a. Generalize the end-to-end delay formula for heterogeneous processing rates, transmillsion rates, and propagation delays. b. Repeat (a), but now also suppose that there is an average queing delay of d queue at each node. Solution Answer:) Let\'s the network be uncongested (so that queuing delays are insignificant), the processing delay at each router and at the source host is d proc , the transmission rate out of each router and out of the source host is R bits/sec, and the propagation on each link is d prop . The nodal delays accumulate and give an end-to-end delay, d end-end = N (d proc + d trans + d prop ) where, once again, d trans = L/R, where L is the packet size. b. end to end delay = d(proc) + d(queue) + d(trans) + d(prop) .