3g Technology Report Safal

3G TECHNOLOGY
Submitted By Safal Agrawal Page 1
Bhujbal Knowledge City
MET's Institute Of Engineering
Adgaon, Nashik - 422003.
ACADEMIC YEAR 2009-2010
A SEMINAR
ON
““33GG TTEEHHNNOOLLOOGGYY””
SUBMITTED IN
DEPARTMENT OF MCA
GGUUIIDDEEDD BBYY
PPrrooff.. ……………………
PPRRSSEENNTTEEDD BBYY
MMrr.. SSaaffaall AAggrraawwaall
SYMCA
ROLL NO. ..

3G TECHNOLOGY
Bhujbal Knowledge City
MET's Institute Of Engineering
Adgaon, Nashik - 422003.
Affiliated to
University Of Pune
Department Of Master of Computer Application
Certificate
This is to certify that seminar entitled
“3G TECHNOLOGY“
Has satisfactorily completed by
Mr. Safal Agrawal
In partial fulfillment of term work for
Degree in Master of Computer Application
For the academic year 2009 – 2010
(Prof. …………….) (Prof……………………)
Seminar Guide Head of Department

3G TECHNOLOGY
AACCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGEEMMEENNTT
Every work is source which requires support from many people and areas.
It gives me proud privilege to complete the seminar on “3G TECHNOLOGY” under
valuable guidance and encouragement of my guide Prof…………….
I am also extremely grateful to our respected Prof………………
(Head of Department) and Prof. …….. … (Seminar Coordinator) for providing all
facilities and every help for smooth progress of seminar.
I would also like to thank all the Staff Members of MCA Department for
timely help and inspiration for completion of the seminar.
At last I would like to thank all the unseen authors of various articles on
the Internet, helping me become aware of the research currently ongoing in this field
and all my colleagues for providing help and support in my work.
Mr. Safal Agrawal
S Y (MCA)

3G TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTS
Page
1. Introduction. 05
2. Evolution.
2.1 First Generation Technology (1G). 06
2.2 Second Generation Technology (2G). 07
2.2.1 Advantages.
2.2.2 Disadvantages.
2.3 Second Generation + Technology (2G +). 11
2.3.1 High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD).
2.3.2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).
2.3.3 Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution (EDGE).
3. Third Generation (3G) Technology. 16
4. Technical Architecture. 19
5. Features of 3G Technology. 20
6. International Standardization. 21
7. 3G Technology in India. 22
8. Loopholes of 3G Technology. 24
9. Future of 3G Technology. 25
9.1 High Speed Packet Access (HSPA).
9.2 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX).
9.3 Fourth Generation Technology (4G).
10. Conclusion. 29
11. Bibliography. 30

3G TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
The Third Generation (3G) Technology, one of the leading Technologies in today’s wireless
technology. NTT DoCoMo of Japan on October 1, 2001 is the first one to commercially launch this
service. It was first implemented on CDMA phones. Now this service is coming with GSM. Third
Generation (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line,
real-time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have immediate access to
location-specific services that offer information on demand. The rapid evolution of fixed and mobile
networks witnessed during the last decade has created new opportunities to deliver increasingly
advanced services to the mobile user.
Work for specifying and standardizing the 3
rd
Generation (3G) mobile communication systems
has been going on for several years. The First generation of mobile phones consisted of the analog
models that emerged in the early 1980s. The Second generation of digital mobile phones appeared
about ten years later along with the first digital mobile networks. During the second generation, the
mobile telecommunications industry experienced exponential growth both in terms of subscribers as
well as new types of value-added services. Mobile phones are rapidly becoming the preferred means of
personal communication, creating the world's largest consumer electronics industry. The rapid and
efficient deployment of new wireless data and Internet services has emerged as a critical priority for
communications equipment manufacturers. Wireless data services are expected to see the same
explosive growth in demand that Internet services and wireless voice services have seen in recent
years.
3G networks combine a choice of Quality of Service (QoS) levels with increased bandwidth,
enabling Bandwidth - intensive applications and paving the way towards QoS-aware applications for
the mobile user.
Even though 3G and its evolution are expected to continue for several years, there is still a need
to consider other (possibly) revolutionary air interface and network solutions. By dropping out the
backwards compatibility requirements with current and future 3G systems there is more room for new
innovations which could lead to quantum leap in system capabilities. It should be noted, however, that
any beyond 3G revolutionary solution must be clearly better than evolved 3G in order to justify any
technical or commercial interest. Therefore, the targets for future wireless research must be set
considerably higher than the anticipated capabilities of evolved 3G systems
The third generation of mobile communications will greatly enhance the implementation of
sophisticated wireless applications. Users will be able to utilize personal, location-based wireless
information and interactive services.

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2. EVOLUTION
2.1 First Generation (1G) Technology
The concept was developed in 1947 at AT&T Bell Laboratories. The first generation of wireless
mobile communications was based on analog signalling. Analog systems, implemented in 1970 by
AT&T in North America, were known as Analog Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), while systems
implemented in Europe and the rest of the world was typically identified as a variation of Total Access
Communication Systems (TACS). Analog systems were primarily based on circuit-switched
technology and designed for voice, not data.
AMPS were a first-generation cellular technology that uses separate frequencies, or "channels",
for each conversation. It therefore required considerable bandwidth for a large number of users. In
general terms, AMPS was very similar to the older "0G" Improved Mobile Telephone Service, but
used considerably more computing power in order to select frequencies, hand off conversations to
PSTN lines, and handle billing and call setup.
What really separated AMPS from older systems is the "back end" call setup functionality. In
AMPS, the cell centres could flexibly assign channels to handsets based on signal strength, allowing
the same frequency to be re-used in various locations without interference. This allowed a larger
number of phones to be supported over a geographical area. AMPS pioneers fathered the term
"cellular" because of its use of small hexagonal "cells" within a system. It suffered from some
weaknesses when compared to today's digital technologies. Since it was an analog standard, it is very
susceptible to static and noise and has no protection from eavesdropping using a scanner. In the 1990s,
"cloning" was an epidemic that cost the industry millions of dollars.
Mobile phones began to proliferate through the 1980s.At this time analogue transmission was
in use in all systems. They used Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (FDMA). In September 1981
the first cell phone network with automatic roaming was started in Saudi Arabia. It was a Nordic
Mobile Telephony (NMT) system. One month later the Nordic countries started an NMT network
with automatic roaming between countries.
First-generation wireless technology is based on analog signals .Analog signals are radio
transmissions sent in a wave-like form. A mobile device sends the waves to a base station where they
are processed to determine the signal’s next destination (i.e., another base station, mobile phone, land-
line phone etc.). Once the destination is determined, the signal is reconstructed as accurately as
possible into its original wave form by the base station. The analog signal received by the end user
may closely resemble the original transmission but rarely duplicate it. Early AMPS systems and other
analog-based networks had difficulty handing off cellular transmissions effectively. Users could

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communicate with other users (i.e., mobile phone users, landline phone users, etc.) only if the mobile
phone user remained in one specific cell. If a user moved to a different cell area, the call was often lost
as handoffs (The transfer of signals from one base station to another) would not always occur correctly.
Users often had to re-dial numbers or reconnect to the base station in the new cell area.
FIGURE 1: Marty Cooper
http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2007/3/2007_3_20.shtml
This is Marty Cooper – he worked for Motorola and is considered the Father of the mobile phone. The
Motorola researcher made the first-ever wireless call from a busy New York street corner in April
1973.
2.2 Second Generation (2G) Technology
The second generation (2G) of the wireless mobile network was based on low-band digital data
signalling. The most popular 2G wireless technology is known as Global Systems for Mobile
Communications (GSM). GSM systems, first implemented in 1991, are now operating in about 219
countries and territories around the world. An estimated 248 million users now operate over GSM
systems. GSM technology is a combination of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA). The first GSM systems used a 25MHz frequency spectrum in the
900MHz band. FDMA is used to divide the available 25MHz of bandwidth into 124 carrier
frequencies of 200 kHz each. Each frequency is then divided using a TDMA scheme into eight
timeslots. The use of separate timeslots for transmission and reception simplifies the electronics in the
mobile units. Today, GSM systems operate in the 900MHz and 1.8 GHz bands throughout the world
with the exception of the Americas where they operate in the 1.9 GHz band.

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GSM (Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile)
is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association,
estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. Its ubiquity makes international
roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in
many parts of the world. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signalling and speech channels
are digital, and thus is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant
that data communication was easy to build into the system.
The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers (who benefit from
the ability to roam and switch carriers without switching phones) and also to network operators (who
can choose equipment from any of the many vendors implementing GSM). GSM also pioneered a low-
cost (to the network carrier) alternative to voice calls, the short message service (SMS, also called "text
messaging"), which is now supported on other mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the
standard includes one worldwide emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for
international travellers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local emergency
number.
One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM
card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phone
book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the
user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some
operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by
them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries.
In Australia, North America and Europe many operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is
done because the price of the mobile phone is typically subsidised with revenue from subscriptions,
and operators want to try to avoid subsidising competitor's mobiles. A subscriber can usually contact
the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize private services to remove the lock, or make use of
ample software and websites available on the Internet to unlock the handset themselves. While most
web sites offer the unlocking for a fee, some do it for free. The locking applies to the handset,
identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, not to the account (which is
identified by the SIM card).
In some countries such as New Zealand, Bangladesh, Belgium, Costa Rica, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Hong Kong and Pakistan, all phones are sold unlocked. However, in Belgium, it is unlawful
for operators there to offer any form of subsidy on the phone's price. This was also the case in Finland
until April 1, 2006, when selling subsidized combinations of handsets and accounts became legal,
though operators have to unlock phones free of charge after a certain period (at most 24 months).In
New Zealand, since May 2008, it is illegal for operators to lock handsets, and any phones purchased
locked in the country before that date can be unlocked for free.
In addition to GSM, a similar technology, called Personal Digital Communications (PDC),
using TDMA-based technology emerged in Japan. Since then, several other TDMA-based systems

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have been deployed worldwide and serve an estimated 89 million people worldwide. While GSM
Technology was developed in Europe; Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology was
developed in North America. CDMA uses spread spectrum technology to break up speech into small,
digitized segments and encodes them to identify each call.
While GSM and other TDMA-based systems have become the dominant 2G wireless
technologies, CDMA technology is recognized as providing clearer voice quality with less background
noise, fewer dropped calls, enhanced security, greater reliability and greater network Capacity. The
Second Generation (2G) wireless networks mentioned above are also mostly based on circuit-switched
technology. 2G wireless networks are digital and expand the range of applications to more advanced
voice services. 2G wireless technology can handle some data capabilities such as fax and short
message service at the data rate of up to 9.6 kbps, but it is not suitable for web browsing and
multimedia applications.
2.2.1 Advantages:
Digital systems were embraced by consumers for several reasons.
 The lower powered radio signals require less battery power, so phones last much longer
between charges, and batteries can be smaller.
 The digital voice encoding allowed digital error checking which could increase sound quality
by increasing dynamic range and lowering the noise floor.
 The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.
 Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and email.
 Greatly reduced fraud. With analog systems it was possible to have two or more "cloned"
handsets that had the same phone number.
 Enhanced privacy. A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls are
much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. While the security algorithms used have
proved not to be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private than
1G phone, which have no protection against eavesdropping.
2.2.2 Disadvantages:
The downsides of 2G systems, not often well publicized, are:
 In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower.
This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on higher frequencies, but is
mostly not a problem on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations differ
greatly among countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed.
 Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an advantage
and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under slightly worse
conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions

3G TECHNOLOGY
worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible,
while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few
words to get through.
 While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression used
by the codec takes a toll; the range of sound that they convey is reduced. You'll hear less of the
tonality of someone's voice talking on a digital cell phone, but you will hear it more clearly.
FIGURE 2: The GSM Network Architecture.
http://www.mobilemastinfo.com/information/masts.htm
The Home Location Register (HLR) is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone
subscriber that is authorized to use the GSM core network.
The Authentication Centre (AuC) is a function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to
connect to the GSM core network (typically when the phone is powered on). Once the authentication is
successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and services.

3G TECHNOLOGY
The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a temporary database of the subscribers who have roamed
into the particular area which it serves. Each base station in the network is served by exactly one VLR;
hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time.
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is often integrated to the HLR. The EIR keeps a list of
mobile phones (identified by their IMEI) which are to be banned from the network or monitored. This
is designed to allow tracking of stolen mobile phones. In theory all data about all stolen mobile phones
should be distributed to all EIRs in the world through a Central EIR. The EIR is a database that
contains information about the identity of the mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen,
unauthorized or defective mobile stations. Some EIR also have the capability to log Handset attempts
and store it in a log file.
2.3 Second Generation + (2G +) Technology
The intermediate between 2G and 3G networks is called 2.5G or 2G+ technology. 2.5G is a stepping
stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second and a half generation" is
used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit
switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used
for circuit switched data services (HSCSD) as well.
2.5G provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g. it is packet-switched) and can use some of the
existing 2G infrastructure in GSM and CDMA networks. GPRS is a 2.5G technology used by GSM
operators
As stated in a previous section, the virtual explosion of Internet usage has had a tremendous
impact on the demand for advanced wireless data communication services. However, the effective data
rate of 2G circuit-switched wireless systems is relatively slow -- too slow for today's Internet. As a
result, GSM, PDC and other TDMA-based mobile system providers and carriers have developed 2G+
technology that is packet-based and increases the data communication speeds to as high as 384kbps.
These 2G+ systems are based on the following technologies:
 High Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD).
 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).
 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE).

3G TECHNOLOGY
2.3.1 High Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD):
High-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD) is an enhancement to circuit-switched data (CSD), the
original data transmission mechanism of the GSM mobile phone system, four times faster than GSM.
Most 2.5G technologies have moved to packet-switched network technology. HSCSD a 2.5G
technology is circuit-switched technology designed to enhance GSM networks and improves the data
rates up to 57.6kbps by introducing 14.4 kbps data coding and by aggregating 4 radio channels
timeslots of 14.4 kbps. It is four times faster than GSM.
One innovation in HSCSD is to allow different error correction methods to be used for data transfer.
The original error correction used in GSM was designed to work at the limits of coverage and in the
worst case that GSM will handle. This means that a large part of the GSM transmission capacity is
taken up with error correction codes. HSCSD provides different levels of possible error correction
which can be used according to the quality of the radio link. HSCSD requires the time slots being used
to be fully reserved to a single user. It is possible that either at the beginning of the call, or at some
point during a call, it will not be possible for the user's full request to be satisfied since the network is
often configured to allow normal voice calls to take precedence over additional time slots for HSCSD
users.
The user is typically charged for HSCSD at a rate higher than a normal phone call (e.g., by the number
of time slots allocated) for the total period of time that the user has a connection active. This makes
HSCSD relatively expensive in many GSM networks and is one of the reasons that packet-switched
general packet radio service (GPRS), which typically has lower pricing (based on amount of data
transferred rather than the duration of the connection), has become more common than HSCSD.
Apart from the fact that the full allocated bandwidth of the connection is available to the HSCSD user,
HSCSD also has an advantage in GSM systems in terms of lower average radio interface latency than
GPRS. This is because the user of an HSCSD connection does not have to wait for permission from
the network to send a packet.
HSCSD uses TDMA technology to enhance Web browsing and the transfer of files over wireless.
Developers using HSCSD technology include Nokia and Ericsson. Nokia uses HSCSD in its Card
Phone 2.0 technology for wireless communications.
This technology has limited number of users. Service providers in Europe include E-Plus
(Germany), Orange (UK), Telia (Sweden) and Telenor (Norway).

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2.3.2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS):
GPRS is an intermediate step that is designed to allow the GSM world to implement a full range Of
Internet services without waiting for the deployment of full-scale 3G wireless systems. GPRS
Technology is packet-based and designed to work in parallel with the 2G GSM, PDC and TDMA
systems that are used for voice communications and for table look-up to obtain GPRS user profiles in
the Location Register databases. GPRS uses a multiple of the 1 to 8 radio channel timeslots in the 200
kHz-frequency band allocated for a carrier frequency to enable data speeds of 56kbps to 115kbps. The
data is packetized and transported over Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN) using an IP backbone
so that mobile users can access services on the Internet, such as SMTP/POP-based e-mail, ftp and
HTTP-based Web services.
GPRS networks consist of an IP-based Public Mobile Land Network (PLMN), Base Station Services
(BSS), Mobile handsets (MS), and Mobile Switching Centres (MSC) for circuit-switched network
access and databases. The Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Nodes
(GGSN) make up the PLMN. Roaming is accommodated through multiple PLMNs. SGSN and GGSN
interface with the Home Location Register (HLR) to retrieve the mobile user's profiles to facilitate call
completion. GGSN provides the connection to external Packet Data Network (PDN), e.g. an Internet
backbone or an X.25 network. The BSS consists of Base Transceiver Stations and Base Station
Controllers. The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) receives and transmits over the air interfaces
(CDMA, TDMA), providing wireless voice and data connectivity to the mobile handsets. Base Station
Controllers (BSC) route the data calls to the packet-switched PLMN over a Frame Relay (FR) link and
the voice calls to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). MSC switches the voice calls to circuit-
switched PLMN network such as PSTN and ISDN. MSC accommodates the Visitor Location Register
(VLR) to store the roaming subscriber information. The reverse process happens at the destination
PLMN and the Destination BSS. On the data side, the BSC routes the data calls to the SGSN, and then
the data is switched to the external PDN through the GGSN or to another mobile subscriber. GPRS
was standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).Provides Push to talk
(PTT) service, Point-to-point (P2P) service, instant messaging.

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FIGURE 3: GPRS Network Architecture
http://irshadwap.com/web/archives/7

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2.3.3 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE):
EDGE was deployed on GSM networks in beginning of 2003 are often referred as 2.75G Systems.
EDGE was brought by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States. EDGE technology is a standard
that has been specified to enhance the throughput per timeslot for both HSCSD and GPRS. The
enhancement of HSCSD is called ECSD, whereas the enhancement of GPRS is called EGPRS. The
performance of EDGE has improved steadily since its introduction: today it offers user bit-rates of up
to 236.8 Kbit/s, with end-to-end latency of less than 150 ms .This performance is sufficient to make
any data service available today attractive for users.
The Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) states that, as of January 2009, there were 413
GSM/EDGE networks in 177 countries, from a total of 441 mobile network operator commitments in
184 countries. EDGE system drawbacks include bandwidth and channel-allocation obstacles. The
system does not operate on its own frequency band. Instead, EDGE is built with other technologies
(e.g., GSM) over existing networks.
EDGE/EGPRS is implemented as a bolt-on enhancement for 2G and 2.5G GSM and GPRS
networks, making it easier for existing GSM carriers to upgrade to it. EDGE/EGPRS is a superset to
GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier implements
the necessary upgrade. EDGE requires no hardware or software changes to be made in GSM core
networks. EDGE compatible transceiver units must be installed and the base station subsystem needs
to be upgraded to support EDGE. If the operator already has this in place, which is often the case
today, the network can be upgraded to EDGE by activating an optional software feature.
EDGE can be used for any packet switched application, such as an Internet connection. EDGE-
delivered data services create a broadband internet-like experience for the mobile phone user. High
bandwidth data applications such as video services and other multimedia benefit from EGPRS'
increased data capacity.
Application Benefit with EDGE
 Web browsing: Significantly faster browsing for all data users.
 Messaging: Much faster interaction – good for chat environment.
 E-mail: Synchronization of mail accounts significantly faster.
 Push-to-Talk: Significantly improved end-user quality and higher capacity.
 Gaming: Real-time gaming is enabled.
 Mobile TV: Good TV quality is enabled.
 Music download: Good experience with EDGE and progressive download.
EDGE Evolution, currently being standardized in 3GPP, will improve performance and coverage
even further, with bit-rates of up to 1 Mbit/s and latency below 100 ms.

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3. Third Generation (3G) Technology
3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless telecommunications
systems into a single global system that includes both terrestrial and satellite components. With 3G we
can do everything we do now, but we can do it much better, a lot faster and from almost anywhere!
Some of the main advantages are that 3G allows for higher call volumes and supports multimedia data
applications such as video, email, SMS, games etc.
The 3G idea was hatched in 2000. There were many hiccups along the road towards releasing
3G technology. Each planned roll-out was delayed for a number of reasons, the biggest of which was
the enormous cost for frequency licensing. Because 3G was dependent on an entirely different
technology than 2G, completely new networks had to be built. Other delays were due to the expense of
buying and upgrading equipment for the new technology.
NTT DoCoMo originally planned to launch the world's first 3G services, branded Frontier of
Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA), in May of 2001. However, by May 2001, NTT DoCoMo had
postponed the full-scale launch until October 2001, claiming they had not completed testing of their
entire infrastructure, and would only launch an introductory trial to 4,000 subscribers. In doing so, they
also renamed the service to Freedom of Mobile multimedia Access. In June of 2001 trial subscribers
complained the mobile phones had insufficient battery life and crashed frequently, that there was
inadequate network coverage, and that there were security issues within the handset itself. As a result,
DoCoMo recalled 1,500 handsets by the end of June of 2001. FOMA successfully launched in
October 2001 providing mobile telecommunications coverage to Tokyo and Yokohama.
3G wireless networks support the following maximum data transfer rates:
 2.05 Mbit/second to stationary devices.
 384 Kbits/second for slowly moving devices, such as a handset carried by a walking user.
 128 Kbits/second for fast moving devices, such as handsets in moving vehicles

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FIGURE 4: Features of 3G

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4. Technical Architecture
FIGURE 5: Technical Architecture
3G wireless networks consist of a Radio Access Network (RAN) and a core network. The core
network consists of a packet-switched domain, which includes 3G SGSNs and GGSNs, which provide
the same functionality that they provide in a GPRS system, and a circuit-switched domain, which
includes 3G MSC for switching of voice calls. Charging for services and access is done through the
Charging Gateway Function (CGF), which is also part of the core network. RAN functionality is
independent from the core network functionality. The access network provides a core network
technology independent access for mobile terminals to different types of core networks and network
services.

3G TECHNOLOGY
The Radio Access Network consists of new network elements, known as Node B and Radio
Network Controllers (RNCs). Node B is comparable to the Base Transceiver Station in 2G wireless
networks. RNC replaces the Base Station Controller. It provides the radio resource management,
handover control and support for the connections to circuit-switched and packet-switched domains.
Suppose a user want to use the 3G service then he/she first request for the service to its nearest Base
Transceiver Station which further sends the request to Radio Access Network or the Core Network via
Radio Network Controller where the proper authentication is done. And then as per requirement of
user the network allows access to the service requested. If the user wants to access Internet then his
request is send to the Core Network where Serving GPRS support Node (SGSN) Provides voice and
packet data services and management of mobile subscriber. And Gateway GPRS support Node
(GGSN) provides a gateway interface to external Packet Data Networks (PDN) and manages the
routing of the tunnelled mobile network protocol data units (PDUs) across the PDN. And Charging
Gateway Function (CGF) is responsible for billing
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
A Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) is responsible for the delivery of data packets from and to the
mobile stations within its geographical service area. Its tasks include packet routing and transfer,
mobility management (attach/detach and location management), logical link management, and
authentication and charging functions. The location register of the SGSN stores location information
(e.g., current cell, current VLR) and user profiles (e.g., IMSI, addresses used in the packet data
network) of all GPRS users registered with this SGSN.
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is a main component of the 3G network. The GGSN is
responsible for the interworking between the 3G network and external packet switched networks, like
the Internet and X.25 networks.
From an external network's point of view, the GGSN is a router to a sub-network, because the GGSN
‘hides’ the 3G infrastructure from the external network. When the GGSN receives data addressed to a
specific user, it checks if the user is active. If it is, the GGSN forwards the data to the SGSN serving
the mobile user, but if the mobile user is inactive, the data is discarded. On the other hand, mobile-
originated packets are routed to the right network by the GGSN.

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5. Features of 3G Technology
 Fixed and variable data rates.
o 2.05 Mbit/second to stationary devices.
o 384 Kbits/second for slowly moving devices, such as a handset carried by a walking
user.
o 128 Kbits/second for fast moving devices, such as handsets in moving vehicles
 Interoperability between service providers.
 More bandwidth( between 5-20 MHz), security, and reliability
 Packet switched data services.
 Universal global roaming.
 Multimedia (voice, data & video).
 Video Conferencing.
 Video Messaging.
 Access to corporate applications.

3G TECHNOLOGY
6. International Standardization
The International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) is the global standard for third
generation (3G) wireless communications, defined by a set of interdependent ITU Recommendations.
IMT-2000 provides a framework for worldwide wireless access by linking the diverse systems of
terrestrial and/or satellite based networks. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defined
the third generation (3G) of mobile telephony standards – IMT-2000 – to facilitate growth, increase
bandwidth, and support more diverse applications. The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide
3G systems to provide global roaming. Europe, Japan, and Asia have agreed upon a 3G standard called
the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), which is WCDMA operating at 2.1GHz.
The International Telecommunication Union is the second-oldest international organization still in
existence (the oldest being the Rhine Commission), established to standardize and regulate
international radio and telecommunications. It was founded as the International Telegraph Union in
Paris on 17 May 1865. Its main tasks include standardization, allocation of the radio spectrum, and
organizing interconnection arrangements between different countries to allow international phone
calls. t is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations, and has its headquarters in Geneva,
Switzerland, next to the main United Nations campus
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is collaboration between groups of
telecommunications associations, to make a globally applicable third generation (3G) mobile phone
system specification within the scope of the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 project of
the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 3GPP specifications are based on evolved Global
System for Mobile Communications (GSM) specifications. 3GPP standardization encompasses Radio,
Core Network and Service architecture. The project was established in December 1998.
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) is a collaboration between telecommunications
associations to make a globally applicable third generation (3G) mobile phone system specification
within the scope of the ITU's IMT-2000 project.
These are some of the telecommunication governing bodies across the world which makes standard.
 European Telecommunications Standards Institute(Europe),
 Association of Radio Industries and Businesses/
 Telecommunication Technology Committee (ARIB/TTC) (Japan),
 China Communications Standards Association(China),
 Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (North America)
 Telecommunications Technology Association (South Korea)

3G TECHNOLOGY
7. 3G Technology in India
In India the telecommunication Standardization is controlled by the Telecom Regulatory Authority
of India (TRAI) established in the year 1997. TRAI's mission is to create and nurture conditions for
growth of telecommunications in the country in a manner and at a pace which will enable India to play
a leading role in emerging global information society.
First mobile telephone service started on non-commercial basis in Delhi. Indian
Telecommunication industry, the fastest growing cellular market in the world with about 464.82
million phone connections (June 2009), is the third largest telecommunication network in the world
and the second largest in terms of number of wireless connections. The first and largest operator is the
state-owned incumbent Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), which is also the 7th largest telecom
company in the world in terms of its number of subscribers. BSNL was created by corporatization of
the erstwhile DTS (Department of Telecommunication Services), a government unit responsible for
provision of telephony services. MTNL is the first Mobile operator in India to launch 3G services.
Centre has allotted two state-owned operators — Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) and
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL) — for the roll out of 3G services in over 12 Indian cities.
BSNL has voice-based pre-paid plans ranging between Rs. 350 and Rs. 1,350, while subscribers who
opt for the post-paid model will pay between Rs. 500 and Rs. 2,500 per month. For data services,
BSNL will charge additionally. Across the country, this costs between Rs. 250 and Rs. 3,001.
After the telecommunication policies were revised to allow private operators, companies such
as Bharti Telecom, Reliance Communication, Tata Indicom, Vodafone, Idea, Vodafone, Spice and
BPL, have entered the space. Out of these companies Bharti Telecom is supposed to launch 3G
services by October 2010. BSNL launched 3G service in Sikkim on Sept 16, 2009

3G TECHNOLOGY
FIGURE 6: http://coai.in
This is the charge which BSNL users will have to pay for using the 3G services.
Data Plans: Prepaid
Recharge Voucher in
Rs.(Service Tax
Extra)
Day/Any time
usage in GB
Night * usage
in GB
Total bundled free
Usage in GB
Validity (days)** Date
Charges in
Rs./MB***
249 0.5 -- 0.5 30 2.00
399 1 -- 1.0 30
2.00
549 1 5 6.0 30 2.00
649 2 -- 2.0 30
2.00
999 5 -- 5.0 30
2.00
1099 10 -- 10.0 30
2.00
1299 5 10 15.0 30 2.00
1699 10 15 25.0 30 2.00
2999 Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 30 --
*11.00 PM to 07.00 A M
** This will increase the validity of Main and dedicated accounts both.
*** Data charges beyond free usage shall be deducted from the available balance in his main account.

3G TECHNOLOGY
Data Plans: Post-paid*
Fixed Monthly Charge
in Rs.(Service Tax
Extra) #
Day/Any time
usage in GB
Night * usage
in GB
Total bundled free
Usage in GB
Validity (days)** Date Charges
in Rs./MB
249 0.5 -- 0.5 30 2.00
399 1 -- 1.0 30
2.00
549 1 5 6.0 30 2.00
649 2 -- 2.0 30
2.00
999 5 -- 5.0 30
2.00
1099 10 -- 10.0 30
2.00
1299 5 10 15.0 30 2.00
1699 10 15 25.0 30 2.00
2999 Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 30 --
* Unutilized balance of data usage in Post-Paid plans shall not be carried forward to next month.
# Service Tax as applicable extra.

3G TECHNOLOGY
8. Loopholes of 3G Technology
 Expensive input fees for the 3G service licenses:
The initial installation cost of 3G service is in millions, which the companies need to spend
to start this service
 Cost of 3G phones:
The cost of 3G enabled mobile devices are high which the common people cannot afford.
 Lack of coverage in some areas:
The network coverage of the service providers is limited to specific areas only.
These are limited to metropolitan cities, and some of the developing cities.
 Battery life of 3G phones:
The battery consumption during the usage of the 3G services is quite high which affect the
battery life. The battery needs to be charged frequently when it using the 3G services.
 Base stations need to be closer to each other (more cost):
The Base station i.e. the mobile towers needs to be kept at closer distance as the devices
using 3G services need high signal strength to receive or send any information.
 Tremendous spectrum-license costs, Network deployment costs, handset subsidies to
subscribers, etc.:
The cost of acquiring the right to provide the 3G services requires a huge amount of money
which needs to pay to the telecom authority. The Telecommunication Department of India
(TRAI) has offered this service to two of state owned telecommunication companies
BSNL, MTNL .And Private companies will be allowed to provide this service by paying a
huge amount of Rs.3500 crores.
 3G networks will not be able to withstand the bandwidth intensive services being planned
to be offered by mobile operators, even with only a small number of subscribers utilizing
the service within a service area. 3G wireless technology was never built to deliver the
streaming media services
 The bandwidth consumed for a certain media will increase exponentially as users
requesting the certain media increases within a cell. As more subscribers start using these
services, more base stations are needed to boost the shared bandwidth.
 Currently mobile operators have to depend on additional overlay networks to broadcast
high bandwidth media.

3G TECHNOLOGY
9. Future of 3G Technology
With the current speeds that are available on WCDMA proving inadequate, operators are looking to
upgrade their 3G networks—barely a year after launch. The first step in the upgrade path is High
Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), followed by High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).
Beyond HSUPA, a “Super 3G” upgrade is being considered, to counter the threat of future “4G”
technologies. Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on further extensions to 3G standards,
named Long Term Evolution and Ultra Mobile Broadband, respectively
9.1 High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) only requires software upgrade to the existing
WCDMA network. It enables a two-fold improvement in network capacity—enhancing download data
speeds by more than five times than the current WCDMA networks to 14Mbps and shortening the
round-trip delay between the network and the terminal. These advances translate directly into
improved service delivery performance and a superior user experience, especially for services such as
video streaming and bandwidth-intensive downloads. Many operators across the world are already
trailing HSDPA, with large-scale deployments expected in 2006 when handsets become widely
available. In its HSDPA trials in the Netherlands, T-Mobile has indicated the possibility of reaching
ADSL speeds, which can blur the boundaries of user experience whether at home, office or while
mobile.
As of August 28, 2009, 250 HSDPA networks have commercially launched mobile broadband
services in 109 countries. 169 HSDPA networks support 3.6 Mbit/s peak downlink data throughput. A
growing number are delivering 21 Mbit/s peak data downlink and one network has been upgraded to
28Mbit/s. Several others will have this capability by end 2009 and the first network supporting
42Mbit/s network is set to come online in late 2009.
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a 3G mobile telephony protocol in the HSPA
family with up-link speeds up to 5.76 Mbit/s. The name HSUPA was created by Nokia. The 3GPP
does not support the name 'HSUPA', but instead uses the name Enhanced Uplink (EUL).
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is the next step of network enhancement to
enhance uplink speed performance, again requiring only a software upgrade. Peak uplink throughput
increases to 14Mbps compared to 64Kbps on WCDMA/HSDPA. This means that real-time
applications such as video telephony and voice, which are uplink-bandwidth–constrained on WCDMA
and HSDPA data networks, can be made available on the packet data networks. This will be the first
step to moving towards a converged network over which both voice and data services can be delivered.

3G TECHNOLOGY
HSUPA handsets and equipment are expected to be available for wide-scale deployment by 2008.
Similarly to HSDPA, HSUPA uses a packet scheduler.
9.2 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
WiMAX combines the familiarity of Wi-Fi with the mobility of cellular that will deliver personal
mobile broadband that moves with you. It will let you get connected to the Internet, miles from the
nearest Wi-Fi hotspot. Soon, Mobile WiMAX will blanket large areas— metropolitan, suburban, or
rural—delivering mobile broadband Internet access at speeds similar to existing broadband WiMAX
promises to deliver wireless broadband within a coverage area of up to 50km at peak data rates of up
to 70Mbps. Though it will require licensed spectrum for wide-scale deployment, the cost of hardware
for setting up a citywide WiMAX network will be much less than WCDMA. Current versions of the
technology do not offer mobility but a mobile WiMAX standard (802.16e) is under development and is
expected to be available by 2007. Many competitive players have already started launching fixed
wireless broadband services using WiMAX. For example, Libera, a UK broadband wireless start up, is
providing pre-standard WiMAX-based services in Bristol and has plans to cover 75% of UK
businesses in the next two years. Tower Stream in the US has the largest pre-standard WiMAX
deployment, offering fixed wireless broadband access to the business segment across New York, Los
Angeles, Chicago, and San Francisco with aggressive plans to extend the coverage throughout the rest
of the country.
WiMAX is backed by the IEEE consortium with more than 220 members encompassing an
entire ecosystem of equipment manufacturers, operators, application providers, etc. Intel is at the
forefront of promoting this technology and if successful, one can envisage a scenario where all laptops
and PDAs are WiMAX-ready. In the event that regulatory conditions also co-operate and move
towards a technology-neutral approach, mobile WiMAX deployments may start posing a real threat to
mobile operators’ data revenues.

3G TECHNOLOGY
FIGURE 7: WiMAX blankets large Area with broadband Internet
9.4 Fourth Generation (4G) Technology
One of the most notable advanced applications for 4G systems is location based services. The 4G
service is proposed to launch in the year 2010. It is also known as “beyond 3G," since it provides a
comprehensive and secure IP (Internet Protocol) solution. Users will enjoy high quality streaming
video and "anytime, anywhere" voice and data at a much higher speed than previous generations. 4G
location applications would be based on visualized, virtual navigation schemes that would support a
remote database containing graphical representations of streets, buildings, and other physical
characteristics of a large metropolitan area. This database could be accessed by a subscriber in a
moving vehicle equipped with the appropriate wireless device, which would provide the platform on
which would appear a virtual representation of the environment ahead.
For example, one would be able to see the internal layout of a building during an emergency
rescue. This type of application is sometimes referred to as "Telegeoprocessing", which is a
combination of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
working in concert over a high-capacity wireless mobile system. Telegeoprocessing over 4G networks
will make it possible for the public safety community to have wireless operational functionality and
specialized applications for everyday operations, as well as for crisis management. The emergence of
next generation wireless technologies will enhance the effectiveness of the existing methods used by
public safety.
At the present rates of 15-30 Mbit/s, 4G is capable of providing users with streaming high-
definition television. At rates of 100 Mbit/s, the content of a DVD-5 (for example a movie) can be
downloaded within about 5 minutes for offline access.
The Fourth-generation wireless may include OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing), SDR (Software-Defined Radio) receivers, OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access) UTMS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System), and MIMO (Multiple
Input/Multiple Output Technologies). All these technologies will ensure high rates of data
transmissions.
The 4G working group has defined several objectives of the fourth-generation wireless communication
standard. This includes: a high data rate of 100 Mbps between any two points in the world, seamless
connectivity allowing users to enjoy global roaming across multiple networks, and support for high
quality multimedia.
The fourth-generation will interoperate with third generation systems as well as with broadband
broadcasting systems. It also intends to integrate FWA (Fixed Wireless Access, WLAN (Wireless
Local Area Network), WLL (wireless local loop and PAN (Personal Area Network), to provide fully
IP-based wireless internet.

3G TECHNOLOGY
FIGURE 7: Future of 3G Technology

3G TECHNOLOGY
FIGURE 8: Data Consumption per month from year 2008-13
10. Conclusion:
3G is an exciting new technology that is being incorporated into mobile devices across the globe.
Users are now able to make person-to-person calls, download data and do a variety of other tasks they
never imagined possible all via their 3G cell phones at a great speed. 3G is a new radio
communications technology that will provide mobile access to Internet-based services. 3G will allow
transactions; will allow m-payment, m-ticketing, m-signature, gaming, betting, more data flows music,
video, personal data, personal pictures. More protection, privacy, services to corporations, copyrights,
and openness. 3G devices have been designed to interact between different terminals with different
shapes such as mobile phones with larger screens, digital cameras, PDA, videophones, etc.
3G is an exciting new technology that is being incorporated into mobile devices across the globe.
Users are now able to make person-to-person calls, download data and do a variety of other tasks they
never imagined possible all via their 3G cell phones.
FIGURE 10:

3G TECHNOLOGY
11. Bibliography
 www.wikipedia.com/4G
 www.mobilecomms-technology.com
 www.three-g.org.uk
 www.intel.com
 www.ntt.org
 www.trai.gov.in
 www.bsnl.co.in
 www.mtnl.net.in
 www.umtsworld.com
 www.techcrunch.com
 www.gemalto.com
 www.nmss.com

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