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ART
&
CULTURE
A) CULTURE
Greek classical culture was received in Al-Andalus and
from there it was spread to Europe.
Al-Andalus was a great cultural centre during the
Middle Ages in Europe (especially during the Caliphate
of Cordoba).
 Important scholars in Al-Andalus:
Ibn Hazm (historian, philosopher & poet)
Abulcasis (medicine)
Maslama al-Majriti (astronomer)
Poem by Ibn Hazm
He also wrote “The Ring of the Dove” (“El collar de la paloma” o “Tawq al-
hamāma”), a treatise on the art and practice of Arab love in Al-Andalus
(in English; in Spanish)
Medical encyclopedia of Abulcasis
Abulcasis is considered the “father” of modern surgery.
Eg: the 1st to use silk thread to sew up surgical cuts.
Page from a 1531 Latin translation
of “El Zahrawi's” treatise on
surgical and medical instruments
Other cultural achievement...
NUMBERS!!!
Our current numerical system is
an evolution of the one that the
Muslims brought to Europe!!!
Historian think that it was
invented in India, and the
Muslims spread it.
B) ART
 The Muslim Art developed in the Iberian Peninsula is known as
“ANDALUSÍ ART”.
 Most important periods & artistic achievements:
EMIRAL &
CALIPHAL ART
· Mosque of
Cordoba
· Palace of
Medina
Azahara
(Cordoba)
EARLY TAIFAS
· Aljafería
Palace
(Zaragoza)
· Alcazaba
(Málaga)
ALMOHAD
PERIOD
· Giralda
(Sevilla)
· Torre del Oro
(Sevilla)
NASRID ART
· Alhambra
(Granada)
 Its construction began in 785 under Abderraman I.
 Due to population growth, new additions were made later:
• 1st extension: Abderraman II
• 2nd extension: Al-Hakam II
• 3rd extension: Almanzor
 In the 13th Century (1236), Cordoba was conquered by the
Christians and the mosque was made a Catholic church.
During the following centuries, several Christian features
were added.
ANIMATION OFTHE ADDITIONS OFTHE MOSQUE:
http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2001/graficos/mayo/semana3/mezquita/presentacion.html
EXPLORETHE MOSQUE!! http://www.catedraldecordoba.es/index.asp
ALMANZOR
ABDERRAMAN I
ABDERRAMAN II
AL-HAKAM II
In the 13th Century (1236), Cordoba was conquered by the
Christians and the mosque was made a Catholic church. During the
following centuries, several Christian features were added.
Art & culture in al andalus
PRAYER HALL:
several naves separated by
double arches (give greater
elevation to the building)
• Lower arch  horseshoe
• Higher arch  semicircular
MIHRAB
Decorated
with mosaics
& marble.
It has
epigraphic &
arabesque
motifs
motifs.
MAXURA (space
reserved for the
Caliph)
It has a
beautiful ribbed
vault
MINARET
ORANGETREE COURTYARD
CATHOLIC
CATHEDRAL
 Palace-city.
 Built by Abderraman III in the 10th Century.
 Located in the outskirts of Córdoba.
 It was built to be the capital of the Caliphate of Cordoba:
 Royal residence
 Seat of the government
 Today only ruins remain.
Art & culture in al andalus
Art & culture in al andalus
3D Reconstruction of
the Palace of Medina
Azahara:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDXCS
EygUdo
 11th Century (1st Taifas)
 Where the kings of the Taifa
de Saraqusta (Zaragoza) lived.
 Polylobed arches made of
stucco*.
* STUCCO:
weather-resistant
mixture of lime,
powdered marble &
water.
 11th Century (Taifa
period)
 Fortified-palace; where
governors lived.
 12th Century (Almohad period)
 Used to be the minaret of the old
Mosque of Sevilla (today it’s the bell
tower of the Cathedral of Sevilla).
 Early 13th Century (Almohad
period)
 Defensive watchtower  to
control the access to Sevilla via
the Guadalquivir River.
 Polygon shape. Battlements.
Art & culture in al andalus
 13th – 15th Centuries (Nasrid period)
 Comes from the Arab word «al-Ħamrā» (‫اء‬ َ‫ر‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ح‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬) which means
“The red”, due to the red clay of the bricks with which it’s built.
 It’s a fortified palace, formed by two parts:
a) ALCAZABA  Military purpose.
b) PALACE COMPLEX  Civil purpose.
PALACE COMPLEX
PALACE COMPLEX
a) ALCAZABA  Military purpose:
 Fortified building with defensive towers & walls
PALACE COMPLEX
b) PALACE COMPLEX  Civil purpose.
 It consists of several palaces built around
courtyards with fountains & gardens:
1
2
1: Palace of Comares
2: Palace of the Lions
1: Palace of Comares
2: Palace of the Lions
1
2
1: PALACE OF COMARES:
• Around the “Patio de los
Arrayanes”.
• It housed the public rooms
 where the caliph had the
throne & held the hearings.
2: PALACE OF THE LIONS:
• Around the “Patio de los
Leones”.
• It housed the private rooms
 where the caliph lived.
Palace of Comares
Hall of
Ambassadors
Palace of the Lions
These palaces were built
with poor materials  to
hide them, they used a lot
of decoration:
• Very colourful
• Covered walls & ceilings
• On ceramic tiles, stucco
& wood
Next to the palaces there are many
fountains & gardens
PALACIO DEL GENERALIFE
• Summer recreational palace
• It has beautiful gardens

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Art & culture in al andalus

  • 2. A) CULTURE Greek classical culture was received in Al-Andalus and from there it was spread to Europe.
  • 3. Al-Andalus was a great cultural centre during the Middle Ages in Europe (especially during the Caliphate of Cordoba).  Important scholars in Al-Andalus: Ibn Hazm (historian, philosopher & poet) Abulcasis (medicine) Maslama al-Majriti (astronomer)
  • 4. Poem by Ibn Hazm He also wrote “The Ring of the Dove” (“El collar de la paloma” o “Tawq al- hamāma”), a treatise on the art and practice of Arab love in Al-Andalus (in English; in Spanish)
  • 5. Medical encyclopedia of Abulcasis Abulcasis is considered the “father” of modern surgery. Eg: the 1st to use silk thread to sew up surgical cuts. Page from a 1531 Latin translation of “El Zahrawi's” treatise on surgical and medical instruments
  • 6. Other cultural achievement... NUMBERS!!! Our current numerical system is an evolution of the one that the Muslims brought to Europe!!! Historian think that it was invented in India, and the Muslims spread it.
  • 7. B) ART  The Muslim Art developed in the Iberian Peninsula is known as “ANDALUSÍ ART”.  Most important periods & artistic achievements: EMIRAL & CALIPHAL ART · Mosque of Cordoba · Palace of Medina Azahara (Cordoba) EARLY TAIFAS · Aljafería Palace (Zaragoza) · Alcazaba (Málaga) ALMOHAD PERIOD · Giralda (Sevilla) · Torre del Oro (Sevilla) NASRID ART · Alhambra (Granada)
  • 8.  Its construction began in 785 under Abderraman I.  Due to population growth, new additions were made later: • 1st extension: Abderraman II • 2nd extension: Al-Hakam II • 3rd extension: Almanzor  In the 13th Century (1236), Cordoba was conquered by the Christians and the mosque was made a Catholic church. During the following centuries, several Christian features were added. ANIMATION OFTHE ADDITIONS OFTHE MOSQUE: http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2001/graficos/mayo/semana3/mezquita/presentacion.html EXPLORETHE MOSQUE!! http://www.catedraldecordoba.es/index.asp
  • 10. In the 13th Century (1236), Cordoba was conquered by the Christians and the mosque was made a Catholic church. During the following centuries, several Christian features were added.
  • 12. PRAYER HALL: several naves separated by double arches (give greater elevation to the building) • Lower arch  horseshoe • Higher arch  semicircular
  • 13. MIHRAB Decorated with mosaics & marble. It has epigraphic & arabesque motifs motifs.
  • 14. MAXURA (space reserved for the Caliph) It has a beautiful ribbed vault
  • 18.  Palace-city.  Built by Abderraman III in the 10th Century.  Located in the outskirts of Córdoba.  It was built to be the capital of the Caliphate of Cordoba:  Royal residence  Seat of the government  Today only ruins remain.
  • 21. 3D Reconstruction of the Palace of Medina Azahara: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDXCS EygUdo
  • 22.  11th Century (1st Taifas)  Where the kings of the Taifa de Saraqusta (Zaragoza) lived.  Polylobed arches made of stucco*. * STUCCO: weather-resistant mixture of lime, powdered marble & water.
  • 23.  11th Century (Taifa period)  Fortified-palace; where governors lived.
  • 24.  12th Century (Almohad period)  Used to be the minaret of the old Mosque of Sevilla (today it’s the bell tower of the Cathedral of Sevilla).
  • 25.  Early 13th Century (Almohad period)  Defensive watchtower  to control the access to Sevilla via the Guadalquivir River.  Polygon shape. Battlements.
  • 27.  13th – 15th Centuries (Nasrid period)  Comes from the Arab word «al-Ħamrā» (‫اء‬ َ‫ر‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ح‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬) which means “The red”, due to the red clay of the bricks with which it’s built.
  • 28.  It’s a fortified palace, formed by two parts: a) ALCAZABA  Military purpose. b) PALACE COMPLEX  Civil purpose. PALACE COMPLEX
  • 29. PALACE COMPLEX a) ALCAZABA  Military purpose:  Fortified building with defensive towers & walls
  • 30. PALACE COMPLEX b) PALACE COMPLEX  Civil purpose.  It consists of several palaces built around courtyards with fountains & gardens: 1 2 1: Palace of Comares 2: Palace of the Lions
  • 31. 1: Palace of Comares 2: Palace of the Lions 1 2
  • 32. 1: PALACE OF COMARES: • Around the “Patio de los Arrayanes”. • It housed the public rooms  where the caliph had the throne & held the hearings. 2: PALACE OF THE LIONS: • Around the “Patio de los Leones”. • It housed the private rooms  where the caliph lived.
  • 33. Palace of Comares Hall of Ambassadors
  • 34. Palace of the Lions
  • 35. These palaces were built with poor materials  to hide them, they used a lot of decoration: • Very colourful • Covered walls & ceilings • On ceramic tiles, stucco & wood
  • 36. Next to the palaces there are many fountains & gardens
  • 37. PALACIO DEL GENERALIFE • Summer recreational palace • It has beautiful gardens