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Running head: VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS,
AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1
VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT
SYSTEMS 3
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Yoan Collado
Carlos Albizu University
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Evaluations on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
among veterans is imperative for a positive health outcome. The
evaluations and analysis of the results ensure that barriers to
treatment are addressed and have access to the available support
systems. Studies carried out have depicted the successes of the
treatments and support programs in the health systems to
veterans. Modifications on the systems have also been
recommended to combat and control PTSD. Alternative
approaches such as computerized systems, natural treatment
methods, and home-based systems are also essential in
providing a holistic approach in PTSD treatments. Treatment
methods success ensures that veterans do not fall victim to
depression, which can result in chronic diseases. This can be as
a result of negative health behaviors and lifestyles.
Understanding the consequences of PTSD among veterans will
ensure that approaches utilized offer not only treatment methods
but also offer support systems for general wellbeing.
The first source focuses on the treatment and success of
three-week outpatient program by “evaluating patterns and
predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive
outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD.” The study is
evidence-based on statistics drawn from the program and
modifications for optimal success rates. 191 veterans were the
participants in the research comprising of a daily group and
individual Cognitive Processing Therapy (Zalta et al., 2018).
The data was analyzed from the sample cohorts in accordance
with military and demographic characteristics. Measures in the
study involved treatment engagement as well as comparison of
pre-treatment and post-treatment changes (Zalta et al., 2018).
The results showed progress in the evaluation of predictors and
patterns in treatment changes. Procedures utilized involved
group sessions with daily activities for the development of the
treatment program. Self-report metrics were also applied in the
procedures as control groups were challenging in the study.
Modified and intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment to veterans
showed high success levels in the program (Zalta et al., 2018).
The second source examines a new treatment in exploring
the feasibility of computerized, placebo-controlled, and home-
based executive function training (EFT) on psychological and
neuropsychological functions. The source titled “Computer-
based executive function training for combat veterans with
PTSD” shows trials in assessing feasibility and predictors
output. The study shows how the functions can be useful in
brain activation combating PTSD in veterans. Symptoms
experienced after treatment on PTSD cases are stimulated
through neural and cognition reactivity, which can be controlled
through the new methods (Clausen et al., 2019). The study
comprised of 52 male combat veterans from a community
sample. The participants were recruited via advertisements and
informational flyers. Procedures involved neuropsychological
assessment and fMRI scans (Clausen et al., 2019). Data logistic
regression models were utilized for data analysis. Additionally,
linear mixed models were integrated into the analysis to assess
changes in brain processing. The research designs enabled the
researchers to create evidence-based arguments on EFT
integration and acceptance in PTSD treatment.
The third source on “nature-based therapy as a treatment
for veterans with PTSD” provides an alternative in PTSD
treatment methods. The holistic approach can be used
successfully instead of strong medications to veterans (Poulsen,
2017). Nature-based Therapy (NBT) can be effective in
reducing conventional treatment methods used. Negative
outcomes can be recorded from data analysis on medical
intervention approaches (Poulsen, 2017). The study used search
papers published between 1995 and 2016. Procedures in the
approach involved review and testing of medical intervention
effectiveness. Reviews on the papers included qualitative data
assessment before analysis following various documented
recommendations. Literature review from existing research data
on veterans involved an examination of different interventions
used. The deeper insights provided through the papers
contributed to different perspectives (Poulsen, 2017).
Frequency, length, and outcome measures of medical
interventions were effective in the research design. The
methodologies also utilize comparison of therapies in different
target groups according to diagnosis to provide results.
The fourth study, “screening and treatment of moral injury
(MI) in veterans/active duty military with PTSD,” articulates
the new form of PTSD. Moral injury is referred to “as the
spiritual, emotional, and moral consequences of committing or
observing others’ transgressions” and their impacts (Koening et
al., 2019). Combat experiences and military-related trauma as a
new syndrome requires more evaluations and studies. New
approaches in treating the syndrome as it is associated with
PTSD can be essential in the reintegration of veterans to civil
life (Koening et al., 2019). The study involved a review of
veterans, investigators, clinical officers, and nurses in
identifying the syndrome in clinical practice. 427 veterans were
chosen to evaluate combat-related PTSD syndromes, which
result in Moral Injury. The procedures involved the review of
Koening articles in the identification and addressing the
syndrome. The methodology is effective in explaining why
forgiveness healing moral injuries are entwined for positive
mental health outcomes (Koening et al., 2019).
The last article is based on “PTSD is associated with poor
health behavior and greater body mass index through
depression, increasing cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk
among U.S veterans.” The authors depict how PTSD can worsen
other health aspects of the veterans due to adopted health
behaviors. Poor health behaviors act as risk factors in diabetes
and cardiovascular diseases (Hoerster et al., 2019). Depression
results in unhealthy behaviors increasing body mass, smoking
habits, reduced physical activity, and poor diets. Research
methods involved sampling of veterans with the chosen been
emailed surveys. 1804 participants were selected with, 717
veterans completing the surveys. $10 canteen coupons were
awarded to veterans who completed the survey. Data analysis
was through “descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations
among variables.” Procedures involved measures variable
selection as hypothesized in the parent study. Additionally, the
variables were categorized as exogenous or endogenous against
the time frame and score ranges (Hoerster et al., 2019). This
methodology provided evidence on depression symptoms, which
can trigger poor health behaviors in negative health outcomes.
I find the studies to have observed ethical standards in the
research. Participants’ confidentiality, as well as anonymity, is
retained in all studies. Additionally, researchers were able to
join efforts with other organizations concerned with veterans to
obtain data in an ethical manner. Participants are also able to
participate willingly in the sample population. Approval and
consent to participate are obtained on study assessments as part
of ethical care in procedures. Offering the veterans, a canteen
coupon for participation is within the ethical approvals of
research. The coupon is given on the consent of the participant
to offers information to contribute towards the study.
Additionally, data sets in the sample population are not made
available as only the authors of the articles have the right to
utilize them.
In my opinion, evaluations of PTSD symptoms among veterans
can result in different treatment methods that are more effective
and successful in health. This will involve understanding the
consequences and burdens the veterans bear in overcoming
events witnessed during the serving period. The integration of
both medical and conventional intervention methods can be
useful in improving cognitive and neural performances. Clinical
symptoms also have to provide appropriate predictions for
effectiveness in treatment and support systems. This will
require more investigations and reviews on the cognitive
processing of veterans through post-treatment and pre-treatment
tests. The evaluations will enhance the consistency of
approaches adopted to deliver treatment to veterans who have
PTSD.
Causes, treatments, and support systems in veteran PTSD
clinical settings utilize different approaches for success.
Through the studies reviewed, different symptoms are displayed
in different sample population members. Evaluation of the
approaches is imperative in ensuring consistency and quality in
treatment delivery services as well as modifications in the
programs. Different responses are expected from the programs
as each veteran is unique in terms of neural and cognitive
processing. The integration of interventions with support and
care can be effective in improving accessibility to treatment.
Additionally, identification of Moral Injury symptoms is
essential in helping the veterans reintegrate into civilian life.
Emotional and spiritual wellbeing matters in the integration
process. This can be through forgiveness programs as supported
by churches and families. Depression, due to PTSD, can result
in poor health behaviors. Such behaviors impact lifestyles
negatively, resulting in chronic diseases that are challenging to
manage. Treatment adherence is also promoted through the
success of the programs reducing dropout rates in medical
interventions. Therefore, treatment and support programs are
essential in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms among
veterans.
References
Clausen, A., Thelen, J., Francisco, A., Bruce, J., Martin, L.,
McDowd, J. & Auppperle, L. (2019). Computer-based executive
function training for combat veterans with PTSD: a pilot
clinical trial assessing feasibility and predictors dropout.
Frontiers in psychiatry. Retrieved from https://doi-
org.ucamia.cobimet4.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00062
Hoerster, K., Campbell, s, Dolan, M., Stappenbeck, C, Yard, S.,
Simpson, T. & Nelson, K. (2019). PTSD is associated with poor
health behavior and greater Body Mass Index through
depression, increasing cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk
among U.S veterans. Preventive medicine reports 15. Retrieved
from https://doi-
org.ucamia.cobimet4.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100930
Koening, H., Ames, D. & Bussing, A. (2019). Editorial:
screening for and treatment of moral injury in veterans/active
duty military with PTSD. Frontiers in psychiatry. Retrieved
from https://doi-
org.ucamia.cobimet4.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00596
Poulsen, D. (2017). Nature-based therapy as a treatment for
veterans with PTSD: what do we know?journal of public mental
health 16(1). Retrieved from https://doi-
org.ucamia.cobimet4.org/10.1108/JPMH-08-2016-0039
Zalta, A., Held, P., Smith, D, Lofgreen, A., Brenna, M.,
Rydberg, T., Boley, R., Pollack, M. & Karnik, N. (2018).
Evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a
three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with
PTSD. BMC psychiatry 18(242). Retrieved from https://doi-
org.ucamia.cobimet4.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1816-6
A mainstream view of identity is that individuality comes first
and then we interact to form social groups. Bridges Not Walls
presents a different view. Define identity and discuss how
communication constructs identities drawing upon the essays in
Chapter 3. Also, analyze the identity communication as
illustrated in the 3 video presentations in Module 3.
Mental Health Beliefs
Mental Health Beliefs
1. What is the title of the article? Provide the citation for the
article in APA format
Tittle: Mental Health Beliefs and Their Relationship With
Treatment Seeking Among U.S. OEF/OIF Veterans.
Dawne, V., Annie, B. F., & Brooke, A. l. D. (2014). Mental
Health Beliefs and Their Relationship with Treatment Seeking
Among U.S. OEF/OIF Veterans. In the Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 27 (307-313). Boston University, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
2. Explain how you determined the credibility of the research
provided.
The research provided is credible since the sources used are
reliable and can be verified. There are different ways through
which the credibility of this research can be determined. First, it
is established why the study was conducted and how the
different phases of the research were conducted about the
objectives to be achieved. Assessing whether the researcher has
an interest in specific outcomes will also help determine
credibility. The second approach is finding out who funded the
study. If there is a third party that has sponsored the research,
this could affect its reliability and goals. It is also essential to
examine the ways through which research data was gathered.
How the sample is collected is vital in achieving the study
objectives. Methods of data collection determine the quality of
the data to be collected. The size of the sample and the response
rate play a significant role in the credibility of the research.
When the sample is big, just like in this research, the reliability
of the results is high. The response rate is also essential as it
shows the number of respondents who have provided the
researcher with usable responses.
3. What is the purpose of the article?
The purpose of this article is to show the mental health beliefs
that exist among veterans and how it may affect their access to
medical treatment. According to this research, veterans who are
likely to benefit from mental health treatment programs do not
always seek care. The study has provided an in-depth
examination of beliefs that are related to mental health. It also
shows the stigma that people have towards mental illness. The
key reasons why individuals with mental illness may fail to seek
care include shame and the treatment process they have to go
through. The high levels of stigma among the people are an
indication of how negative individuals view this disorder. In
military and veteran, stigma is the biggest barrier as indicated
by the article.
4. What is the hypothesis of the study? In other words, what
claims do the authors make in the article?
The study hypothesizes that many veterans who might benefit
from mental health treatment do not seek care. It predicts the
outcome of the research basing on the population. In Operation
Iraq Freedom, a survey was conducted on the veterans, and the
results showed that over 50% of the population experienced
either stress or depression and had not bothered to seek for
medication or help. Stigma and beliefs are the most significant
barriers that hinder veterans from seeking medical care. Many
feel that the treatment process is very complex and too
demanding. This study aims at documenting about stigma and
personal beliefs regarding mental illness and mental health
treatment. The chosen population is ideal for the research since
veterans are exposed to traumatic and stressful events. The
study will also find out how beliefs on mental health differ
between veterans with mental illness and those without mental
disorders.
5. What variables (factors) are being looked? How are these
factors assessed or measured in the article?
Different variables have been used in this research. They
include personal beliefs, stigmas towards mental illness, stress,
depression and severity of alcohol abuse. The stigma was
measured by interactions and personal experience from loved
ones and from the workplace. Personal beliefs were also
measured by collecting the surveys about mental illness,
psychiatric treatment and their beliefs about seeking medical
care. A scale consisting of eight statements was used with a 5-
point Likert-type response. The size ranged from 1 (strongly
disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The 17-item PTSD Checklist-
Military version was used to measure the level of stress.
Depression on the other hand was determined using 7-item Beck
Depression Inventory-Primary Care. The scale also ranged
between 1 and 5.
6. What type of research design is used in the study? What
instruments or measures did the researchers use to collect data?
The type of research design used in this study is the
experimental research design. This is because it involves field
experiments and actual collection of first-hand data from the
samples. The experimental research design involves using
samples to test for a particular result among a large population.
It is crucial to this study as it helps in increasing its credibility.
The method or instrument they used for data collection are
surveys. Surveys are important for this study as they provide the
characteristics of the whole population. This increases the
chances of the researcher gathering more accurate data.
7. Do you think the research in this article was conducted in an
ethical manner? Why or why not?
The research was conducted ethically since all principles of
ethics were considered. No harm was caused to respondents
both mentally and physically. Before emailing the survey
questions to participants, the researcher first asked them if they
were willing to take part in the study. They obtained informed
consent so that participants understood what the research was
taking part in and why the researcher required their responses.
The veterans voluntarily took part in the study, and they were
not deceived or forced. Another ethical aspect that was
considered is the confidentiality of the respondents. Data
collected was well stored in databases to prevent access to third
parties. Veterans who participated in the study were allowed to
withdraw if they felt that the research was violating their rights.
It is the right of the respondents to willingly withdraw. To
ensure that no respondents were disrupted from their normal
work schedule, the survey questions were sent to through
emails. They were also given ample time to go through the
questions so that they could give their most appropriate
responses.
Running head: MENTAL HEALTH BELIEFS 1
MENTAL HEALTH BELIEFS 2
Mental Health Beliefs
Relationship between Mental Health Beliefs and Treatment of
PTSD among Veterans
Purpose:
The study is aimed at answering two primary questions;
· What are the primary factors that discourage veterans from
seeking medical treatment of PTSD?
· Which are the most relevant interventions that can be put in
place to address these variables positively?
Hypothesis: Most veterans do not seek or access medical
treatment because of various mental health beliefs, although
there are channels that can help and benefit them.
METHODOLOGY
Research design:
The study will be conducted using an experimental research
design. The design is the best for this particular investigation as
it will help get first-hand and accurate information that is
relevant to the research questions. It will facilitate the
collection of multiple and distinct data analyzing while creating
a reliable and coherent decision when using a survey as the
research technique. The design is an appropriate guide when
sampling and selecting the best setting to conduct the study. As
such, it will be possible to determine the influence of certain
variables in this research. The factors to be accessed include
stigma, fear, depression, substance use, and individual beliefs.
Participants:
In this particular study, between 500 and 600 participants will
be selected, considering that some are likely to withdraw from
the surveys. It entails that relevant and adequate information
will be obtained from the remaining sample to ensure the
credibility and reliability of the research report. Several
methods will be used to select the participants to ensure the
diversity of ideas and locations. As such, advertisements,
emails, and informational flyers will be used to choose
interested individuals. These methods are practical and efficient
are they will help in gathering many people who are
geographically dispersed of which will reduce bias and
facilitate the accuracy of the analyzed data. From the interested
population, a convenience sampling method will be used to
establish the participants willing to participate in the study as
per the researcher’s guidelines. It is an appropriate technique as
it will enable the participants to make individual decisions
without being scrutinized by anyone; thus, this will guarantee
accuracy.
The remaining sample will be teamed-up in virtual groups
considering that they are geographically dispersed. The intent of
using groups is to encourage the participants to interact and
share their life experiences regarding the study. In groups of
people with similar characteristics, it will be easier for
individuals to share their thoughts freely about seeking medical
health concerning their mental health. So, the data obtained
from each group will be assessed and analyzed to help in
making a relevant inference. Moreover, the study is not based
on a specific sample's demographics since it will include both
male and female veterans who are willing to participate in the
surveys. By doing this way, diverse information will be
obtained and can probably be analyzed in terms of gender for
clarity.
Procedures:
The study will involve online surveys, mostly since the
participants will be interacting in virtual groups. In using the
online platforms as setting, the participants will have the chance
to create trustworthy relationships regardless of their
geographical location wherein they will share self-experiences
during and after military life. The implication is that the
integration will motivate most of them if not all, to give
information relevant to the study such that within the period set
for the surveys, the goal will have been achieved. The sample is
most likely to consist of over 350 participants, who will be
assigned to several groups of 25 people each. They must be
given ample time to integrate and be familiar with each
participant to increase the willingness to share information. As
such, the required data will be collected within 12 months, of
which the first three will involve mostly familiarization and
creating a sense of trust among the group members and the
researcher. Within the next nine months, the participants are
expected to have shared the required information considering
that by this time, they ought to have known and familiarized
themselves with every group member. The groups will have
ample time to interact because they are expected to meet online
for two hours for five sessions per week, implying that they will
have ten hours together weekly.
Measures:
In the study, a test will be used to determine the mental statuses
of the participants. It is an essential process since it helps in
associating the individual's mental health with the response
provided regarding seeking medical treatment. As such, a rating
survey will be used to establish the participants’ symptoms of
PTSD. The average test score of each group will be used to
evaluate the relationship with the information acquired
regarding the variables being assessed. Thus, it will help in
analyzing how the mental condition affects the decision to
access medical treatment. The rating survey, which has 17 items
those are problems that veterans have concerning their stressing
military experience, will be conducted at the end during the
study. It is the final stage because it will be used for assessment
of the association of the information obtained and the
participants' mental to how they access healthcare.
It is important to ensure that ethical guidelines have been
complied with during the study. For these reasons, therefore,
particular components will be included in the final research
report, including the funder's details and approval code from
IRAS. Also included will be copies of the sample’s consent
forms to demonstrate that everybody participated willingly, and
the right procedures were followed during selection. Hence, this
will enhance the credibility of the study for further references
by researchers with similar ambitions.
References
Title: Mental Health Beliefs and Their Relationship with
Treatment Seeking Among U.S. OEF/OIF Veterans.
Dawne, V., Annie, B. F., & Brooke, A. l. D. (2014). Mental
Health Beliefs and Their Relationship with Treatment Seeking
Among U.S. OEF/OIF Veterans. In the Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 27 (307-313). Boston University, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Poulsen, D. (2017). Nature-based therapy as a treatment for
veterans with PTSD: what do we know?journal of public mental
health 16(1).
PTSD screening. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.myhealth.va.gov/mhv-portal-web/ptsd-
screening#noJavascript
Zalta, A., Held, P., Smith, D, Lofgreen, A., Brenna, M.,
Rydberg, T., Boley, R., Pollack, M. & Karnik, N. (2018).
Evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a
three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with
PTSD. BMC psychiatry 18(242).
Overview: As the final project for this course, you will be
creating a hypothetical study. You are not and should not be
conducting human subject research for this project. It is not
necessary for the purposes of this assignment. All human
subject research requires written approval from the AU
Institutional Review Board in order to protect the welfare and
ensure ethical treatment of the subjects. This assessment will
help you recognize the value of research in psychology and the
value of supporting your claims with established views and
research.
For this Milestone 4 assignment, the following critical elements
must be addressed:
I. You will create the Discussion section of your hypothetical
study. This assignment is going to allow you to discuss the
ethics, limitations, validity, additional research questions and
possible practical applications and your conclusion section of
your hypothetical study.
II. The validity section is unique to this milestone as most
proposals and journal articles do not have a section outlining
threats to validity. It is being asked of you as a way to practice
this knowledge. You MUST select two general types of validity
from the list below and then select at least one concept from
within each type ofvalidity you have chosen.
A. Internal Validity
1. Maturation
2. History
3. Attrition
4. Testing
5. Instrumentation
6. Selection
B. Construct Validity
1. Inadequate explanation of the construct
2. Attention
3. Experimenter expectancies
4. Cues from the experiment
5. Reactivity to the experiment
6. Reliability/validity of the measures being used
C. External Validity
1. Holds for some individuals, but not other individuals
2. Holds for some outcomes, but not other outcomes
3. Holds for some settings, but not other settings
4. Holds for some variations of the treatment, but not other
variations
III. Next, make sure you include the following essential
information that pertains to the Discussion section:
· Assuming that the results of your hypothetical study support
your research question, discuss how your hypothetical findings
contribute to the knowledge of your research question and the
problem you were studying. This should include future research
questions that are inspired by your hypothetical study as wellas
possible practical applications for the field.
· Describe the possible limitations your study had with regard to
the design, the procedure, the subjects, and the measures used.
· Discuss any ethical issues your hypothetical study might have
encountered and how it could be resolved in the future.
· Discuss threats to the validity of your hypothetical study.
· Provide a short conclusion that sums up the essence of the
paper (a brief integrative summary).
Guidelines for Submission: You will upload the paper as a Word
document to Blackboard for grading and feedback. Your
submission for this milestone must follow APA paper
guidelines. Your submission should not exceed 2-3 pages
(excluding the cover and reference pages). It should include a
cover page and reference page, be written with 12-point Times
New Roman font and double spacing, and you will follow
proper APA citation and reference format.
Any thoughts that are not your own MUST be cited in proper
APA format. Direct quotes (short and long) MUST be cited and
formatted following APA guidelines.
Milestone 4: Discussion Section Grading Rubric
Critical Elements
Proficient (100%)
Needs Improvement (70%)
Not Evident (0%)
Value
Contribution to knowledge
Discusses how the hypothetical findings contribute to
knowledge. Future research
questions and practical applications are
discussed in detail
Discusses how the hypothetical findings contribute to
knowledge. Future research
questions and practical applications are discussed but
description is cursory and/or lacks clarity
Does not discusses how the hypothetical findings contribute to
knowledge. Future research questions and practical applications
are not discussed
10points
Possible limitations
Explains in detail the possible limitations the study might have
had with regard to the design, the procedure, the subjects, and
the
measures used
Describes the possible limitations the study might have had with
regard to the design, the
procedure, the subjects, and the measures used
but description is cursory, contains inaccuracies,
or is missing a required element
Does not describe the possible limitations the study might have
had with regard to
the design, the procedure, the subjects,
and the measures used
10points
Ethical Issues
Discusses in detail potential ethical issues the study may have
encountered & how it could be resolved in the future
Discusses potential ethical issues the study may have
encountered & how it could be resolved in the future but
description is cursory, contains inaccuracies, or required
elements are missing
Does not discuss potential ethical issues the study may have
encountered & how it could be resolved in the future
10points
Threat to Validity
Discusses threats to the study’s validity in rich detail. Two
general types of validity and at least one concept from each
category is defined and discussed as it applies to the
hypothetical study.
Discusses threats to the study’s validity but description is
cursory, contains inaccuracies, or
required elements are missing
Does not discuss threats to the study’s validity at all
10points
Conclusion
Provides a short summative conclusion that reflects the essence
of the paper.
Provides a short summative conclusion that reflects the essence
of the paper but description is cursory, unclear, or contains
inaccuracies
Does not provide a conclusion
10points
Writing Mechanics
Writing is in APA format, easily understood, clear, and concise
using proper citation
methods where applicable with no errors in citations, references
& grammar
Writing is understandable using proper citation methods where
applicable with a number of errors in APA format, citations,
references, &
grammar
Writing is very difficult to understand, does not use proper
citation methods where applicable and has significant
errors in APA format, references, &
grammar
10points
Total
100% (60points)

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Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docx

  • 1. Running head: VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1 VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 3 Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems Yoan Collado Carlos Albizu University Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems Evaluations on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among veterans is imperative for a positive health outcome. The evaluations and analysis of the results ensure that barriers to treatment are addressed and have access to the available support systems. Studies carried out have depicted the successes of the treatments and support programs in the health systems to veterans. Modifications on the systems have also been recommended to combat and control PTSD. Alternative approaches such as computerized systems, natural treatment methods, and home-based systems are also essential in providing a holistic approach in PTSD treatments. Treatment methods success ensures that veterans do not fall victim to depression, which can result in chronic diseases. This can be as a result of negative health behaviors and lifestyles. Understanding the consequences of PTSD among veterans will ensure that approaches utilized offer not only treatment methods but also offer support systems for general wellbeing.
  • 2. The first source focuses on the treatment and success of three-week outpatient program by “evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD.” The study is evidence-based on statistics drawn from the program and modifications for optimal success rates. 191 veterans were the participants in the research comprising of a daily group and individual Cognitive Processing Therapy (Zalta et al., 2018). The data was analyzed from the sample cohorts in accordance with military and demographic characteristics. Measures in the study involved treatment engagement as well as comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment changes (Zalta et al., 2018). The results showed progress in the evaluation of predictors and patterns in treatment changes. Procedures utilized involved group sessions with daily activities for the development of the treatment program. Self-report metrics were also applied in the procedures as control groups were challenging in the study. Modified and intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment to veterans showed high success levels in the program (Zalta et al., 2018). The second source examines a new treatment in exploring the feasibility of computerized, placebo-controlled, and home- based executive function training (EFT) on psychological and neuropsychological functions. The source titled “Computer- based executive function training for combat veterans with PTSD” shows trials in assessing feasibility and predictors output. The study shows how the functions can be useful in brain activation combating PTSD in veterans. Symptoms experienced after treatment on PTSD cases are stimulated through neural and cognition reactivity, which can be controlled through the new methods (Clausen et al., 2019). The study comprised of 52 male combat veterans from a community sample. The participants were recruited via advertisements and informational flyers. Procedures involved neuropsychological assessment and fMRI scans (Clausen et al., 2019). Data logistic regression models were utilized for data analysis. Additionally, linear mixed models were integrated into the analysis to assess
  • 3. changes in brain processing. The research designs enabled the researchers to create evidence-based arguments on EFT integration and acceptance in PTSD treatment. The third source on “nature-based therapy as a treatment for veterans with PTSD” provides an alternative in PTSD treatment methods. The holistic approach can be used successfully instead of strong medications to veterans (Poulsen, 2017). Nature-based Therapy (NBT) can be effective in reducing conventional treatment methods used. Negative outcomes can be recorded from data analysis on medical intervention approaches (Poulsen, 2017). The study used search papers published between 1995 and 2016. Procedures in the approach involved review and testing of medical intervention effectiveness. Reviews on the papers included qualitative data assessment before analysis following various documented recommendations. Literature review from existing research data on veterans involved an examination of different interventions used. The deeper insights provided through the papers contributed to different perspectives (Poulsen, 2017). Frequency, length, and outcome measures of medical interventions were effective in the research design. The methodologies also utilize comparison of therapies in different target groups according to diagnosis to provide results. The fourth study, “screening and treatment of moral injury (MI) in veterans/active duty military with PTSD,” articulates the new form of PTSD. Moral injury is referred to “as the spiritual, emotional, and moral consequences of committing or observing others’ transgressions” and their impacts (Koening et al., 2019). Combat experiences and military-related trauma as a new syndrome requires more evaluations and studies. New approaches in treating the syndrome as it is associated with PTSD can be essential in the reintegration of veterans to civil life (Koening et al., 2019). The study involved a review of veterans, investigators, clinical officers, and nurses in identifying the syndrome in clinical practice. 427 veterans were chosen to evaluate combat-related PTSD syndromes, which
  • 4. result in Moral Injury. The procedures involved the review of Koening articles in the identification and addressing the syndrome. The methodology is effective in explaining why forgiveness healing moral injuries are entwined for positive mental health outcomes (Koening et al., 2019). The last article is based on “PTSD is associated with poor health behavior and greater body mass index through depression, increasing cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk among U.S veterans.” The authors depict how PTSD can worsen other health aspects of the veterans due to adopted health behaviors. Poor health behaviors act as risk factors in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (Hoerster et al., 2019). Depression results in unhealthy behaviors increasing body mass, smoking habits, reduced physical activity, and poor diets. Research methods involved sampling of veterans with the chosen been emailed surveys. 1804 participants were selected with, 717 veterans completing the surveys. $10 canteen coupons were awarded to veterans who completed the survey. Data analysis was through “descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations among variables.” Procedures involved measures variable selection as hypothesized in the parent study. Additionally, the variables were categorized as exogenous or endogenous against the time frame and score ranges (Hoerster et al., 2019). This methodology provided evidence on depression symptoms, which can trigger poor health behaviors in negative health outcomes. I find the studies to have observed ethical standards in the research. Participants’ confidentiality, as well as anonymity, is retained in all studies. Additionally, researchers were able to join efforts with other organizations concerned with veterans to obtain data in an ethical manner. Participants are also able to participate willingly in the sample population. Approval and consent to participate are obtained on study assessments as part of ethical care in procedures. Offering the veterans, a canteen coupon for participation is within the ethical approvals of research. The coupon is given on the consent of the participant to offers information to contribute towards the study.
  • 5. Additionally, data sets in the sample population are not made available as only the authors of the articles have the right to utilize them. In my opinion, evaluations of PTSD symptoms among veterans can result in different treatment methods that are more effective and successful in health. This will involve understanding the consequences and burdens the veterans bear in overcoming events witnessed during the serving period. The integration of both medical and conventional intervention methods can be useful in improving cognitive and neural performances. Clinical symptoms also have to provide appropriate predictions for effectiveness in treatment and support systems. This will require more investigations and reviews on the cognitive processing of veterans through post-treatment and pre-treatment tests. The evaluations will enhance the consistency of approaches adopted to deliver treatment to veterans who have PTSD. Causes, treatments, and support systems in veteran PTSD clinical settings utilize different approaches for success. Through the studies reviewed, different symptoms are displayed in different sample population members. Evaluation of the approaches is imperative in ensuring consistency and quality in treatment delivery services as well as modifications in the programs. Different responses are expected from the programs as each veteran is unique in terms of neural and cognitive processing. The integration of interventions with support and care can be effective in improving accessibility to treatment. Additionally, identification of Moral Injury symptoms is essential in helping the veterans reintegrate into civilian life. Emotional and spiritual wellbeing matters in the integration process. This can be through forgiveness programs as supported by churches and families. Depression, due to PTSD, can result in poor health behaviors. Such behaviors impact lifestyles negatively, resulting in chronic diseases that are challenging to manage. Treatment adherence is also promoted through the success of the programs reducing dropout rates in medical
  • 6. interventions. Therefore, treatment and support programs are essential in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms among veterans. References Clausen, A., Thelen, J., Francisco, A., Bruce, J., Martin, L., McDowd, J. & Auppperle, L. (2019). Computer-based executive function training for combat veterans with PTSD: a pilot clinical trial assessing feasibility and predictors dropout. Frontiers in psychiatry. Retrieved from https://doi- org.ucamia.cobimet4.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00062 Hoerster, K., Campbell, s, Dolan, M., Stappenbeck, C, Yard, S., Simpson, T. & Nelson, K. (2019). PTSD is associated with poor health behavior and greater Body Mass Index through depression, increasing cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk among U.S veterans. Preventive medicine reports 15. Retrieved from https://doi- org.ucamia.cobimet4.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100930 Koening, H., Ames, D. & Bussing, A. (2019). Editorial: screening for and treatment of moral injury in veterans/active duty military with PTSD. Frontiers in psychiatry. Retrieved from https://doi- org.ucamia.cobimet4.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00596 Poulsen, D. (2017). Nature-based therapy as a treatment for veterans with PTSD: what do we know?journal of public mental health 16(1). Retrieved from https://doi- org.ucamia.cobimet4.org/10.1108/JPMH-08-2016-0039 Zalta, A., Held, P., Smith, D, Lofgreen, A., Brenna, M., Rydberg, T., Boley, R., Pollack, M. & Karnik, N. (2018). Evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD. BMC psychiatry 18(242). Retrieved from https://doi- org.ucamia.cobimet4.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1816-6
  • 7. A mainstream view of identity is that individuality comes first and then we interact to form social groups. Bridges Not Walls presents a different view. Define identity and discuss how communication constructs identities drawing upon the essays in Chapter 3. Also, analyze the identity communication as illustrated in the 3 video presentations in Module 3. Mental Health Beliefs Mental Health Beliefs 1. What is the title of the article? Provide the citation for the article in APA format Tittle: Mental Health Beliefs and Their Relationship With Treatment Seeking Among U.S. OEF/OIF Veterans. Dawne, V., Annie, B. F., & Brooke, A. l. D. (2014). Mental Health Beliefs and Their Relationship with Treatment Seeking Among U.S. OEF/OIF Veterans. In the Journal of Traumatic
  • 8. Stress, 27 (307-313). Boston University, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 2. Explain how you determined the credibility of the research provided. The research provided is credible since the sources used are reliable and can be verified. There are different ways through which the credibility of this research can be determined. First, it is established why the study was conducted and how the different phases of the research were conducted about the objectives to be achieved. Assessing whether the researcher has an interest in specific outcomes will also help determine credibility. The second approach is finding out who funded the study. If there is a third party that has sponsored the research, this could affect its reliability and goals. It is also essential to examine the ways through which research data was gathered. How the sample is collected is vital in achieving the study objectives. Methods of data collection determine the quality of the data to be collected. The size of the sample and the response rate play a significant role in the credibility of the research. When the sample is big, just like in this research, the reliability of the results is high. The response rate is also essential as it shows the number of respondents who have provided the researcher with usable responses. 3. What is the purpose of the article? The purpose of this article is to show the mental health beliefs that exist among veterans and how it may affect their access to medical treatment. According to this research, veterans who are likely to benefit from mental health treatment programs do not always seek care. The study has provided an in-depth examination of beliefs that are related to mental health. It also shows the stigma that people have towards mental illness. The key reasons why individuals with mental illness may fail to seek care include shame and the treatment process they have to go through. The high levels of stigma among the people are an indication of how negative individuals view this disorder. In military and veteran, stigma is the biggest barrier as indicated
  • 9. by the article. 4. What is the hypothesis of the study? In other words, what claims do the authors make in the article? The study hypothesizes that many veterans who might benefit from mental health treatment do not seek care. It predicts the outcome of the research basing on the population. In Operation Iraq Freedom, a survey was conducted on the veterans, and the results showed that over 50% of the population experienced either stress or depression and had not bothered to seek for medication or help. Stigma and beliefs are the most significant barriers that hinder veterans from seeking medical care. Many feel that the treatment process is very complex and too demanding. This study aims at documenting about stigma and personal beliefs regarding mental illness and mental health treatment. The chosen population is ideal for the research since veterans are exposed to traumatic and stressful events. The study will also find out how beliefs on mental health differ between veterans with mental illness and those without mental disorders. 5. What variables (factors) are being looked? How are these factors assessed or measured in the article? Different variables have been used in this research. They include personal beliefs, stigmas towards mental illness, stress, depression and severity of alcohol abuse. The stigma was measured by interactions and personal experience from loved ones and from the workplace. Personal beliefs were also measured by collecting the surveys about mental illness, psychiatric treatment and their beliefs about seeking medical care. A scale consisting of eight statements was used with a 5- point Likert-type response. The size ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The 17-item PTSD Checklist- Military version was used to measure the level of stress. Depression on the other hand was determined using 7-item Beck Depression Inventory-Primary Care. The scale also ranged between 1 and 5. 6. What type of research design is used in the study? What
  • 10. instruments or measures did the researchers use to collect data? The type of research design used in this study is the experimental research design. This is because it involves field experiments and actual collection of first-hand data from the samples. The experimental research design involves using samples to test for a particular result among a large population. It is crucial to this study as it helps in increasing its credibility. The method or instrument they used for data collection are surveys. Surveys are important for this study as they provide the characteristics of the whole population. This increases the chances of the researcher gathering more accurate data. 7. Do you think the research in this article was conducted in an ethical manner? Why or why not? The research was conducted ethically since all principles of ethics were considered. No harm was caused to respondents both mentally and physically. Before emailing the survey questions to participants, the researcher first asked them if they were willing to take part in the study. They obtained informed consent so that participants understood what the research was taking part in and why the researcher required their responses. The veterans voluntarily took part in the study, and they were not deceived or forced. Another ethical aspect that was considered is the confidentiality of the respondents. Data collected was well stored in databases to prevent access to third parties. Veterans who participated in the study were allowed to withdraw if they felt that the research was violating their rights. It is the right of the respondents to willingly withdraw. To ensure that no respondents were disrupted from their normal work schedule, the survey questions were sent to through emails. They were also given ample time to go through the questions so that they could give their most appropriate responses. Running head: MENTAL HEALTH BELIEFS 1
  • 11. MENTAL HEALTH BELIEFS 2 Mental Health Beliefs Relationship between Mental Health Beliefs and Treatment of PTSD among Veterans Purpose: The study is aimed at answering two primary questions; · What are the primary factors that discourage veterans from seeking medical treatment of PTSD? · Which are the most relevant interventions that can be put in place to address these variables positively? Hypothesis: Most veterans do not seek or access medical treatment because of various mental health beliefs, although there are channels that can help and benefit them. METHODOLOGY Research design: The study will be conducted using an experimental research design. The design is the best for this particular investigation as it will help get first-hand and accurate information that is relevant to the research questions. It will facilitate the collection of multiple and distinct data analyzing while creating a reliable and coherent decision when using a survey as the research technique. The design is an appropriate guide when
  • 12. sampling and selecting the best setting to conduct the study. As such, it will be possible to determine the influence of certain variables in this research. The factors to be accessed include stigma, fear, depression, substance use, and individual beliefs. Participants: In this particular study, between 500 and 600 participants will be selected, considering that some are likely to withdraw from the surveys. It entails that relevant and adequate information will be obtained from the remaining sample to ensure the credibility and reliability of the research report. Several methods will be used to select the participants to ensure the diversity of ideas and locations. As such, advertisements, emails, and informational flyers will be used to choose interested individuals. These methods are practical and efficient are they will help in gathering many people who are geographically dispersed of which will reduce bias and facilitate the accuracy of the analyzed data. From the interested population, a convenience sampling method will be used to establish the participants willing to participate in the study as per the researcher’s guidelines. It is an appropriate technique as it will enable the participants to make individual decisions without being scrutinized by anyone; thus, this will guarantee accuracy. The remaining sample will be teamed-up in virtual groups considering that they are geographically dispersed. The intent of using groups is to encourage the participants to interact and share their life experiences regarding the study. In groups of people with similar characteristics, it will be easier for individuals to share their thoughts freely about seeking medical health concerning their mental health. So, the data obtained from each group will be assessed and analyzed to help in making a relevant inference. Moreover, the study is not based on a specific sample's demographics since it will include both male and female veterans who are willing to participate in the surveys. By doing this way, diverse information will be obtained and can probably be analyzed in terms of gender for
  • 13. clarity. Procedures: The study will involve online surveys, mostly since the participants will be interacting in virtual groups. In using the online platforms as setting, the participants will have the chance to create trustworthy relationships regardless of their geographical location wherein they will share self-experiences during and after military life. The implication is that the integration will motivate most of them if not all, to give information relevant to the study such that within the period set for the surveys, the goal will have been achieved. The sample is most likely to consist of over 350 participants, who will be assigned to several groups of 25 people each. They must be given ample time to integrate and be familiar with each participant to increase the willingness to share information. As such, the required data will be collected within 12 months, of which the first three will involve mostly familiarization and creating a sense of trust among the group members and the researcher. Within the next nine months, the participants are expected to have shared the required information considering that by this time, they ought to have known and familiarized themselves with every group member. The groups will have ample time to interact because they are expected to meet online for two hours for five sessions per week, implying that they will have ten hours together weekly. Measures: In the study, a test will be used to determine the mental statuses of the participants. It is an essential process since it helps in associating the individual's mental health with the response provided regarding seeking medical treatment. As such, a rating survey will be used to establish the participants’ symptoms of PTSD. The average test score of each group will be used to evaluate the relationship with the information acquired regarding the variables being assessed. Thus, it will help in analyzing how the mental condition affects the decision to access medical treatment. The rating survey, which has 17 items
  • 14. those are problems that veterans have concerning their stressing military experience, will be conducted at the end during the study. It is the final stage because it will be used for assessment of the association of the information obtained and the participants' mental to how they access healthcare. It is important to ensure that ethical guidelines have been complied with during the study. For these reasons, therefore, particular components will be included in the final research report, including the funder's details and approval code from IRAS. Also included will be copies of the sample’s consent forms to demonstrate that everybody participated willingly, and the right procedures were followed during selection. Hence, this will enhance the credibility of the study for further references by researchers with similar ambitions. References Title: Mental Health Beliefs and Their Relationship with Treatment Seeking Among U.S. OEF/OIF Veterans. Dawne, V., Annie, B. F., & Brooke, A. l. D. (2014). Mental Health Beliefs and Their Relationship with Treatment Seeking Among U.S. OEF/OIF Veterans. In the Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27 (307-313). Boston University, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Poulsen, D. (2017). Nature-based therapy as a treatment for veterans with PTSD: what do we know?journal of public mental health 16(1). PTSD screening. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.myhealth.va.gov/mhv-portal-web/ptsd- screening#noJavascript Zalta, A., Held, P., Smith, D, Lofgreen, A., Brenna, M., Rydberg, T., Boley, R., Pollack, M. & Karnik, N. (2018). Evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD. BMC psychiatry 18(242).
  • 15. Overview: As the final project for this course, you will be creating a hypothetical study. You are not and should not be conducting human subject research for this project. It is not necessary for the purposes of this assignment. All human subject research requires written approval from the AU Institutional Review Board in order to protect the welfare and ensure ethical treatment of the subjects. This assessment will help you recognize the value of research in psychology and the value of supporting your claims with established views and research. For this Milestone 4 assignment, the following critical elements must be addressed: I. You will create the Discussion section of your hypothetical study. This assignment is going to allow you to discuss the ethics, limitations, validity, additional research questions and possible practical applications and your conclusion section of your hypothetical study. II. The validity section is unique to this milestone as most proposals and journal articles do not have a section outlining threats to validity. It is being asked of you as a way to practice this knowledge. You MUST select two general types of validity from the list below and then select at least one concept from within each type ofvalidity you have chosen. A. Internal Validity 1. Maturation 2. History 3. Attrition 4. Testing
  • 16. 5. Instrumentation 6. Selection B. Construct Validity 1. Inadequate explanation of the construct 2. Attention 3. Experimenter expectancies 4. Cues from the experiment 5. Reactivity to the experiment 6. Reliability/validity of the measures being used C. External Validity 1. Holds for some individuals, but not other individuals 2. Holds for some outcomes, but not other outcomes 3. Holds for some settings, but not other settings 4. Holds for some variations of the treatment, but not other variations III. Next, make sure you include the following essential information that pertains to the Discussion section: · Assuming that the results of your hypothetical study support your research question, discuss how your hypothetical findings contribute to the knowledge of your research question and the problem you were studying. This should include future research questions that are inspired by your hypothetical study as wellas possible practical applications for the field. · Describe the possible limitations your study had with regard to the design, the procedure, the subjects, and the measures used. · Discuss any ethical issues your hypothetical study might have encountered and how it could be resolved in the future. · Discuss threats to the validity of your hypothetical study. · Provide a short conclusion that sums up the essence of the paper (a brief integrative summary). Guidelines for Submission: You will upload the paper as a Word document to Blackboard for grading and feedback. Your
  • 17. submission for this milestone must follow APA paper guidelines. Your submission should not exceed 2-3 pages (excluding the cover and reference pages). It should include a cover page and reference page, be written with 12-point Times New Roman font and double spacing, and you will follow proper APA citation and reference format. Any thoughts that are not your own MUST be cited in proper APA format. Direct quotes (short and long) MUST be cited and formatted following APA guidelines. Milestone 4: Discussion Section Grading Rubric Critical Elements Proficient (100%) Needs Improvement (70%) Not Evident (0%) Value Contribution to knowledge Discusses how the hypothetical findings contribute to knowledge. Future research questions and practical applications are discussed in detail Discusses how the hypothetical findings contribute to knowledge. Future research questions and practical applications are discussed but description is cursory and/or lacks clarity Does not discusses how the hypothetical findings contribute to knowledge. Future research questions and practical applications are not discussed 10points Possible limitations Explains in detail the possible limitations the study might have had with regard to the design, the procedure, the subjects, and the measures used Describes the possible limitations the study might have had with
  • 18. regard to the design, the procedure, the subjects, and the measures used but description is cursory, contains inaccuracies, or is missing a required element Does not describe the possible limitations the study might have had with regard to the design, the procedure, the subjects, and the measures used 10points Ethical Issues Discusses in detail potential ethical issues the study may have encountered & how it could be resolved in the future Discusses potential ethical issues the study may have encountered & how it could be resolved in the future but description is cursory, contains inaccuracies, or required elements are missing Does not discuss potential ethical issues the study may have encountered & how it could be resolved in the future 10points Threat to Validity Discusses threats to the study’s validity in rich detail. Two general types of validity and at least one concept from each category is defined and discussed as it applies to the hypothetical study. Discusses threats to the study’s validity but description is cursory, contains inaccuracies, or required elements are missing Does not discuss threats to the study’s validity at all 10points Conclusion Provides a short summative conclusion that reflects the essence of the paper. Provides a short summative conclusion that reflects the essence of the paper but description is cursory, unclear, or contains inaccuracies Does not provide a conclusion
  • 19. 10points Writing Mechanics Writing is in APA format, easily understood, clear, and concise using proper citation methods where applicable with no errors in citations, references & grammar Writing is understandable using proper citation methods where applicable with a number of errors in APA format, citations, references, & grammar Writing is very difficult to understand, does not use proper citation methods where applicable and has significant errors in APA format, references, & grammar 10points Total 100% (60points)