1. RES TORATION,
LIBER ALISM AND
NAT IONALISM
UNIT 6

2. olitical developments
1- P
1815-1870
- Decisive events in Europe:
.Defeat of Napoleon.
.Restoration of absolutism.
.Revolts and revolutions against
absolutism.
.Art: Romanticism.
- America: .North: expansion
.South: independence

3. Restoration in Europe
2- The
1815-1820
-Return to Absolutism.
-The Congress of Vienna (1814-15):
.Objective: to settle the many issues arising
from the French Revolutionary wars, the
Napoleonic wars and the dissolution of the Holy
Roman Empire.
.That resulted in the redrawing of the Europe's
political map.
.Spheres of influence were established
between states (Alliances).

7. The Holy Alliance
-It was signed in Paris in September
1815 by Russia, Prussia and
Austria.
-It was to instill the divine right of
kings in European political life.
-They used it in order to prevent
revolutionary influence to their
nations.

8. The Q uadruple
Alliance
-It was a Treaty signed by UK, Russia, Prussia
and Austria in Paris on November 1815.
-It renewed the previous holy alliance.
-With France's admission in 1818 it became the
Quintuple Alliance.

9. Activities
Homework:
Ex. 1-2-4 page 121.

10. reign of Fe rnando VII
The
(1813-1833)
- After Napoleon's defeat in the Spanish War of
Independence (December 1813), Joseph I
left Spain, and Fernando VII returned as king
of Spain.
- Napoleon had agreed it in the treaty of
Valençay (December 1813, 11th), and he left
Fernando VII return to Spain (he was
imprisoned in Valençay from 1808).

11. Fer na ndo V I I
- We can divide his reign into 3 periods:
.The Restoration: 1813-1820. He imposed
absolutism again. He abolished the Constitution.
.The liberal period: 1820-1823. A successful
military revolt achieved the political change into
the so-called "Trienio Liberal", the Constitution
was restored.
.Absolutism: 1823-1833. Period known as the
"Ominous Decade", with the restoration of
absolutism helped by the Holy Alliance.

12. Pragmatic Sanction
1830
- As Fernando VII had fathered only two
daughters, he ratified a Decree of 1789 by
Carlos IV, which had replaced the semi-Salic
system, with the mixed succession system.
- His oldest daughter, Isabella, would inherit
the throne and be declared queen upon his
death.
- This removed his brother, Carlos, as the next
in the line of succession under Salic Law.

13. Activities
Homework:
Ex. 5-8 page 121.

14. iberalism, nationalism
3- L
a nd democracy.
Definitions:
LIBERALISM: Political or social philosophy advocating the
freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of
government and government guarantees of individual
rights and civil liberties.
NATIONALISM: the policy or doctrine of asserting the
interests of one's own nation, view as separate from the
interests of other nations or the common interests of all
nations.
DEMOCRACY: a form of government in which the supreme
power is vested in the people, and exercised directly by
them or by their elected agents under a free electoral
system.

15. D EMOCRACY
-National sovereignty (republic).
-Opposed to monarchy.
-Universal manhood suffrage.
-Defense of the middle and working classes.
-Opposed to industrial capitalism.

16. LI B ER A L I S M
-National sovereignty.
-Constitutional monarchy.
-Separation of powers.
-Limited male suffrage.
-Some freedoms (press, association, expression,
religion).
-Opposed to absolutism. Try to recover rights and
freedoms gained during the French Revolution.

17. NATIONALIS
M
-Origins in the Napoleonic Empire invasions and the
new political map agreed in the Congress of
Vienna.
-National sovereignty.
-Independent nation-states.
-Defined borders.
-People with common identity (history, language,
culture...).
-Well-integrated society.

18. The age of
Revolution
-The Restoration order was short.
-Liberalism had established itself as the
ideology of the bourgeoisie.
-The bourgeoisie had economic power so
eventually seized political power through the
revolutions of 1820, 1830 and 1848.

19. 1820s
Revolutions
SPAIN: In 1820 a military revolt against Fernando VII
led to the Trienio Liberal period. In 1823 the Holy
Alliance invaded Spain and ended with liberalism.
PORTUGAL: Political revolution began in 1820 with
a military insurrection in Porto, and established a
constitutional period which lasted until 1826.
GREECE: In 1821 greek people reacted against the
Ottoman occupation with their war of
independence that they eventually won in 1832.

20. 1830s
Revolutions
FRANCE: King Charles X was forced to abdicate
due to a liberal revolution in july 1830. Louis
Philippe d'Orleans was named king that month,
and he reigned as Louis Philippe I until 1848.
BELGIUM: a nationalist revolution against the king
gained Belgian independence in 1831 from the
Netherlands.
-Other revolutions failed (Italy, Germany and
Poland).

21. Revolutions of
1848
-Also known as the Year of Revolutions,
the Spring of Nations, or Springtime of
the Peoples.
-There were a series of political upheavals
throughout Europe in 1848, but within a year,
reactionary forces had won out, and the
revolutions collapsed.
-This revolutionary wave began in France in
February and immediately spread to most of
Europe.

22. France,
1848
-Louis Philippe I was expelled in
February.
-Second Republic was established
and the Constitution of 1848
was created.
-Elections gave the power to Louis
Napoleon Bonaparte, who
eventually became
authoritarian and imposed the
Second Empire in 1852.
Louis Philippe I

23. Italian
Unification
-Cavour got the independence
for Piemont in 1859.
-From that moment, the unification process was
military and received help from France.
-They gradually conquered and annexed the rest
of the Italian Peninsula.
-The main figures were Garibaldi, Mazzini, Cavour
and Vittorio Emmanuele II, considered as Italy's
fathers of the fatherland.

24. Italian Unification

25. Italian unification

27. German u nification
-Prussia was the leader State in
the German process of unification.
-During the first half of the 19th century,
cooperation mechanisms were established
between the different German States.
-From 1862, King Wilhelm I of Prussia and his Prime
Minister Bismarck accelerated the unification by
military means.
-In 1871 German Empire was born, the II Reich
became a high power.

28. German u nification

31. Activities
Exercises 9, 10, 11, 14 on page 125.
Exercise 15 page 125.

32. 4 - SPAIN: from liberal
monarchy to republic
-The reign of Isabella II (1833-1868)
was a difficult period plenty of
upheavals, which included:
.Conflicting claims to the throne.
.Military revolts.
.Demands for greater democracy.

33. 19th Centu ry Political
Ideologies

34. he reign of Isabella II
T
-When she was under age, two regents governed
for her:
.María Cristina (1833-1840), her mother.
.General Espartero (1840-1844).
-During the María Cristina regency
the first Carlist war took place
(1833-1840).

35. Car lists wars
-There were three carlists wars, two
of them during the reign of Isabella II.
-These wars were civil wars between the
supporters of Isabella and the supporters of
the Infante Carlos who wanted the return to
absolutism.
-Carlos María Isidro did not achieve his goal and
over the years he was losing supporters.

37. d Carlist War (1846-
Secon
1849)

38. he reign of Isabella II
T
-Two political parties were supporting the
Queen and alternating power:
.The moderate Liberal Party.
.The Progressive Party.
-Various Constitutions were proposed, it
depended on which political party was
governing.

39. Mar ía Cristina
-Regency 1833-1840.
-Allied: Liberalist Parties (both).
-First part: Liberal Party, the more
moderates.
-Second part of her regency: Progressive Party, after a
military revolt in 1836 (La Granja) and popular riots.
-Ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal (1835-37).
There was a decree to expropiate and privatize
monastic properties during a progressive period.
-1840 She had to resign due to confrontations with the
Progressives.

40. Gener al Espartero
-Regency: 1840-1843.
-Allied: Progressive Party. He was a
military with progressive ideas.
-He ruled in an authoritarian way, so he quickly lost
supporters from both parties.
-A rebellion forced the resignation of Espartero,
and Isabella was named Queen with 13 years,
establishing her coming of age.

41. Activities
Exercise 16 and 17 on page 131.

42. The reign o f Isabella II
Political problems
-Isabella II was considered came of age att 13.
-She found several political problems.
-Two new political parties opposed to
monarchy appeared in this moment:
.Democratic Party
.Republican Party
-Electoral fraud was common and caused
popular discontent.

43. Politic al periods
-We can distinguish three periods during Isabella's
reign as an adult (1843-1868):
.Moderate decade (1844-1854). Dominated by
General Narváez and the Moderate Party.
Moderate Constitution of 1845, favouring
monarchy. Re-establishment of relations with the
Church.
.Progressive biennium (1854-1856). Dominated by
General Espartero and the Progressive Party. New
Constitution of 1856, progressive, but never came

44. Political
periods
.Last years (1856-1868). Moderates, and the new
party Unión Liberal led by O'Donnell, were
alternating in power. The opposition to the
regime was increasing during this period.
-Different political parties agreed to sign the
Ostende Pact in 1866 to overthrow Isabella II.
This agreement was the origin of the Glorious
Revolution (1868).

45. ECONOMIC
PROBLEMS
-One of the systems used to get money to pay the
State's debt were the Confiscations of ecclesiastical
and municipal properties. Two of them were well-
known:
.Mendizábal, 1835.
.Madoz, 1855.
-Negative consequences for farmers:
.Expropiated lands were bought by the bourgeoisie.
.Common lands were also sold.
.Religious orders ceased to help poors.

46. The Glorious
Revolution
-In 1868 a military uprising took
place and the Queen had to go
into exile in France.
-The Glorious Revolution was the
first attempt to establish
democracy in Spain.
-The victorious coalition of liberals,
moderates and republicans were
now faced with the difficult task
of finding a government.

47. Six Re volutionary
Years
-During this period of six years (1868-1874) we can
distinguish three different democratic periods:
.Provisional government (1868-70). Led by
General Serrano. Constitution of 1869
(progressive) which established constitutional
monarchy as the Spanish form of government.
.Democratic monarchy (1871-73). Amadeo I was
appointed king of Spain.
.First Spanish Republic (1873-74). Pi y Margall was
the first President.

50. 5- A m erica during
the 19t h century
-Political and territorial changes.
-North America: westward
expansion -> conflicts with
Native Americans.
-The American Civil War (1861-
65): southern states against
northern states. Their main
disagreement was about
slavery.
Northern states won and slavery
was abolished.

51. Latin American
ind ependence
-Revolutionary independence movements
emerged during the reign of Fernando VII.
-Factors:
.Examples around the world: USA independence,
French Revolution and the Spanish War of
Independence.
.Great Britain support to the colonies.
.The colonies' Creole wanted more political and
economic control.

53. erican inde pendence
Latin Am
-Early 19th century:
.Two important leaders of the independence
process: Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín.
.Except Cuba and Puerto Rico, all the spanish
colonies gained their independence between
1810 and 1825.
.These new nations were soon under the
political and economic influence or domination
of Great Britain and the USA.

54. Activitie
s
Activities 18, 20, 21 and 23 on page 131.

55. 6-
Romanticism
-Artistic and cultural movement.
-Europe, first half 19th century.
-Characteristics:
.Freedom of the artist to create -> liberalism.
.Respect for the individual.
.Expression of feelings.
.Glorification of national history -> nationalism.

56. Architecture

57. Sculptur
e
François Rude (1833), The Marseillaise

58. Carpeau
x
Ugolino and his sons, 1857-1860. The Dance, for the Opera Garnier, heavily
criticized as being indecent

59. Painting
Gericault, The raft of the Medusa

60. Delacroi
x
Liberty leading the People, 1830

61. Turner
The fighting Temeraire, 1839.

62. Friedric
h
The abbey in the Oakwood, 1810.

63. Roma nticism in
Spain
Painting. Gisbert and Esquivel.
General Prim Los Poetas
contemporáneos.

64. Esquivel,
1863.
Queen María de
Molina
presents her
son Ferdinand
IV to the
Cortes of
Valladolid of
1295.

65. Activities
time
Exercises 24, 26, and 28 on page 133.
Revision activities: 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 14 on pages 134-5.