This document provides information about sociometry, which is defined as the quantitative study and measurement of social relationships within groups. Some key points:
- Jacob Moreno coined the term sociometry and conducted the first long-term sociometric study in the 1930s. Sociometry uses techniques like sociometric tests to measure social preferences and choices within a group.
- The results are often represented through sociometric matrices, which show social choices between individuals, and sociograms, which visually depict these social networks.
- Analyzing sociometric data can reveal subgroups, leaders, and social dynamics within a group. It provides objective information about a group's structure and social integration.
- Sociometry is used in fields like
sociometry is the method to find social relationships among a group.
there are three methods to analyze sociometric data and here the slide help to understand more about the effectiveness of slide and how to prepare a slide, content included is small and it is useful to students to refer to make slides.
Testing of Attitude, Aptitude and InterestSuresh Babu
Testing of Attitude, Aptitude and Interest- Attitude scales, GATB, &DATB, Interest Inventories.
Significance and implications of attitude scales, aptitude tests and inventories in class room teaching and learning.
Participatory Learning and Action is a family of approaches, methods, attitudes, behaviors and relationships, which enable and empower people to share, analyze and enhance their knowledge of their life and conditions, and to plan, act, monitor, evaluate and reflect.
sociometry is the method to find social relationships among a group.
there are three methods to analyze sociometric data and here the slide help to understand more about the effectiveness of slide and how to prepare a slide, content included is small and it is useful to students to refer to make slides.
Testing of Attitude, Aptitude and InterestSuresh Babu
Testing of Attitude, Aptitude and Interest- Attitude scales, GATB, &DATB, Interest Inventories.
Significance and implications of attitude scales, aptitude tests and inventories in class room teaching and learning.
Participatory Learning and Action is a family of approaches, methods, attitudes, behaviors and relationships, which enable and empower people to share, analyze and enhance their knowledge of their life and conditions, and to plan, act, monitor, evaluate and reflect.
How to Win the Election & Action Network ResearchDumble Shop
The world is shifting, changing, moving, some said it turbulent in a very high paced. but its the problem on how do we see reality empirically. Social Relationship relatively stable even others changes. in fact, the reality, human are interconnected traversing the edges. Welcome to the era of interconnectivity
The assignment is covering week 12 and week 13 materials.Week 1.docxAASTHA76
The assignment is covering week 12 and week 13 materials.
Week 12: Static and flexible budgets.
Week 13: Standard costs and variance analysis
COST ACCOUNTING
ACCT 301
ASSIGNMENT 4
1. You are required to prepare a Direct Material Budget for the second quarter (April to June) by considering a manufacturing company operating in Saudi Arabia as a sample study.
2. You are required to prepare the Sales price variance and Revenue sales quantity variance by taking any of your choice Saudi based company and suggest the suitable reasons for the variances.
3. You are required to allot the support department cost to operations department by taking any Saudi based operating company.
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Chapter 7
Enacting elections
Richard Heffernan
1 Introduction 271
1.1 Structure of the chapter 274
1.2 Aims of the chapter 274
2 Collecting and generating evidence about elections 276
2.1 Social science and general elections in the UK 278
3 Explaining participation and non-participation in
elections 282
3.1 Explaining turnout in elections 284
4 Social science theories of voting decisions 289
4.1 The class-based theory: a sociological explanation
of voting 290
4.2 The party-identification theory: from a sociological to a
social-psychological explanation of voting 292
4.3 The valence-politics theory: an issue-based explanation
of voting 294
4.4 Description and understanding in the evaluation of
theories of voting 297
5 Enacting elections: informing and shaping public
debate 300
6 Conclusion: making sense of participation 303
6.1 Chapter summary 303
References 305
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
This chapter introduces the idea that social science not only describes
and understands social worlds, but it also helps to enact them – by
seeking to inform public debates and policy making, social science helps
to shape the ways in which processes and practices work. The chapter
explores this idea by using the example of how social science
investigates one particular type of participation; that is, participation as a
citizen in elections. Voting is often thought of as a basic form of
participation in the political life of the communities where people live.
Voting in an election is a means by .
1 S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h .docxcroftsshanon
1 | S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h
Sociologists doing Research
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Explain the steps in the research process.
Define and identify dependent and independent variables.
Explain sampling.
Calculate the mean, median, and mode of data.
Identify levels of measurement of variables.
Analyze ethical concerns in research.
One of the most remarkable traits that August Comte mandated for Sociology was a core of
scientific rigor. He proposed the concept of positivism which is the scientifically-based
sociological research that uses scientific tools such as survey, sampling, objective
measurement, and cultural and historical analysis to study and understand society. Although
the current definition of positivism expands far beyond Comte’s original vision, sociological
scientific methodology is used by government and industry researchers and across higher
education and the private sector. Comte was originally interested in social statistics, why
societies remain the same, and social dynamics, why societies change. Most sociological
research today falls within these broad categories. Sociologists strive for objectivity, which
is the ability to study and observe without distortion or bias, especially personal bias. Bias-
free research is an ideal that, which if not present, could open the door to extreme
misinterpretation of research findings.
Sociology is both different from and similar to other scientific principles. It differs from
chemistry, biology, and physics in that sociology does not manipulate the physical
environment using established natural science theories and principles. It is similar to
chemistry, biology, and physics in that statistical principles guide the discovery and
confirmation of data findings. Yet, sociology has no universally social laws that resemble
gravity or the speed of light, as other scientific methods do. This is because chemistry,
biology, and physics have the luxury of studying phenomena which are acted upon by laws
of nature. Sociologists study people, groups, communities, and societies which are
comprised of agents, people who use their agency to make choices based on their varied
motivations.1
THE RESEARCH PROCESS2
Problem Recognition & DefinitionResearchers start with a question such as “What do I want
to know?”; “What is important for society to know?”; or “Why does this occur?”
Unfortunately some questions cannot be answered, such as “How many angels can dance
on the head of a pin?” Even though many would like to know the answer to this question, it
cannot be empirically observed; that is it cannot be perceived through one of the five
senses—sight, taste, touch, hearing or smell. After a researcher decides on what question
they want to answer they must state their goals and objectives. Do they want to determine
if religious service attendance causes couples to ha.
1 S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h .docxjeremylockett77
1 | S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h
Sociologists doing Research
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Explain the steps in the research process.
Define and identify dependent and independent variables.
Explain sampling.
Calculate the mean, median, and mode of data.
Identify levels of measurement of variables.
Analyze ethical concerns in research.
One of the most remarkable traits that August Comte mandated for Sociology was a core of
scientific rigor. He proposed the concept of positivism which is the scientifically-based
sociological research that uses scientific tools such as survey, sampling, objective
measurement, and cultural and historical analysis to study and understand society. Although
the current definition of positivism expands far beyond Comte’s original vision, sociological
scientific methodology is used by government and industry researchers and across higher
education and the private sector. Comte was originally interested in social statistics, why
societies remain the same, and social dynamics, why societies change. Most sociological
research today falls within these broad categories. Sociologists strive for objectivity, which
is the ability to study and observe without distortion or bias, especially personal bias. Bias-
free research is an ideal that, which if not present, could open the door to extreme
misinterpretation of research findings.
Sociology is both different from and similar to other scientific principles. It differs from
chemistry, biology, and physics in that sociology does not manipulate the physical
environment using established natural science theories and principles. It is similar to
chemistry, biology, and physics in that statistical principles guide the discovery and
confirmation of data findings. Yet, sociology has no universally social laws that resemble
gravity or the speed of light, as other scientific methods do. This is because chemistry,
biology, and physics have the luxury of studying phenomena which are acted upon by laws
of nature. Sociologists study people, groups, communities, and societies which are
comprised of agents, people who use their agency to make choices based on their varied
motivations.1
THE RESEARCH PROCESS2
Problem Recognition & DefinitionResearchers start with a question such as “What do I want
to know?”; “What is important for society to know?”; or “Why does this occur?”
Unfortunately some questions cannot be answered, such as “How many angels can dance
on the head of a pin?” Even though many would like to know the answer to this question, it
cannot be empirically observed; that is it cannot be perceived through one of the five
senses—sight, taste, touch, hearing or smell. After a researcher decides on what question
they want to answer they must state their goals and objectives. Do they want to determine
if religious service attendance causes couples to ha ...
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to .docxkhenry4
Develop a 3-5 page outline of concepts you would like to apply to your own life and identify relevant scholarly sources that will help you with your application of concepts.
As you may have noticed as you have worked through earlier assessments, Sociology is applicable to our everyday lives. We can oftentimes take a sociological concept and use it to explain something that occurs in our own lives. For example, you have learned about norms and how we tend to follow the norms of a society. You can use that to explain how people behave when they are in an elevator. Most people face forward, look up at the numbers, and don't talk.
Many of your experiences can be analyzed using sociological concepts. For your final assessment, Assessment 6, you will complete a Sociology of Me and apply many of the concepts you have learned about in this course to your own life. For Assessment 5, begin to think about which concepts you would like to apply to your own experience, develop an outline, and identify appropriate resources. In order to complete this assessment, you will need to show your understanding of some additional concepts related to social structure, education, and technology/media.
We have learned how a society's culture can influence people. There are other elements in society, however, that also affect our decisions and behavior. Sociological research has found that in addition to culture, social structure and groups also significantly impact many of our individual choices. Our position in the social structure affects our behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. For example, an important element of social structure are groups. We belong to a variety of different groups. Decades of research have documented the impact of group conformity on the individual. Although people tend to often believe that they act as individuals and aren't impacted by others, research has found this is usually not the case. The Milgram experiment in your Resources is a great example. Milgram (1963) examined conformity and obedience and found that people are highly influenced by authority and the demands of conformity, even to the point that we will inflict pain on another person to obey authority.
Sociologists also study education and how it is impacted by a society's culture and structure. The purpose of education is to provide knowledge (facts, skills, cultural norms) to members of a society. In the United States, education teaches us not just skills, but also how to be effective citizens. Education transmits the dominant culture, ensuring that children understand cultural norms and values. Educational attainment impacts life outcomes—it affects our occupation, earnings, work conditions, and health. Thus, education is related to social inequality. We have a tendency to assume that education is an equalizer in the United States, but this is something that is debated by sociologists. Is education equally available to everyone? Studies suggest it is not. Social class can impa.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2. Sociometry
The word sociometry comes from LATIN word SOCIOUS-
partner/friend/campanion & METRUM- measure.
MORENO - coined the term and conducted 1st sociometric study
from 1932 to 1938 at NEWYORK.
SOCIOMETRY- it is a technique which measures the social
relationships among the individuals in a group (kothari,1996).
- it is the study of inerpersonal relationships between people in
a group.
- it is a quantitative method for measuring social
relationships.
3. Franz defines sociometry as “a method used for the discovery and
manipulation of social configurations by measuring the attractions
and repulsions between individuals in a group”.
Sociometry is a quantitative method for measuring social
relationships.
The measurement of social interaction is termed Sociometry.
Sociometry is based on the fact that people make choices in
interpersonal relationships.
Whenever people gather, they make choices:- where to sit or stand;
choices about who is perceived as friendly and who not, who is
central to the group, who is rejected, who is isolated.
Sociometry
4. Jacob Levy Moreno coined the term Sociometry and conducted the
first long-range sociometric study from 1932-38 at the New York
State Training School for Girls in Hudson, New York.
Moreno defines sociometry as “the mathematical study of
psychological properties of populations, the experimental technique
of and the results obtained by application of quantitative methods”.
It is an empirical, phenomenological approach to the study of group
structure.
Sociometry
5. The study of the patterns of interrelations among
people in groups, and the process of their
measurement.
Way of mapping preferences among group members.
Reveal relation of individual to group.
Reveal(sub) structure of group.
Reveal role (s) played by members.
Predict amount / direction of interaction
Sociometry
6. Purpose of sociometry
The purpose of sociometry is to facilitate group task effectiveness
and satisfaction of participants by bringing about greater degrees
of mutuality amongst people and greater authenticity in
relationships.
Measurement of relatedness can be useful not only in the
assessment of behavior within groups, but also for interventions to
bring about positive change and for determining the extent of
change.
Sociometry can be a powerful tool for reducing conflict and
improving communication because it allows the group to see itself
objectively and to analyze its own dynamics.
It is also a powerful tool for assessing dynamics and development
in groups devoted to therapy or training.
It shows the patterns of how individuals associate with each other
when acting as a group toward a specified end or goal.
7. Purpose of sociometry
To learn the interaction & the structure of group.
To discover where exactly individual exists in the group.
To elicit social relationship & the organization type of group
through analyzing attitudes & optitudes of group members among
each other.
To identify subgroups, leaders & cliques of a group.
To obtain objective information about the real structure of a group
& group integrity.
8. Application of Sociometry
In sociology,
psychology,
extension,
communication,
marketing
Industry
Service & public sector etc….
10. Types of sociometry
Sociometry has two main branches: Research sociometry, and
Applied sociometry.
Research sociometry is action research with groups exploring
the socio-emotional networks of relationships using specified
criteria.
Example : – Who in this group do you want to sit beside you at
work?
– Who in the group do you go to for advice on a work
problem?
– Who in the group do you see providing satisfying
leadership in the pending project?
Sometimes called network explorations, research sociometry is
concerned with relational patterns in small (individual and
small group) and larger populations, such as organizations and
neighborhoods.
11. Applied sociometry utilize a range of methods to assist people
and groups review, expand and develop their existing psycho-
social networks of relationships.
Both fields of sociometry exist to produce through their
application, greater spontaneity and creativity of both
individuals and groups.
Types of sociometry
12. Sociometric measurements can be used to study the type
of interaction and factors affecting the interaction.
It is also used to measure group characteristics- such as
cohesiveness, morale, bonding etc.
It can also be used to measure individual characteristics
such as leadership, aggressiveness, liberalism and
conservatism.
Any personality factor that is related to interpersonal
attraction can be measured sociometrically.
Sociometry provides a bird’s eye view of group structure
and at the same time indicates the degree of social
attraction possessed by members of the group.
Uses of sociometric techniques
13. Analysis of sociometric data
sociometric matrix ( sociomatrix)
Sociogram
sociometric indices
14. Sociometric matrics
a convenient method of tabulation of sociometric data.
Sociometrc matrix is the tabular representation of the social links.
data is arranged in the form of n*n matrix. And that matrix
interpretates the social group details.
easy method & better representation of data.
Sociometric matrix is a process that attracts individuals to each other or
which repels them, that flow of feeling of which the social atom and the
networks are apparantely composed.
Let us take a hypothetical group of 11 persons , designated as
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J and K.
Each of them asked a question “ which 2 members of this group you like to
go for informaion and advice on improving livestock farming?”
Each of them had two choices, but they could reply for two , one or none.
The data are arranged in the form of a 11* 11 matrix showing choosers and
chosen.
15. C H O S E N
A B C D E F G H I J K
A - 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
C B 0 - 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
H C 0 0 - 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
O D 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
S E 0 1 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0
E F 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0
R G 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0
S H 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 0 0
I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 1
J 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 - 1
K 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 -
T 0 4 1 1 2 1 0 2 2 2 2
• B- received 4 choices in the
group. Means it choosen by 4
members.
• E,H,I,J & K – 2 choices each.
• D,C,F- 1 choice each.
• Sociomatrix provides us with
limited information about
members of the group.
17. QUESTION
Which among the group you would like to go to mam to persue her
not to take any more classes ( choice-1 , rejections – 0 )
S A J N K C
S 0 1 1 0 0 0
A 0 0 1 0 1 0
J 1 0 0 1 0 0
N 0 0 1 0 1 0
K 1 0 1 0 0 0
C 1 0 1 0 0 0
Sum 3 1 5 1 2 0
J is chosen with 5 choices, while C is not chosen at all
18. Sociogram
Sociogram is a diagrammetic representaion of the internal structure of
choices of the members of a group.
Sociograms are charts that depict the sociometric choices.
Sociograms are constructed to identify leaders and followers.
A sociogram can be drawn on the basis of many different criteria, social
relations, channels of influence, lines of communication etc.
A simple one way arrow is used to represent one way choice.
A double headed arrow is used to represent mutual or two way choice.
In case of no choice represented by no line exists.
In preparing sociogram- the individual who has got maximum choice is put
at the centre, follwed gradually by others who have received lesser no. of
choices, towards the periphery .
19.
20. Those points on a sociogram who have many choices are called
stars.
Those points in sociogram with no choices are called isolates.
Individuals who choose each other are known to have made a
mutual choice.
choice refers to individuals who choose someone but the choice is
not reciprocated is called one-way choice.
Cliques are groups of three or more people within a larger who all
choose each other/ mutual choice.
Sociogram
22. Sociogram
Smaller population or fewer choice group is very well represented .
It can tell the investigator only which person to choose and which
person to be reject for a particular purpose.
But, do not provide any reason for their accepting and rejection over
a period of time.
Sociogram may yield vary for the same group , for the same topic
over a lapse of time.
Choices in a group may be effected by certain factors like caste, age,
gender, prestige, and rivaleries etc….
23. For a deeper understanding of the sociometric choices it is necessary
to compute some indices, these are called sociometric indices.
One common index is the choice status of a person, which is obtained
by:
CS = ∑C / n-1
Where, CS = Choice status of the person
∑C = Sum of choices a person receives
n = number of persons in the group
for eg: choice status of B as per above example.
B=4/11-1= 0.40=40%.
the value of choice status is the direct index of an individuals
popularity in the group.
The value of choice status is the direct index of anidividual’s
popularity in the group. This is also known as sociometric status
index.
Sociometric indices
24. Group cohesiveness: Extent to which the members of a group find staying
together to be in mutual interest.
Group cohesiveness may be obtained by the formula
CO = ∑(i↔j)/ n(n-1)/2
Where, CO = group cohesiveness
∑(i↔j) = sum of mutual choices (mutual pairs)
n = number of persons in the group
for eg: from above example BH,BD,IJ,IK,KI,CF are mutual pairs .
group cohesiveness shall be CO= 6/[11(11-1)/2]=6/55=11%.
However group cohesiveness of the clique represented by I,J &K shall be
follows:
cohesiveness of clique=3/[3(3-1)/2]=1 or 100 %.
is completely cohesive and for social action it is treated as a singular body.
Sociometric indices
25. Social compatibility index : It represents the long-
term interaction between two or more individuals in terms of the ease and
comfort of communication.
Social compatibility index is determined by the number of mutual choices
(pairs), divided by the one less than the group size.
Social compatibility index of the group= N/ n-1
Where, N = number of mutual choices (pairs)
n = group size
social compatibility index of the group= 6/11-1=0.06=60%
Sociometric indices
26. emotional expansiveness is determined by the amount of utilization
of available choices, expressed in percentage.
in the present eg., the sum total of choices made was 17 and the
choices available was 22.
Emotional expansiveness of the group = 17/22*100 = 77%
Sociometric indices
27. Importance of sociometry
It enables us to learn about the group dynamics and evaluate
socialization levels of students after some social activities and
their effect on reaching the intended goal.
It helps school administration, teachers and counselling
department by providing information about the general structure
and the social relationship of the group.
It helps in preparing social plans and programmes to develop
social groups in a better way and to find solutions to the
problems.
After applying these regulations, groups can be reconstructed to
increase efficiency in their performance.
Sociometry also gives us a chance to identify the
distance/closeness of the group members with each other and the
interaction among them.