asks
for new Urban
Form and
Structure.
Beginning of
massive internal
migration.

After WW II:
New migration trends & new urbanity
Sao Joao Avenue 1951
1950
Pop: 2.19 m

After WW II:
New migration trends & new urbanity
São João Avenue (Rua Líbero Badaró) 1952

Tram 55 and bus 74 in Casa Verde District, 1953
After WW II: New Urban Paradigm
The adoption
of more and
more buses
instead of
tramways
allows the
sprawling of
the city to
distant
peripheries.
Newly
arrived
migrants
establish
themselves
in those
peripheries.

After WW II:
New Urban Paradigm

After WW II:
New Urban Paradigm
Anhangabau Av Prestes Maia c1950

After WW II:
New Urban Paradigm
Anhangabau Valley and Tiradentes Ave c. 1948

After WW II:
New Urban Paradigm
São João Avenue, Down Town, 1960s

Immigration:
1960’s Major Internal Migrations
1960
Pop: 3.7 m
1970
Pop: 5.9 m
Sugarcane cycle
c.1530- 1640
Gold Cycle
c.1690- 1790
Coffee Cycle
1808-1929
Rubber cycle 1890-1945
Cacao cycle
c.1820-1920
Industrial Era

Migration from old colonized
areas in the North-East of Brazil
Curiously, there
are not many
images of
Nordeste
immigrants taken
at that time
available on the
internet. These
are artistic
representations
of immigration.
Left: Immigrant
family by Candido
Portinari.

Candido
Portinari

Population growth municipality SP

SP Urban Growth
Source: Meyer et al. 2004

Slums

In 1964, while a
social democrat was
president, a military
coup d’etat took
place. Elections
were abolished. The
mayor of the city
and all ﬁst echelon
staff would be
indicated by the
Brasilia.
Institutions were
shattered.
Planning the city
became a matter of
social control.
Military Rule
(1964-1986)

. Direct public investment in heavy
industry and infrastructure (State owned)
Unions are strong where industry is.
(Workers are weak where old colonial and
post colonial structures subsist)
1930- 1973:
Economical Growth
through import substitution policies
building up an internal market:

1973: The oil crisis
•Explosion of External Debt
(International Interest Rates
Rocket)
•Growth is based on increase of
debt + corruption + bad
management
•Inﬂation (directly linked to the
oil prices raises)
•Depression of commodity prices (in
Brazil: resulting in accentuation
of internal migrations)

1979: The Debt crisis
Growth comes to a sudden halt:
-25% industry
-20% employment
Fotos 1º de Maio de Luta. Praça da Sé.
Por x 01/05/2006 às 22:35 http://www.midiaindependente.org/pt/red/2006/05/352170.shtml

1980s: The “lost decade”
Loss of investment capacity
by the State
Recurrence to increasing
international DEBT
Hyper inﬂation
Chronic unemployment

70 and 80’s:
Bad Management Environmental Decay

70s and 80s:
Bad Management
Social polarization

70s and 80s:
Bad Management
Social polarisation
1970
Pop: 5.94 mi
1980
Pop: 8.49 mi

80s: congestion
The centre decadence

1986: DEMOCRACY is back!

Avenida Paulista: The new
centrality

Avenida
Paulista in the
beginning of
the 20th century
and now

Favelas are build on invaded land.
Shacks are built by each family
with improvised materials. The
State was absent from the space of
the ‘favela’.
With time, inhabitants conquered
rights. They start improving their
shacks and soon the houses are
built with bricks and are
connected (legally or illegally)
to electricity and water supply.
There is usually no sewage system.
There are special programmes of
empowerment for the inhabitants.
Some of them focus on the land
rights and other on the
infrastructure and services
available.

SLUMS

Human
Development
Compared
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.)')$)
=Q86)
=Q86)
=Q86)
B)=)Q/6)
B)=)Q/6)
I+//6)
$)+-676+/
85/'6)
5$)'
&=8)'6)
7()6=)':
F,',K+,=)
/)+:63)-)86)
+#-)6',
+#-)6',
+#-)6',
+#-)6',
H,-+
#)K)#(/7)'
45$6'6@)'3
-,H+8=6@
?(6')
/-63=)'#)
/-63=)'#)
7+-#,Q
8+=*)-6)
1#Q3(6*(V31RJ4J%
D,-Q3(6*(V31H)6'
3(6*(V3?K,@(3-,H+8=6@

Average income (2000)
Average household income (2000)
(in US$ in december 2000)
from 230 to 343 (relative poverty)
from 347 to 448 (low income)
from 452 to 616 (low middle income)
from 628 to 933 (middle-income)
Source: IBGE Census 2000,EMPLASA.
above 1096 (high-income)

Blacks more affected
by unemployment
% of unemployed persons
among blacks and whites
Source: Seade, 2003

90’s Emigration:
Centre looses
almost 20% of pop.
Causes:
1. Low birth rate
(national trend)
2. Deconcentration of
industrial
production
3. Disappointment with
lifestyle/housing/
economic
opportunities
4. Cost of life (plots
are cheaper in
outside
municipalities)
Population Growth per
District in the period1991-2000
Lost population
> 7.87%
Source:IBGE 1991 and 2000
Pop.1991: 9.646.185
Pop.2000:10.405.867
Growth: 7.87 %
Centre
Lost 19.73% of its inhabitants
Pari District lost 31.82%
< 7.87%
Centre
Anhanguera
Perus
Jaragua
S.
Domingos
Pirituba
Freguesia
do O
Brasilandia
Limao
Cachoei-
rinha
Mandaqui
Casa
Verde Santana
Tremembe
Tucuruvi
Jacana
Vila
Medeiros
Vila Maria
Vila
Guilherme
Cangaiba
Penha
Tatuape
Carrao
Belem
Mooca
Agua Rasa
Vila Matilde
Vila
Formosa
Ermelino
Matarazzo
Itaquera
Ponte Rasa
Artur
Alvim
Cidade Lider
Parque do
Carmo
Jose
Bonifacio
Cidade
Tiradentes
Guaianases
Lajeado
Vila Curuca
Itaim Paulista
Jardim
Helena
Sao
Miguel
Vila Jacui
Iguatemi
Sao Rafael
Sao MateusSapopopembaemba
Aricanduva
Sao LucasVila
Prudente
Ipiranga
Sacoma
Cursino
Jabaquara
Cidade
Ademar
Pedreira
Cidade Dutra
Grajau
Socorro
Campo
Grande
Santo Amaro
Parelheiros
Marsilac
Jardim Angela
Jardim
Sao Luis
Capao
Redondo
Campo Limpo
Vila Andrade
Vila Sonia
MorumbiRaposo Tavares
Rio Pequeno
Butanta
Jaguare
Vila
Leopoldina
Lapa
Jaguare
Alto de
Pinheiros
Itaim
Bibi
Moema
Campo
Belo
Saude
Vila
Mariana
Jardim
Paulista
Pinheiros
Perdizes
Barra Funda
Consolacao
Santa
Cecilia
Bela
Vista
Liberdade
Cambuci
Bras
Pari
Bom
Retiro
Se
Repu-
blica
0 20km
N

Area
covered by
irregular
occupations
is 338,8 km2,
or 22,5% of
the total
area of the
municipality
(1500 km2)
Irregular land occupation
The Clandestine City
Population:c.10.5million(estimated2000)
Population Percentage
Illegal or unregulated
land occupation
c.338 sq.km (22,5%)
Population living in sub-standard dwellings
(favelas,slums,tenement houses):c.1.8 million (2000)
17% of total population (source:Amaral & Pereira,2003)
0 20km
N
ast
South-West
Centre
North-West North
South-East
East 1
East 2
South

Low vulnerability
Middle vulnerability
Very high vulnerability
% of the wealth of the
poorest 50% in relation
to the richest 50%
No serious vulnerability
High vulnerability
Parks, green areas, dams
and inhabited places
Social Vulnerability Scale

Empirical Research

GaWC 100 List of Global
Enterprises

100 largest APS
operating in Brazil

Main Areas for for ofﬁce
development in Sao Paulo (2005)

Old Centre (1554-1955)

Derelict buildings

Modernist heritage

The Centre moves:
Avenida
Paulista (1955-1990)

Avenida Paulista

The centre moves again:
Avenida Faria Lima (1985-2005)

The centre moves again:
Marginal Pinheiros (1990-...)

Marginal pinheiros

Social contrast

Location of Insurance and
banks major ﬁrms

major ﬁrms that invested
more in ICT (2007)

50 largest advertising ﬁrms
Source: IBOPE, 2007

Largest ﬁrms all sectors

Origin of ﬁrms per region

Investment
and land
value
increase

Large Urban Projects
Agua Branca OP
Espraiadas OP
Centro OP
Faria Lima OP

Total Area: 450 hectars (4,500,000 m2.)
Cost: US$ 150 million (1995)
US$ 120 mi for land expropriation, necessary to
cut through consolidated neighbourhoods
Urban Operation Faria Lima

Avenida Faria Lima

The New Corporate Axis

The New Corporate Axis does not have all functions typical to
central areas. Its form is linear, an axis along the Pinheiros River,
including some important transversal avenues. It concentrates
command functions of the highest level, but especially computing
and communication companies, as well as advertising.

New Corporate Axis

The ‘New City’New Corporate Axis

Old Centre
Revitalisation

Meanwhile in the Old Centre:
Central Area Revitalisation

Central Core
Revitalisation Revalorization
of patrimony
The map shows
the major
historical
monuments that
have suffered
some
intervention in
the last decade

1990s : Revitalization

Downtown Revitalisation

Luz Train Station

Pinacoteca

Sala Sao Paulo

Sala São Paulo

Conclusions

The industrial city

The post-industrial city

1. Generalisation of Technical Urban Networks
2. Suburbanisation
3. City core degradation/ inelasticity
4. Movement of firms towards new
developments located in non-central areas
close to ring roads in search for better
interconnectivity
Increasing Polycentricity

The Networked City

Open Urban Systems

New nodal organisations

Convergences
The location of the business
nodes over a main ring road,
ensuring easy access to
other business and
consumption , as well as
services in other areas of the
metropolis

Convergences
The close proximity of a large
airport, serving a large business
hinterland (North-Western
Europe in the Dutch case, the
vast Brazilian hinterland and part
of the MERCOSUR Economic
Community in the Brazilian case)

Convergences
The existence of a MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)
ensuring optimal digital
connectivity

Convergences
The interest of national pension
funds, who invested heavily in
real estate in the 1990’s

Convergences
The relevance of the local
government as a promoter of
large infrastructural works,
especially related to the road
and transportation systems

Convergences
The social composition of the
surrounding areas, where high
skilled workers dwell and
therefore can have easy access
to work

Convergences
The existence of facilities and
services related to an
international life style
(international schools, hotels
and luxury shops, for example)

Convergences
The movement towards a
better connection with the old
centralities (Amsterdam
Centrum and São Paulo Centro
and Avenida Paulista), ensuring
synergies with the traditional
business and cultural nodes

Trends
Easy access to other nodes in
various networks (the ring
factor)

Trends
Easy access to large
transportation nodes (the
airport factor)

Trends
Clear connection to old
centralities where consumer
services and producer services
are concentrated (the urban
‘buzz’)

Trends
Image is a crucial factor.
Corporate image is not only
associated to buildings, but to
the image created by modern,
daring and innovative urban
milieus.

Thanks for listening
Any questions?
r.c.rocco@tudelft.nl
Roberto Rocco
Chair of Urban Planning and Strategy, Department of Urbanism
Delft University of Technology TU Delft
October 2008

An Urban Geography of Globalisation PART 2

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