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SPECIALSECTION




                                                      INTRODUCTION

                                                                                                                                              New Horizons




                                                                                                                                                                                                    Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on November 15, 2011
                                                      Grand Tour                                                                              at Jupiter
                                                   TRAVELING OUT TO THE FARTHEST REACHES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, TO PLUTO AND
                                                   the Kuiper belt where it will arrive in 2015, the New Horizons probe has to                CONTENTS
                                                   endure a long and mostly uneventful journey. But luckily there are some spec-
                                                   tacular sights along the way. On 28 February 2007, New Horizons flew past                  Perspective
                                                   Jupiter, where it used the gas giant’s gravity to slingshot it to even greater speeds      216    New Surprises in the Largest
                                                   and also test its instruments in flight. New Horizons’ transit took it to unvisited               Magnetosphere of Our Solar System
                                                   areas of the planet’s spacescape. The papers in this special issue record how the                 N. Krupp
                                                   probe witnessed lightning and aurorae in Jupiter’s atmosphere, volcanic erup-
                                                   tions on the moon Io, and the pulsing of Jupiter’s magnetosphere, a cocoon of              Reports
                                                   charged particles that swathes the entire system.                                          217    Diverse Plasma Populations and
                                                       On Earth, although seen planetwide, the most powerful thunderstorms concen-                   Structures in Jupiter’s Magnetotail
                                                                                                                                                     D. J. McComas et al.
                                                   trate near the equator and in the tropics. Not so on Jupiter. Lightning flashed near
                                                   both poles as well as elsewhere, suggesting that convective electrical storms bub-         220    Energetic Particles in the Jovian
                                                   ble up everywhere in Jupiter’s atmosphere because of global heat imbalances.                      Magnetotail
                                                                                                                                                     R. L. McNutt Jr. et al.
                                                   Nighttime auroral glows, on the other hand, were not as widespread as expected.
                                                       Skirting the giant planet, New Horizons also flew by Jupiter’s rings and               223    Jupiter Cloud Composition,
                                                   attendant moons, big and small. Surprisingly, no moonlets smaller than a kilo-                    Stratification, Convection, and Wave
                                                                                                                                                     Motion: A View from New Horizons
                                                   meter in size were seen in Jupiter’s faint rings, a puzzle if they are built from the
                                                                                                                                                     D. C. Reuter et al.
                                                   debris of shattered moons. Rubble also clumps together in locations favored by
                                                   gravity resonances with larger moons.                                                      226    Polar Lightning and Decadal-Scale
                                                                                                                                                     Cloud Variability on Jupiter
                                                       An eruption of the Tvashtar volcano on the satellite Io was caught in the act,
                                                                                                                                                     K. H. Baines et al.
                                                   allowing the mechanics of the sulfurous plume and the lava temperature to be
                                                   measured. Pollution from Io’s volcanoes has even reached the shores of Europa,             229    Jupiter’s Nightside Airglow and Aurora
                                                                                                                                                     G. R. Gladstone et al.
                                                   an icy moon that may harbor oceans beneath its frozen surface. Io’s volcanic
                                                   emissions feed extra sulfur and oxygen ions into a vast particle cloud that circles        232    Clump Detections and Limits on Moons
                                                   the entire Jupiter system, held in place by the planet’s strong magnetic field.                   in Jupiter’s Ring System
                                                                                                                                                     M. R. Showalter et al.
                                                   Behind the planet, it is pulled into a magnetic shadow billions of kilometers
                                                   long, streaming away from the Sun as the solar wind deflects around Jupiter.               234    New Horizons Mapping of Europa and
                                                                                                                                                     Ganymede
CREDIT: PAM ENGEBRETSON AND JEFF MOORE (MONTAGE)




                                                   Acting like a giant pipe, this magnetic tail drains half a metric ton of charged
                                                                                                                                                     W. M. Grundy et al.
                                                   particles out of the jovian system each second. New Horizons’ route took it
                                                   down the magnetotail, to regions unexplored by earlier Galileo or Voyager mis-             237    Io’s Atmospheric Response to Eclipse:
                                                   sions (see the Perspective on p. 216). Pulses of energetic particles flow along the               UV Aurorae Observations
                                                                                                                                                     K. D. Retherford et al.
                                                   tail in synchrony with Jupiter’s 10-hour rotation rate and also every few days as
                                                   plasma blobs are fed down the tube.                                                        240    Io Volcanism Seen by New Horizons: A
                                                       With Pluto still in its sights, New Horizons’ snapshots show that Jupiter inhab-              Major Eruption of the Tvashtar Volcano
                                                                                                                                                     J. R. Spencer et al.
                                                   its an active landscape, experiencing storms, the pumping of the magnetosphere,
                                                   and volcanic ash falls. A pity then that it is the last time we will visit Jupiter until
                                                   the Juno mission in 2016. So sit back, enjoy these views, and think of New Hori-
                                                   zons as it races along the solar system’s back roads to an even stranger destination.
                                                                                                                         – JOANNE BAKER



                                                                            www.sciencemag.org          SCIENCE       VOL 318      12 OCTOBER 2007                                            215
                                                                                                           Published by AAAS

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Science 2007-baker-215

  • 1. SPECIALSECTION INTRODUCTION New Horizons Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on November 15, 2011 Grand Tour at Jupiter TRAVELING OUT TO THE FARTHEST REACHES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, TO PLUTO AND the Kuiper belt where it will arrive in 2015, the New Horizons probe has to CONTENTS endure a long and mostly uneventful journey. But luckily there are some spec- tacular sights along the way. On 28 February 2007, New Horizons flew past Perspective Jupiter, where it used the gas giant’s gravity to slingshot it to even greater speeds 216 New Surprises in the Largest and also test its instruments in flight. New Horizons’ transit took it to unvisited Magnetosphere of Our Solar System areas of the planet’s spacescape. The papers in this special issue record how the N. Krupp probe witnessed lightning and aurorae in Jupiter’s atmosphere, volcanic erup- tions on the moon Io, and the pulsing of Jupiter’s magnetosphere, a cocoon of Reports charged particles that swathes the entire system. 217 Diverse Plasma Populations and On Earth, although seen planetwide, the most powerful thunderstorms concen- Structures in Jupiter’s Magnetotail D. J. McComas et al. trate near the equator and in the tropics. Not so on Jupiter. Lightning flashed near both poles as well as elsewhere, suggesting that convective electrical storms bub- 220 Energetic Particles in the Jovian ble up everywhere in Jupiter’s atmosphere because of global heat imbalances. Magnetotail R. L. McNutt Jr. et al. Nighttime auroral glows, on the other hand, were not as widespread as expected. Skirting the giant planet, New Horizons also flew by Jupiter’s rings and 223 Jupiter Cloud Composition, attendant moons, big and small. Surprisingly, no moonlets smaller than a kilo- Stratification, Convection, and Wave Motion: A View from New Horizons meter in size were seen in Jupiter’s faint rings, a puzzle if they are built from the D. C. Reuter et al. debris of shattered moons. Rubble also clumps together in locations favored by gravity resonances with larger moons. 226 Polar Lightning and Decadal-Scale Cloud Variability on Jupiter An eruption of the Tvashtar volcano on the satellite Io was caught in the act, K. H. Baines et al. allowing the mechanics of the sulfurous plume and the lava temperature to be measured. Pollution from Io’s volcanoes has even reached the shores of Europa, 229 Jupiter’s Nightside Airglow and Aurora G. R. Gladstone et al. an icy moon that may harbor oceans beneath its frozen surface. Io’s volcanic emissions feed extra sulfur and oxygen ions into a vast particle cloud that circles 232 Clump Detections and Limits on Moons the entire Jupiter system, held in place by the planet’s strong magnetic field. in Jupiter’s Ring System M. R. Showalter et al. Behind the planet, it is pulled into a magnetic shadow billions of kilometers long, streaming away from the Sun as the solar wind deflects around Jupiter. 234 New Horizons Mapping of Europa and Ganymede CREDIT: PAM ENGEBRETSON AND JEFF MOORE (MONTAGE) Acting like a giant pipe, this magnetic tail drains half a metric ton of charged W. M. Grundy et al. particles out of the jovian system each second. New Horizons’ route took it down the magnetotail, to regions unexplored by earlier Galileo or Voyager mis- 237 Io’s Atmospheric Response to Eclipse: sions (see the Perspective on p. 216). Pulses of energetic particles flow along the UV Aurorae Observations K. D. Retherford et al. tail in synchrony with Jupiter’s 10-hour rotation rate and also every few days as plasma blobs are fed down the tube. 240 Io Volcanism Seen by New Horizons: A With Pluto still in its sights, New Horizons’ snapshots show that Jupiter inhab- Major Eruption of the Tvashtar Volcano J. R. Spencer et al. its an active landscape, experiencing storms, the pumping of the magnetosphere, and volcanic ash falls. A pity then that it is the last time we will visit Jupiter until the Juno mission in 2016. So sit back, enjoy these views, and think of New Hori- zons as it races along the solar system’s back roads to an even stranger destination. – JOANNE BAKER www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 318 12 OCTOBER 2007 215 Published by AAAS